PROCHILODONTIDAE Eigenmann, 1909

Toledo-Piza, Mônica, Baena, Eduardo G., Dagosta, Fernando C. P., Menezes, Naércio A., Ândrade, Marcelo, Benini, Ricardo C., Bertaco, Vinicius A., Birindelli, José Luís O., Boden, Gert, Buckup, Paulo A., Camelier, Priscila, Carvalho, Fernando R., Castro, Ricardo M. C., Chuctaya, Junior, Decru, Eva, Derijst, Eddy, Dillman, Casey B., Ferreira, Katiane M., Merxem, Dimitri G., Giovannetti, Victor, Hirschmann, Alice, Jégu, Michel, Jerep, Fernando C., Langeani, Francisco, Lima, Flávio C. T., Lucena, Carlos A. S., Lucena, Zilda Margarete S., Malabarba, Luiz R., Malabarba, Maria Cláudia S. L., Marinho, Manoela M. F., Mathubara, Kleber, Mattox, George M. T., Melo, Bruno F., Moelants, Tuur, Moreira, Cristiano R., Musschoot, Tobias, Netto-Ferreira, André L., Ota, Rafaela P., T. Oyakawa, Osvaldo, Pavanelli, Carla S., Reis, Roberto E., Santos, Osmar, Serra, Jane Piton, Silva, Gabriel S. C., Silva-Oliveira, Cárlison, Souza-Lima, Rosana, Vari, Richard P. & Zanata, Angela M., 2024, Checklist of the species of the Order Characiformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi), Neotropical Ichthyology (e 230086) 22 (1), pp. 1-548 : 397-403

PROCHILODONTIDAE Eigenmann, 1909

RMC Castro

Pacini Bleeker, 1859: XXXII. Type genus: Pacu Agassiz in Spix, Agassiz, 1829 .

Prochilodinae Eigenmann, 1909b:253. Type genus: Prochilodus Agassiz, 1829 . Additional comments: Eigenmann (1909b:253) misspelled Prochilodinae. Stem corrected to Prochilodont- by Regan (1911:21). Name in prevailing recent practice.

ICHTHYOELEPHAS Posada, 1909

Ichthyoelephas Posada, 1909:300 . Type species: Ichthyoelephas patalo Posada, 1909 . Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine.

Ichthyoelephas humeralis (Günther, 1860)

Prochilodus humeralis Günther, 1860a:419 . Type locality: Western Andes of Ecuador. [Types series most likely from Río Gayas basin (Castro, Vari , 2003b:76)]. Lectotype: BMNH 1860.6.16.197. [Designated by Castro, Vari (2003b:76)].

Distribution: 301 (Castro, Vari , 2003a; Castro, Vari , 2003b).

Ichthyoelephas longirostris (Steindachner, 1879)

Prochilodus longirostris Steindachner, 1879c:195 . Type locality: Cauca. [Restricted by Castro, Vari (2003b:73–74) to Colombia , Antióquia, Río Cauca, near to Cáceres]. Lectotype: NMW 56680. [Designated by Castro, Vari (2003b:79)].

Ichthyoelephas pataló Posada, 1909:302 , 2 text-figs. on 301. Type locality: Colombia, Samaná. [Río Samaná, a tributary of the Río Magdalena drainage system in northwestern Colombia ]. No types known.

Ichthyoelephas longirostris neglectus Dahl, 1971:108 . Type locality: Colombia , ciertas ciénegas adyacentes al Bajo Río Magdalena, desde la Ciénega de Plata hacia abajo. No types known. [Dahl (1971:108–109) proposed Ichthyoelephas longirostris neglectus based on three specimens (holotype, 172.0 mm SL, and 2 paratypes, 210.0– 213.0 mm SL) that originated from ciénegas (floodplain pools and marshes) adjacent to the lower Río Magdalena, Colombia . Dahl did not illustrate his new form and the type series of that subspecies does not appear to be extant (Cala, 1981:1–3)].

Distribution: 302, 304 (Román-Valencia, Ortiz-Muñoz, 2001:35; Castro, Vari , 2003a; Castro, Vari , 2003:79).

PROCHILODUS Agassiz, 1829

Pacu Cuvier, 1829:309 . Type species: Prochilodus argenteus Agassiz, 1829 . Type by subsequent designation by Eigenmann (1910: 424). Gender: Masculine.

Prochilodus Agassiz , in Spix, Agassiz, 1829:57, 62. Type species: Prochilodus argenteus Agassiz , in Spix, Agassiz, 1829. Type by subsequent designation by Eigenmann, 1910:424. Gender: Masculine.

