ERYTHRINIDAE Valenciennes, 1847 GMT Mattox, OT Oyakawa, K Mathubara

Toledo-Piza, Mônica, Baena, Eduardo G., Dagosta, Fernando C. P., Menezes, Naércio A., Ândrade, Marcelo, Benini, Ricardo C., Bertaco, Vinicius A., Birindelli, José Luís O., Boden, Gert, Buckup, Paulo A., Camelier, Priscila, Carvalho, Fernando R., Castro, Ricardo M. C., Chuctaya, Junior, Decru, Eva, Derijst, Eddy, Dillman, Casey B., Ferreira, Katiane M., Merxem, Dimitri G., Giovannetti, Victor, Hirschmann, Alice, Jégu, Michel, Jerep, Fernando C., Langeani, Francisco, Lima, Flávio C. T., Lucena, Carlos A. S., Lucena, Zilda Margarete S., Malabarba, Luiz R., Malabarba, Maria Cláudia S. L., Marinho, Manoela M. F., Mathubara, Kleber, Mattox, George M. T., Melo, Bruno F., Moelants, Tuur, Moreira, Cristiano R., Musschoot, Tobias, Netto-Ferreira, André L., Ota, Rafaela P., T. Oyakawa, Osvaldo, Pavanelli, Carla S., Reis, Roberto E., Santos, Osmar, Serra, Jane Piton, Silva, Gabriel S. C., Silva-Oliveira, Cárlison, Souza-Lima, Rosana, Vari, Richard P. & Zanata, Angela M., 2024, Checklist of the species of the Order Characiformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi), Neotropical Ichthyology (e 230086) 22 (1), pp. 1-548 : 355-361

ERYTHRINIDAE Valenciennes, 1847 GMT Mattox, OT Oyakawa, K Mathubara

Erythricthini Bonaparte, 1835 (correct spelling Erythrichthini):16. Type genus: Erythrichthys Bonaparte, 1831 . Additional comments: Bonaparte (1835:16) misspelled Erythricthini. Bonaparte (1837:7); corrected the stem to Erythrichthini. Senior objective synonym of Erythrinidae Valenciennes, 1847 , but not the name in prevailing recent practice.

Érythroïdes Valenciennes in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1847:480. Type genus: Erythrinus Scopoli, 1777. Additional comments: Name was latinized to Erythrinidae by Richardson (1856:250). Junior objective synonym of Erythrichthini Bonaparte, 1835.

Hopliidi Fowler, 1958:9. Type genus: Hoplias Gill, 1903 .

ERYTHRINUS Scopoli, 1777

Erythrinus Scopoli, 1777:449. Type species: Erythrinus salmoneus Gronovius, 1854 [= Erythrinus erythrinus (Bloch, Schneider, 1801) ]. Type by subsequent designation: Eigenmann, Eigenmann, 1889a:105 (But see Fricke et al., 2022, for a possible designation by Bory de Saint-Vicent, 1824:293 as Esox malabaricus Bloch, 1794 ). Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Erythrinus was first published by Gronovius (1763:114) in a work that was subsequently placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, ICZN: Opinion 261, 1954, which makes the name unavailable from that publication.

Erythrichthys Bonaparte, 1831:182 . Type species: Synodus erythrinus Bloch, Schneider, 1801 . Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Appeared as Erythrichthys Nob ( Erythrinus Gronovius ), therefore an unneeded replacement name for Erythrinus and treated here as an objective synonym.

Hetererythrinus Günther, 1864:283 , 284. Type species: Erythrinus salmoneus Gronovius in Gray, 1854. Type by subsequent designation of Jordan, 1919b:332. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Originally proposed as a subgenus of Erythrinus .

Erythrinus erythrinus (Bloch, Schneider, 1801)

Synodus erythrinus Bloch, Schneider, 1801:397 , 398. Type locality: Surinamum [ Suriname]. No types known.

Erythrinus salmoneus Gronovius , in Gray , 1854:170. Type locality: Surinami [ Suriname]. Holotype: BMNH 1853.11 .12.59. [(dry skin, right side)].

Erythrinus brevicauda Günther, 1864:285 . Type locality: Not given. Syntypes: BMNH 1863.11.15.92–93 (2).

Erythrinus longipinnis Günther, 1864:285 . Type locality: Essequibo River. [ Guyana]. Holotype: BMNH 1864.1 .21.81.

Distribution: 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327, 328, 331, 332, 342, 343, 344 (Oyakawa, 2003; Toledo-Piza, Oyakawa, Mattox, pers. obs.).

