HEMIODONTIDAE Bleeker, 1859

Toledo-Piza, Mônica, Baena, Eduardo G., Dagosta, Fernando C. P., Menezes, Naércio A., Ândrade, Marcelo, Benini, Ricardo C., Bertaco, Vinicius A., Birindelli, José Luís O., Boden, Gert, Buckup, Paulo A., Camelier, Priscila, Carvalho, Fernando R., Castro, Ricardo M. C., Chuctaya, Junior, Decru, Eva, Derijst, Eddy, Dillman, Casey B., Ferreira, Katiane M., Merxem, Dimitri G., Giovannetti, Victor, Hirschmann, Alice, Jégu, Michel, Jerep, Fernando C., Langeani, Francisco, Lima, Flávio C. T., Lucena, Carlos A. S., Lucena, Zilda Margarete S., Malabarba, Luiz R., Malabarba, Maria Cláudia S. L., Marinho, Manoela M. F., Mathubara, Kleber, Mattox, George M. T., Melo, Bruno F., Moelants, Tuur, Moreira, Cristiano R., Musschoot, Tobias, Netto-Ferreira, André L., Ota, Rafaela P., T. Oyakawa, Osvaldo, Pavanelli, Carla S., Reis, Roberto E., Santos, Osmar, Serra, Jane Piton, Silva, Gabriel S. C., Silva-Oliveira, Cárlison, Souza-Lima, Rosana, Vari, Richard P. & Zanata, Angela M., 2024, Checklist of the species of the Order Characiformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi), Neotropical Ichthyology (e 230086) 22 (1), pp. 1-548 : 363-369

HEMIODONTIDAE Bleeker, 1859

F Langeani

Anodontostomini Bleeker, 1859: XXXII. Type genus: Anodus Cuvier, 1829 . Additional comments: Bleeker (1859:XXXII) misspelled Anodontostomini. Eigenmann (1909b:253) corrected the stem to Anod-. Fowler (1950:274) emended the stem to Anodont-.

Hemiodontini Bleeker, 1859:XXXII. Type genus: Hemiodus Müller, 1842 . Additional comments: Eigenmann (1910:423) changed the stem to Hemiod-. Hemiodontidae is the name in prevailing recent practice for the family.

Bivibranchiinae Eigenmann, 1912a:253. Type genus: Bivibranchia Eigenmann, 1912 .

Elopomorphinae Eigenmann 1917:39. Type genus: Elopomorphus Gill, 1878 .

Micromischodontinae Roberts, 1971:3. Type genus: Micromischodus Roberts, 1971 . Additional comments: Name appeared first in the abstract on page 1, but the new name is formally defined on page 3.

ANODUS Cuvier, 1829

Anodus Agassiz , in Spix, Agassiz, 1829:57, 60. Type species: Anodus elongatus Agassiz, 1829 . Type by subsequent designation by Eigenmann, Eigenmann, 1889c:410– 411. Gender : Masculine. Additional comments: See Kottelat , 1988:77–78.

Anodus Cuvier, 1829:309 , footnote. Type species: Anodus elongatus Agassiz, 1829 . Type by subsequent designation by Kottelat, 1988:78. Gender: Masculine.

Elopomorphus Gill, 1878:167 . Type species: Elopomorphus jordanii Gill, 1878 . Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Eigenmannina Fowler, 1906:307 . Type species: Anodus melanopogon Cope, 1878 . Type by original designation. Gender: Feminine.

Remarks: Anodus Cuvier, 1829 and Anodus Agassiz, 1829 are objective synonyms, since both were based on the same type species, Anodus elongatus Agassiz, 1829 . Anodus Cuvier, 1829 , published on 31 March 1829, has priority over Anodus Agassiz, 1829 , which appeared after 22 May 1829 (Kottelat, 1988:77). Cuvier’s earlier description is very brief (Cuvier, 1829:309, footnote) but sufficient to make Anodus Cuvier, 1829 available. Kottelat (1988:78) referred to Eigenmann, Eigenmann (1889c:410–411) as the authors who designated Anodus elongatus Agassiz, 1829 as type species of Anodus Cuvier, 1829 ; however, this is incorrect (Fricke et al.2022), since Eigenmann, Eigenmann (1889c:410–411) were explicit when referring to the type species of Anodus Agassiz , and not to Anodus Cuvier. Consequently , the author designating Anodus elongatus Agassiz, 1829 as the type species of Anodus Cuvier, 1829 turns out to be Kottelat (1988:78).

Anodus elongatus Agassiz, 1829

Anodus elongatus Agassiz , in Spix, Agassiz, 1829:61, Pl. 40. Type locality: Brasiliae fluviis [ Brazil]. No types known.

Anodus melanopogon Cope, 1878:682 . Type locality: Peruvian Amazon. [label in lectotype jar reads “ Peruvian Amazon ”; Cope (1878:673) noted that most of Orton’s 1873 specimens (which includes the lectotype) came from Nauta, Peru]. Lectotype: ANSP 21227 . [Designated by Fowler (1906:308). Treated as holotype by Böhlke (1984:66)].

Anodus steatops Cope, 1878:683 . Type locality: Peruvian Amazon at Pebas. [ Peru]. Lectotype: ANSP 21498 . [Designated by Fowler (1906:306). Treated as holotype by Böhlke (1984:66)].

Elopomorphus jordanii Gill, 1878:168 . Type locality: Mamore River in Bolivia. Holotype: USNM 5926 .

Distribution: 316, 317 (Langeani, 2003; Langeani, 2013).

Anodus orinocensis (Steindachner, 1887)

Elopomorphus orinocensis Steindachner, 1887:231 . Type locality: Orinoco. Lectotype: NMW 72619-1 . [Designated by Langeani (2003)].

Distribution: 308, 309, 316, 323, 324 (Langeani, 2003; Langeani, 2013).

ARGONECTES Böhlke, Myers, 1956

Argonectes Böhlke, Myers, 1956:2 . Type species: Argonectes scapularis Böhlke, Myers, 1956 . Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Argonectes longiceps (Kner, 1858)

Hemiodus longiceps Kner, 1858a:77 . Type locality: Rio Içanno. [Rio Içana, Brazil]. Lectotype: NMW 68643 (1). [Designated by Langeani (2003)].

Argonectes scapularis Böhlke, Myers, 1956:2 , fig. 1. Type locality: mouth of the Caño Massaua , Río Orinoco, Venezuela. Holotype: SU 46382 .

Distribution: 307, 308, 311, 314, 315, 316, 320 (Langeani, 2003; Langeani, 2013).

Argonectes robertsi Langeani, 1999

Argonectes robertsi Langeani, 1999b:173 , figs. 1a. Type locality: Lago Dumbá Grande , Barra do Garças, Rio Araguaia, GO. [Goiás, Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 21528 .

Distribution: 320, 322, 323, 324 (Langeani, 2003).

BIVIBRANCHIA Eigenmann, 1912

Bivibranchia Eigenmann, 1912a:253 , 258. Type species: Bivibranchia protractila Eigenmann, 1912 . Type by monotypy. Gender: Feminine.

Atomaster Eigenmann, Myers, 1927:565 . Type species: Atomaster velox Eigenmann, Myers, 1927 . Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine.

Bivibranchia bimaculata Vari, 1985

Bivibranchia bimaculata Vari, 1985:517 , fig. 3. Type locality: Rocky pool in the center of Corantijn River at “Camp Hydro”, Nickerie District, Suriname, (approx. 3°42’N, 57°58’W). Holotype: USNM 225974 .

Distribution: 310, 311 (Langeani, 2003).

Bivibranchia fowleri (Steindachner, 1908)

Hemiodus fowleri Steindachner, 1908c:131 . Type locality: Stromgebiete des Amazonas. Holotype: NMW 68600 .

Bivibranchia protractila Eigenmann, 1912a:259 , Pl. 33 (figs. 1–5). Type locality: Bartica sand-bank. [ Guyana]. Holotype: FMNH 53576 .

Distribution: 307, 308, 309, 310, 314, 316, (Langeani, 2003; Langeani, 2013).

Bivibranchia notata Vari, Goulding, 1985

Bivibranchia notata Vari, Goulding, 1985:1055 , fig. 1. Type locality: Beach at Alter do Chão, Pará, Brazil (approx. 2°31’S, 54°57’W). Holotype: MZUSP 28657 .

Distribution: 316, 324, 320 (Langeani, 2003; Nogueira et al., 2021:6–15).

Bivibranchia simulata Géry, Planquette, Le Bail, 1991

Bivibranchia simulata Géry, Planquette, Le Bail, 1991:23 , Pl. 7 (fig. 1). Type locality: Panacupelu , Saut Motouci, Wilapaleya. [ French Guiana]. Holotype: MNHN 1981.0545 . [In the original description of the species, the authors indicated that the holotype measured 138.0 mm SL, was collected by F. d’Aubenton on 26 September 1976 and deposited at the MNHN. Analysis of specimens at the MNHN in July 1993 revealed a jar ( MNHN 1981.0545 ) containing three specimens, one (135 mm SL) considered the holotype and two others considered paratypes (113.9, 120.6 mm SL). Also see Géry et al. (1991:23)].