HOPLERYTHRINUS Gill, 1896

Hoplerythrinus Gill, 1896b:208 . Type species: Erythrinus unitaeniatus Agassiz, 1829 . Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine.

Ophiocephalops Fowler, 1906:293 . Type species: Erythrinus unitaeniatus Agassiz, 1829 . Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Pseuderythrinus Hoedeman, 1950b:80 . Type species: Pseuderythrinus rosapinnis Hoedeman, 1950 . Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Hoplerythrinus cinereus (Gill, 1858)

Erythrinus cinereus Gill, 1858:413 [53]. Type locality: Western portion of the Island of Trinidad, W. I. Holotype: USNM 5882 .

Distribution: 304 (Gill, 1858; Vari, Howe, 1991; Rodríguez-Olarte et al., 2009). Hoplerythrinus gronovii (Valenciennes, 1846)

Erythrinus gronovii Valenciennes , in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1846:500. Type locality: Cayenne. [ French Guiana]. Syntypes: MNHN 0099 (3).

Distribution: 311 (Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1846).

Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Agassiz, 1829)

Erythrinus unitaeniatus Agassiz , in Spix , Agassiz , 1829:42, Pl. 19. Type locality: Flumine S. Francisci . [ Brazil]. No types known. [Although no types are known, Spix, Agassiz (1829) mentioned one specimen deposited in Museo Monacensi (Zoologische Staatssammlung München)].

Erythrinus vittatus Valenciennes , in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1846:499, Pl. 585 [not 551]. Type locality: Brésil [ Brazil], Cayenne [ French Guiana], Surinam [ Suriname]. Syntypes: MNHN A.9758 (1), MNHN A.9759 (2), MNHN A.9760 (2), MNHN A.9761 (1) .

Pseuderythrinus rosapinnis Hoedeman, 1950b:82 , figure. Type locality: Near Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana. [ Suriname]. Holotype: ZMA 100310 . [Holotype number incorrectly listed as ZMA 104279 in de Jongh, 1991:57, and Oyakawa, 2003:239. Holotype number correctly listed by Nijssen, van Tuijl, Isbrücker, 1982:24; Nijssen, van Tuijl, Isbrücker, 1993:218].

Distribution: 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 332, 334, 342, 343, 344, 345, 352 (Oyakawa, 2003; Toledo-Piza, Oyakawa, Mattox, pers. obs.).

Remarks: Author of species name is Agassiz according to Kottelat (1988); followed by Oyakawa, 2003.

Species inquirenda ( Hoplerythrinus )

Erythrinus salvus Agassiz , in Spix, Agassiz, 1829:41. Type locality: Flumine S. Francisci . [ Brazil]. No types known.

Remarks: Listed as synonym of Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Taphorn, 1992:443; Oyakawa, 2003). Information from the literature renders species identification impossible. In addition to the absence of types, the specimen used to describe the species was recovered from the stomach content of Erythrinus macrodon with the head intact but without fin rays and scales (Spix, Agassiz, 1829:41).

Erythrinus kessleri Steindachner, 1877:596 [38]. Type locality: Bahia. [ Brazil]. Syntypes: MCZ 21480 (4), 21495 (2); NMW 68545 (3); USNM 120407 (1). Taxonomic status uncertain, but syntypes are Hoplerythrinus species and not Erythrinus .

HOPLIAS Gill, 1903

Macrodon Müller, 1843:316 . Type species: Erythrinus trahira Agassiz, 1829 [= Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794) ]. Type by subsequent designation by Eigenmann, Eigenmann 1889:102. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: preoccupied by Macrodon, Schinz, 1822 in fishes, replaced by Hoplias Gill, 1903 .

Hoplias Gill, 1903:1016 . Type species: Esox malabaricus Bloch, 1794 . Type by being a replacement name. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Replacement for Macrodon Müller, 1842 , preoccupied by Macrodon Schinz, 1822 .

Hoplias aimara (Valenciennes, 1846)

Macrodon aimara Valenciennes , in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1846:523, Pl. 586 [not 552]. Type locality: Cayenne. [ French Guiana]. Holotype: MNHN A-9968 (dry mount).

Macrodon malabaricus var. macrophthalma Pellegrin, 1907a:26 . Type locality: Cayenne. [ French Guiana]. Holotype: MNHN A-9770 (dry mount).

Distribution: 308, 309, 310, 311, 315, 316, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324 (Mattox et al., 2006; Oyakawa et al., 2013).

Hoplias argentinensis Rosso, González-Castro, Bogan, Cardoso, Mabragaña, Delpiani, Díaz de Astarloa, 2018

Hoplias argentinensis Rosso, González-Castro, Bogan, Cardoso, Mabragaña, Delpiani, Díaz de Astarloa, 2018:242, figs. 5, 7b, 8b. Type locality: Argentina, Santa Fe Province, Rio Paraná basin, Río Coronda , 31°50.1’S, 60°51.5’W. Holotype: UNMDP 4417 .