Bivibranchia simulata surinamensis Géry, Planquette, Le Bail, 1991:27 . Type locality: Affluent de droite de la Nickerie Rivier, env. ½ heure au-dessons de Blanche- Marie Falls. [ Suriname]. Holotype: RMNH.

Distribution: 311 (Langeani, 2003; Géry et al., 1991).

Bivibranchia velox (Eigenmann, Myers, 1927)

Atomaster velox Eigenmann, Myers, 1927:565 . Type locality: Ribeirao , Porto Nacional, Tocantins, Goyas. [ Brazil]. Holotype: CAS 39430.

Distribution: 323, 324 (Langeani, 2003).

HEMIODUS Müller, 1842

Hemiodus Müller, 1842:206 . Type species: Hemiodus crenidens Müller, 1842 . Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine.

Anisitsia Eigenmann, Kennedy , in Eigenmann, 1903:144. Type species: Anodus notatus Jardine in Schomburgk, 1841. Type by original designation. Gender: Feminine.

Hemiodopsis Fowler, 1906:318 . Type species: Hemiodus microlepis Kner, 1858 . Type by original designation. Gender: Feminine. Additional comments: Originally proposed as a subgenus of Hemiodus .

Pterohemiodus Fowler, 1940a:257 . Type species: Pterohemiodus atranalis Fowler, 1940 . Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Hemiodus amazonum (Humboldt, 1821)

Curimatus amazonum Humboldt , in Humboldt, Valenciennes, 1821:165, Pl. 45 (fig. 2). Type locality: Rio Marañon , Cachoeira de Rentena, província de Saint-Jean de Bracamoros, Peru. No types known.

Prochilodus humboldti Valenciennes , in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:90. Type locality: haut Maragnon, vis-à-vis de la cataracte de Rentema, dans la province de Saint Jean de Bracamoros. [ Peru]. No types known.

Distribution: 316, 317 (Langeani, 2003).

Hemiodus argenteus Pellegrin, 1909

Hemiodus argenteus Pellegrin, 1909c:344 [3]. Type locality: Orénoque. [ Venezuela]. Lectotype: MNHN 1887-0770 . [Designated by Langeani (2003)].

Distribution: 306, 308, 309, 310, 311, 314, 316, 320, 323 (Langeani, 2003).

Hemiodus ocellatus (Vari, 1982)

Hemiodopsis ocellata Vari, 1982c:188 , fig. 1. Type locality: main stream of Dalbana Creek , approximately 150 m upstream of its junction with Kabalebo River, Nickerie District, Surinam (approx. 4°47’N, 57°29’W). Holotype: USNM 221175 .

Distribution: 311 (Nogueira et al., 2020).

Hemiodus atranalis (Fowler, 1940)

Pterohemiodus atranalis Fowler, 1940a:258 , fig. 57. Type locality: Ucayali River basin, Contamana , Peru. Holotype: ANSP 68671 .

Pterohemiodus luelingi Géry, 1962b:332 , Pl. 1. Type locality: Quisto Cocha, petit lac en bordure du Rio Italya , affluent de la rive gauche de l’Amazone péruvienne, à environ 15 km à l’ouest d’Íquitos (Pérou). [Río Itaya, Peru]. Holotype: ZFMK 1226 .

Distribution: 310, 314, 316, 317, 324 (Langeani, 2003; Langeani, 2013; Nogueira et al., 2020:341, fig. 1).

Hemiodus bimaculatus Nogueira, Langeani, Netto-Ferreira, 2019

Hemiodus bimaculatus Nogueira, Langeani, Netto-Ferreira, 2019:799 , fig. 1. Type locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso, São José do Rio Claro, Rio Claro or Rio Agua Verde , ca. 12 km SE of São José do Rio Claro on road MT-010 towards Diamantino , 13°30’12”S, 56°37’08”W. Holotype: MCP 30410 .

Distribution: 320 (Nogueira et al., 2019).