Distribution: 332, 345 (Rosso et al., 2018).

Hoplias auri Guimarães, Rosso, González-Castro, Souza, Díaz de Astarloa, Rodrigues, 2021

Hoplias auri Guimarães, Rosso, González-Castro, Souza, Díaz de Astarloa, Rodrigues, 2021:428 . Type locality: Brazil, Pará State , Tapajós basin: Crepori River , Itaituba region , Creporizão District: Lago do Sr. Pena, 6°50’ 1.30”S, 56°50’50.90”W. Holotype: UFOPA - I 1353 .

Distribution: 320 (Guimarães et al., 2021).

Hoplias australis Oyakawa, Mattox, 2009

Hoplias australis Oyakawa, Mattox, 2009:119 , fig. 2. Type locality: Rio das Antas, rio do Ouro drainage, on Formosa do Sul-Irati road, Formosa do Sul, Uruguay basin, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 40175 .

Distribution: 332, 333 (Oyakawa, Mattox, 2009).

Hoplias brasiliensis (Agassiz, 1829)

Erythrinus brasiliensis Agassiz , in Spix , Agassiz, 1829:45, Pl. 20. Type locality: Peruaguaçu. [ Brazil]. Neotype: MZUSP 45483 . [Primary types presumed missing. Neotype designated by Oyakawa, Mattox (2009)].

Distribution: 328 (Oyakawa, Mattox, 2009).

Remarks: Author of species name is Agassiz according to Kottelat (1988); followed by Oyakawa, 2003; author as Spix in Oyakawa, Mattox (2009).

Hoplias curupira Oyakawa, Mattox, 2009

Hoplias curupira Oyakawa, Mattox, 2009:125 , fig. 5. Type locality: Rio Itacaiúnas , Caldeirão, Serra dos Carajás, Tocantins basin, Pará, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 45582 .

Distribution: 308, 310, 311, 314, 315, 320, 322, 323, 324 (Oyakawa, Mattox, 2009).

Hoplias intermedius (Günther, 1864)

Macrodon intermedius Günther, 1864:282 . Type locality: Cipo River . [ Brazil]. Lectotype: BMNH 1861.5 .16.6 (stuffed left half skin); [Designated by Oyakawa, Mattox (2009)].

Distribution: 327, 328, 344 (Oyakawa, Mattox, 2009).

Hoplias lacerdae Miranda-Ribeiro, 1908

Hoplias lacerdae Miranda-Ribeiro, 1908 :[3], figure. Type locality: Iporanga. [ Brazil]. Holotype: MNRJ 211 . [(dry mount)].

Distribution: 330, 332, 333 (Oyakawa, Mattox, 2009).

Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794)

Esox malabaricus Bloch, 1794:149 , Pl. 392. Type locality: Tranquebar. [ According to Paepke (1999), the type locality was erroneously designated as Tranquebar by Bloch, and the type specimens probably originated from Suriname]. Lectotype: ZMB 3515 . [Designated by Paepke (1999)].

Erythrinus macrodon Agassiz , in Spix, Agassiz, 1829:43, Pl. 18. Type locality: Lacu Almada, Prov. Bahiensis et in fluvio Sancti Francisci. [ Brazil]. Holotype: MHNN 0773. [type listed by Kottelat, 1988]. Author of species name is Agassiz according to Kottelat (1988); followed by Oyakawa, 2003.

Erythrinus trahira Agassiz , in Spix, Agassiz, 1829:44, Pl. 18. Type locality: Lacu Almada, Prov. Bahiensis et in fluvio Sancti Francisci. [ Brazil]. No types known. Name appears in the plate of Erythrinus macrodon and therefore is a junior synonym of the latter. Article 11.6 of ICZN, 1999 states that names first proposed as synonyms of others are not available (e.g., Koerber, 2021) unless it was treated as available before 1961. Müller, 1842; 1843; Müller, Troschel, 1845and Günther, 1864 used it as a valid name, making it available. Author of species name is Agassiz according to Kottelat (1988); followed by Oyakawa, 2003.

Macrodon tareira Valenciennes , in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1846:508. Type locality: Bahia. [ Brazil]. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-4409 (1), 4421 (3), A-9745 (3 or 1), A-9746 (1), A-9747 (1), A-9748 (1).

Macrodon ferox Gill, 1858:411 [51]. Type locality: Western portion of the Island of Trinidad, W. I. Syntypes: USNM 1112 (1), 6033 (2).

Esox tararira Larrañaga, 1923:378 , 388. Type locality: Uruguay. No types known. Synonymy proposed by Devincenzi (1925).

Distribution: 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 352 (Oyakawa, 2003; Oyakawa, Mattox, pers. obs.).

Hoplias mbigua Azpelicueta, Benítez, Aichino, Mendez, 2015

Hoplias mbigua Azpelicueta, Benítez, Aichino, Mendez, 2015:73 , figs. 1, 2, 4A, 5, 6A, 7A. Type locality: río Paraná in Nemesio Parma , Provincia de Misiones, Argentina. Holotype: CI-FML 6763.

Distribution: 345 (Azpelicueta et al., 2015).

Hoplias microlepis (Günther, 1864)

Macrodon microlepis Günther, 1864:282 . Type locality: Western Ecuador. Chagres River. [Lectotype locality: Chagres River, Panama]. Lectotype: BMNH 1864.1 .26.221. [Designated by Mattox et al. (2014)].

Distribution: 204, 206, 208, 209, 210, 301 (Mattox et al., 2014).

Hoplias misionera Rosso, Mabragaña, González-Castro, Delpiani, Avigliano, Schenone, Díaz de Astarloa, 2016

Hoplias misionera Rosso, Mabragaña, González-Castro, Delpiani, Avigliano, Schenone, Díaz de Astarloa, 2016:200 , figs. 1, 2C, 3A, B, C (bottoms). Type locality: Argentine: Misiones. Stream tributary of the Acaraguá River (27°27’44.63”S, 54°57’5.58”W), Uruguay River Basin. Villa Bonita, Municipio de Campo Ramón, Oberá. [ Argentina]. Holotype: UNMDP 574 .

Distribution: 342, 344, 345 (Rosso et al., 2016).

Hoplias teres (Valenciennes, 1846)

Macrodon teres Valenciennes , in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1846:521. Type locality: Lagune de Maracaibo. [ Venezuela]. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-4377 (2).

Distribution: 303, 304 (Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1846; Rodríguez-Olarte et al., 2009).

Species inquirendae ( Hoplias )

Erythrinus guavina Humboldt , in Humboldt, Valenciennes, 1821:179, Pl. 58 (fig. 1). Type locality: Lac de Valencia ou Tacarigua. [ Venezuela]. No types known. Remarks: Oyakawa (2003) listed as species inquirenda in Erythrinidae . Reexamination of original description allows placement as species inquirenda in Hoplias .

Erythrinus microcephalus Agassiz , in Spix , Agassiz, 1829:44. Type locality: Fluvio Sancti Franscisci. [ Brazil]. No types known. [Although no types are known, Spix, Agassiz (1829) mentioned one specimen deposited in Museo Monacensi (Zoologische Staatssammlung München)].

Remarks: Oyakawa, Mattox (2009:132) briefly discussed the status of Erythrinus microcephalus Agassiz and considered that the name could not be precisely assigned to any form within Hoplias since its description is vague and types are missing. Author of species name is Agassiz according to Kottelat (1988); followed by Oyakawa, 2003.

Erythrinus palustris Valenciennes , in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1846:502. Type locality: Not given. No types known. Remarks: Oyakawa (2003) listed as species inquirenda in Erythrinidae . Reexamination of original description allows to place it as species inquirenda in Hoplias .

Macrodon auritus Valenciennes , in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1846:519. Type locality: Montevidéo. [ Uruguay]. No types known. [Not located at the MNHN (Oyakawa, Mattox, 2009)]. Remarks: Treated as species inquirenda in Hoplias in Oyakawa (2003:240) and considered as a nomen dubium by Oyakawa, Mattox, 2009.

Macrodon patana Valenciennes , in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1846:522. Type locality: Cayenne. [ French Guiana]. Holotype: whereabouts unknown. Remarks: Although Oyakawa (2003) tentatively listed this species as valid, there are no types known and the description is vague.

Synodus tareira Bloch, Schneider, 1801:398 , Pl. 79. Type locality: Fluviis Brasiliae. [ Brazil]. No types known. Remarks: Oyakawa (2003) listed as synonym of Hoplias malabaricus . Reexamination of original description allows placement as species inquirenda in Hoplias .

Species inquirenda ( Erythrinidae )

Synodus palustris Bloch, Schneider, 1801:398 . Type locality: Lacubus et paludibus non item in fluminibus Brasiliae. [ Brazil]. No types known.

Remarks: Oyakawa (2003) listed as synonym of Hoplias malabaricus . Reexamination of original description allows to place it as species inquirenda in Erythrinidae .