Hemiodus goeldii Steindachner, 1908

Hemiodus goeldii Steindachner, 1908a:61 . Type locality: wahrscheinlich aus dem Xingu stammend. [species probably does not occur in the rio Xingu; except the holotype, all specimens examined from that basin are not referable as H. goeldi . Instead, specimens from coastal drainages of the state of Amapá, Brazil are clearly assignable to the species (e.g., MZUSP 29683 , 31747 ) (see also Langeani, 2003)]; recently Nogueira et al. (2020:340 and fig. 1) referred to the species in the lower Tapajós]. [ Brazil]. Holotype: NMW 68642 .

Distribution: 316, 323 (Langeani, 2003; Nogueira et al., 2020).

Hemiodus gracilis Günther, 1864

Hemiodus gracilis Günther, 1864:299 . Type locality: River Cupai. [most probably rio Cupari, a rio Tapajós tributary, Brazil]. Lectotype: BMNH 1853.3 .19.54. [Designated by Langeani (2003)].

Distribution: 308, 314, 316 (Langeani, 2003).

Hemiodus huraulti (Géry, 1964)

Hemiodopsis huraulti Géry, 1964 g:69, fig. 2. Type locality: French Guiana, upper part of the Maroni River , as about the Litani falls. Holotype: MHNG 2151.14 .

Distribution: 311, 320 (Langeani, 2003; Nogueira et al., 2020:340 and fig. 1).

Hemiodus immaculatus Kner, 1858

Hemiodus immaculatus Kner, 1858a:78 . Type locality: Barra do Rio Negro. [ Brazil]. Holotype: NMW 68641 .

Distribution: 307, 308, 309, 316, 321 (Langeani, 2003; Langeani, 2013).

Hemiodus iratapuru Langeani, Moreira, 2013

Hemiodus iratapuru Langeani, Moreira, 2013:1260 , figs. 1–2. Type locality: Brazil, Amapá, município de Laranjal do Jari. Cachoeira de São Raimundo, Rio Iratapuru, left bank tributary of Rio Jari, adjacent to Iratapuru community, above Cachoeira de Santo Antônio; 0°33’59”S, 52°34’40”W. Holotype: MZUSP 101564.

Distribution: 323 (Langeani, Moreira, 2013).

Hemiodus jatuarana Langeani, 2004

Hemiodus jatuarana Langeani, 2004:2 , fig. 1. Type locality: Brazil, State of Pará. Rio Trombetas , Oriximiná. Holotype: MZUSP 5408 (not 54083). [The catalog number presented in the original description ( MZUSP 54083 ) is an error].

Distribution: 316 (Langeani, 2004).

Hemiodus langeanii Beltrão, Zuanon, 2012

Hemiodus langeanii Beltrão, Zuanon, 2012:256 , figs. 1a, 2. Type locality: Brazil, Pará State , Itaituba , Floresta Nacional do Amana reserve ( Flona do Amana ), rio Aana, igarapé Porquinho, 05°06’33.0”S, 57°28’25.0”W. Holotype: INPA 31564 .

Distribution: 316 (Beltrão, Zuanon, 2012).

Hemiodus microlepis Kner, 1858

Hemiodus microlepis Kner, 1858a:77 . Type locality: Rio Guaporé in Matogrosso und Barra do Rio negro. [Lectotype designated by Langeani (2003) is from the rio Guaporé in Mato Grosso State, Brazil]. Lectotype: NMW 79472 (dry). [Designated by Langeani (2003)].

Distribution: 306, 309, 316, 321, 324 (Langeani, 2003; Langeani, 2013).

Hemiodus orthonops Eigenmann, Kennedy, 1903

Hemiodus orthonops Eigenmann, Kennedy, 1903:511 . Type locality: Arroyo Trementina. [ Paraguay]. Holotype: CAS 61476.

Distribution: 343, 344, 345 (Langeani, 2003; Nogueira et al., 2020:fig. 1).

Hemiodus parnaguae Eigenmann, Henn, 1916

Hemiodus parnaguae Eigenmann, Henn, 1916:87 , Pl. 17. Type locality: Lagoa de Parnagua. [ Brazil]. Holotype: FMNH 56886 .

Hemiodus rodolphoi Fowler, 1941b:174 , figs. 84–85. Type locality: Rio Parnahyba , Therezina, Piauhy. [ Brazil]. Holotype: ANSP 69483 .

Distribution: 325 (Langeani, 2003).

Hemiodus quadrimaculatus Pellegrin, 1909

Hemiodus quadrimaculatus Pellegrin, 1909c:344 [3]. Type locality: Rivière Camopi (Guyane française). [ French Guiana]. Lectotype: MNHN 1901-0394 . [Designated by Géry (1964g)].

Distribution: 310, 311, 314, 316, 323 (Langeani, 2003; Nogueira et al., 2020).

Hemiodus semitaeniatus Kner, 1858

Hemiodus semitaeniatus Kner, 1858a:77 . Type locality: Rio Guaporé. [ Brazil]. Lectotype: MNW 69489:1. [Designated by Langeani (2003)].

Distribution: 308, 310, 314, 316, 319, 323, 343 (Langeani, 2003; Langeani, 2013).

Hemiodus sterni (Géry, 1964)

Hemiodopsis sterni Géry, 1964 g:70, fig. 3. Type locality: Mato Grosso, Brazil, Amazon System , shore of Alto Rio-Juruena not far from the road Cuiabá-Porto Velho. Holotype: USNM 194377 .

Distribution: 320 (Langeani, 2003).

Hemiodus ternetzi Myers, 1927

Hemiodus ternetzi Myers, 1927:110 . Type locality: Brazil: Jausinho Brook, into the Tocantins, Goyaz (Goiás). Holotype: CAS 61480 [ IU 17691 ].

Distribution: 324 (Langeani, 1999a).

Hemiodus thayeria Böhlke, 1955

Hemiodus thayeria Böhlke, 1955c:8 , figs. 20–21. Type locality: sandbank in the Rio Negro on the Brazil-Colombia border, at approximately 1°12’ North Latitude, 66°51’ West Longitude. [in the jar, Cucui is written on the tag]. Holotype: SU 48146.

Distribution: 308, 314, 316 (Langeani, 2003).

Hemiodus tocantinensis Langeani, 1999

Hemiodus tocantinensis Langeani, 1999a:719 , fig. 1. Type locality: Tributary stream of ribeirão Lajeadinho , below “cuesta”, rio Araguaia, Alto Araguaia, Mato Grosso. [ Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 52628 .

Distribution: 324 (Langeani, 1999a).

Hemiodus tucupi Silva, Nogueira, Netto-Ferreira, Akama, Dutra, 2020

Hemiodus tucupi Silva, Nogueira, Netto-Ferreira, Akama, Dutra, 2020:173 , figs. 1–2. Type locality: Brazil, Pará , Bacajá at rapids of the Igarapé Bacajaí, Rio Xingu basin, 3°54’37.91”S, 51°44’32.78”W. Holotype: MPEG 36362 .

Distribution: 322, 323, 324 (Silva et al., 2020).

Hemiodus unimaculatus (Bloch, 1794)

Salmo unimaculatus Bloch, 1794:105 , Pl. 381 (fig. 3). Type locality: Surinam [ Suriname]. Syntypes: ZMB 3535 (2).

Anodus notatus Jardine , in Schomburgk, 1841:218, Pl. 15. Type locality: Sand-bank on the Rio Negro. No types known.

Hemiodus crenidens Müller, 1842:324 . Type locality: Brasilien. [ Brazil]. Syntypes: ZMB 33926 (2) [ Zarske, 2012a].

Hemiodus microcephalus Günther, 1864:298 . Type locality: River Capin. [ Brazil]. Lectotype: BMNH 1849.11 .8.39. [Designated by Langeani (2003)].

Hemiodus kappleri Günther, 1868a:479 . Type locality: Surinam [ Suriname]. Lectotype: BMNH 1866.9.10.29. [Designated by Langeani (2003)].

Distribution: 311, 314, 316, 317, 319, 321, 323, 324 (Langeani, 2003; Langeani, 2013).

Hemiodus vorderwinkleri (Géry, 1964)

Hemiodopsis vorderwinkleri Géry, 1964 g:14, fig. 1. Type locality: Upper Amazon , on the Brazilian-Colombian boundaries surrounding Leticia. Holotype: MHNG 2151.20 .

Distribution: 310, 316, 320 (Langeani, 2003; Nogueira et al., 2020:340 and fig. 1).

MICROMISCHODUS Roberts, 1971

Micromischodus Roberts, 1971:4 . Type species: Micromischodus sugillatus Roberts, 1971 . Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Micromischodus sugillatus Roberts, 1971 Micromischodus sugillatus Roberts, 1971:5 , fig. 1. Type locality: Igarapé Tarumãzinho , 15 km NW of Manaus, on the left bank of the Rio Negro, Estado do Amazonas. [ Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 6773 . Distribution: 314, 316 (Langeani, 2003; Langeani, 2013).