Pacu Agassiz , in Spix and Agassiz, 1829:62. Type species: Prochilodus argenteus Agassiz , in Spix, Agassiz, 1829, by subsequent designation (Eigenmann, 1910:424)]. Gender masculine. Additional comments: Paca in Valenciennes (1837: Pl. 8, gif. 3) was interpreted as a misspelling of Pacu Agassiz , by Castro, Vari (2003a, b)

Pacu Valenciennes, 1847:9 . Type species: Pacu lineatus Valenciennes, 1847 . Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine.

Chilomyzon Fowler, 1906:309 . Type species: Prochilodus steindachneri Fowler, 1906 . Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Originally proposed as a subgenus of Prochilodus . Remarks: See Kottelat (1988:82) for an interpretation of the status Prochilodus Agassiz , Pacu Agassiz and Pacu Cuvier.

Prochilodus argenteus Agassiz, 1829

Prochilodus argenteus Agassiz , in Spix, Agassiz, 1829:63, Pl. 38. Type locality: Habitat in flumine S. Francisci . [Restricted by Castro, Vari (2003b:85) to Brazil, Minas Gerais, Januária, Rio São Francisco. Neotype locality: Brazil, Bahia, Rio Desidério, São Desidério, near Barreiras]. Neotype: MZUSP 28778. [Neotype designated by Castro, Vari (2003b:88)].

Distribution: 326i, 327 (Castro, Vari , 2003a; Castro, Vari , 2003b).

Remarks: Prochilodus argenteus Valenciennes in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:71 , apparently does not constitute an original description (Fricke et al., 2022).

Prochilodus brevis Steindachner, 1875

Prochilodus brevis Steindachner, 1875a:536 [page 38 of separate], Pl. 6. Type locality: Flüsse in der Umgebung von Bahia. [Restricted by Castro, Vari (2003b:89) to Brazil, Bahia, basin of Rio Paraguaçu]. Lectotype: NMW 56638. [Designated by Castro, Vari (2003b:93)].

Prochilodus cearaensis Steindachner, 1911a:329 . Type locality: Einem kleinen Flusschen bei Ipú im Staate Ceará. [From a small river in Ipú, Ceará, Brazil]. Lectotype: NMW 56640 :2. [Designated by Castro, Vari (2003b:93)].

Distribution: 326, 327, 328 (Castro, Vari , 2003a; Castro, Vari , 2003b).

Prochilodus britskii Castro, 1993

Prochilodus britskii Castro, 1993:58 , fig. 1. Type locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso, rio Apiacá, N of city of Juará , upriver from a fall (~ 10°36’S, 58°04’W). Holotype: MZUSP 41519 .

Distribution: 320 (Castro, 1993; Castro, Vari , 2003a; Castro, Vari , 2003b).

Remarks: The known distribution of Prochilodus britskii is the most restrictive of any Prochilodus species.

Prochilodus costatus Valenciennes, 1850

Prochilodus costatus Valenciennes , in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:79 . Type locality: Rio San-Francisco du Brésil. [ Brazil]. Holotype: MNHN A-8636 (dry). [Holotype stuffed with straw and varnished, with a midventral incision running from isthmus to base of caudal fin and artificial eyes inserted].

Prochilodus affinis Lütken, 1875c:128 [page 2 of separate]. Type locality: Rio das Velhas et rivulis affluentibus. [Restricted by Fowler (1950:215) to Brazil, Minas Gerais, Rio das Velhas]. Lectotype: ZMUC 81 . [Designated by Castro, Vari (2003b:99)].

Distribution: 327, 328i (Godinho et al., 1999; Castro, Vari , 2003a; Castro, Vari , 2003b).

Prochilodus hartii Steindachner, 1875

Prochilodus hartii Steindachner, 1875a:533 [page 35 of separate], Pl. 5. Type locality: Rio Jequitinhonha, Rio Pardo und Rio Parahyba. [Restricted by Castro, Vari (2003b:101) to Brazil, Bahia, Rio Jequitinhonha, Belmonte]. Lectotype: NMW 56645. [Designated by Castro, Vari (2003b:103)].

Distribution: 328 (Castro, Vari , 2003a; Castro, Vari , 2003b).

Prochilodus lacustris Steindachner, 1907

Prochilodus lacustris Steindachner, 1907a:152 [page 1 of separate]. Type locality: See von Parnagua unde der nahegelegenen, Lagoa da Missão ; Lagoas bei Sa. Filomena und am Rio Medonho einem Nebenflusse des Parnahyba. [ Brazil]. Lectotype: NMW 56674 :4. [Designated by Castro, Vari (2003b:106)].

Distribution: 323, 325 (Castro, Vari , 2003a; Castro, Vari , 2003b).

Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837)

Paca lineatus Valenciennes, 1837 :no p., Pl. 8 (fig. 3). Type locality: La rivière de la Plata à Buénos-Ayres. [Detailed by Valenciennes in Cuvier, Valenciennes (1850:84) ]. No types known.

Prochilodus scrofa Steindachner, 1881a:129 [page 29 of separate], Pl. 6 (fig. 2). Type locality: Umgebung von Rio Janeiro, vielleicht aus dem Rio Parahyba. [Restricted by Castro, Vari (2003b:107) to Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Paraíba do Sul]. Lectotype: NMW 56702. [Designated by Castro, Vari (2003b:111)].

Prochilodus platensis Holmberg, 1888:898 . Type locality: Rio de La Plata , Buenos Ayres. [ Argentina]. No types known. Taxonomic status of species discussed in Castro, Vari (2003b:107).

Salmo 9-radiatus Larrañaga, 1923:387. Type locality: Nimis communisin et copiosissimus in hoc fluminae. [Almost certainly part of the Río Uruguay basin, Uruguay]. No types known. Taxonomic status of species discussed in Castro, Vari (2003b:112).

Distribution: 329, 332, 334, 339, 342, 343, 344, 345, 347 (Castro, Vari , 2003a; Castro, Vari , 2003b).

Prochilodus magdalenae Steindachner, 1879

Prochilodus asper var. magdalenae Steindachner, 1879e:78 (page 62 of separate), Pl. 12 (figs. 1 and 1a) [name used in caption for two figures but species is cited on page 35 of text as Prochilodus asper ]. Type locality: Magdalenen-Strome. [ Colombia ]. Lectotype: NMW 56627:1. [Designated by Castro, Vari (2003b:117)].

Prochilodus beani Eigenmann , in Eigenmann, Ogle, 1907:5, fig. 2. Type locality: Truando, Colombia . [Truandó, in the Río Atrato basin of northwestern Colombia ]. Holotype: USNM 1662.

Prochilodus steindachneri Eigenmann, 1922:115 . Type locality: Cauca near Caceres. [ Colombia , Antióquia, Río Cauca, close to Cáceres]. Holotype: NMW 68274. [(218,9 mm SL) with moderately large perforations on both flanks, but otherwise in good condition]. Preoccupied by Prochilodus steindachneri Fowler, 1906 ; replaced by Prochilodus eigenmanni Ahl, 1937 . Details discussed in Castro, Vari (2003b:117).

Prochilodus eigenmanni Ahl, 1937c:136 . Type locality: Cauca near Caceres. Holotype: NMW 68274. Replacement for Prochilodus steindachneri Eigenmann, 1922 (see discussion in Castro, Vari (2003b:117–118).

Distribution: 301, 302, 303 (Castro, Vari , 2003a; Castro, Vari , 2003b).

Remarks: The name Prochilodus magdalenensis in Posada, 1909:300 was considered an unjustified emendation by Castro, Vari , 2003b:114.

Prochilodus mariae Eigenmann, 1922

Prochilodus mariae Eigenmann, 1922:231 , Pl. 20 (fig. 2). Type locality: Barrigón, Rio Meta. [ Colombia ]. Holotype: CAS 15150.

Distribution: 306, 307, 308, 309 (Castro, Vari , 2003a; Castro, Vari , 2003b).

Prochilodus nigricans Agassiz, 1829

Prochilodus nigricans Agassiz , in Spix, Agassiz, 1829:64, Pl. 39. Type locality: Habitat in Brasiliae mediae fluviss. [Restricted by Castro, Vari (2003b:123) to Brazil, Amazonia]. Neotype: MZUSP 21575. [Neotype designated by Castro, Vari (2003b:128)].

Prochilodus cephalotes Cope, 1878:686 . Type locality: Peruvian Amazon. [Restricted by Fowler (1950:217) to Peru, Loreto, Nauta , confluence of rios Marañon and Ucayali]. Holotype: ANSP 21211 . [Holotype in very poor condition, almost without scales, with superficial bones almost loose; Fowler (1906:312, fig. 13); Böhlke (1984:148); Castro, Vari (2003b:125)]].

Prochilodus ortonianus Cope, 1878:685 . Type locality: Nauta , Peru. Holotype: ANSP 21267 . [Holotype in very good condition; Fowler (1906:311, fig. 12); Böhlke (1984:148); Castro, Vari (2003b:125)].

Prochilodus caudifasciatus Starks, 1906:773 , fig. 5. Type locality: Rio Perené at Perené, Peru. Holotype: USNM 53473 .

Curimatus tigris Fowler, 1913b:518 , fig. 2. Type locality: Tributary of the Madeira River, near Porto Velho, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 39156 . [Specimen in moderate condition]. Taxonomic status discussed in Castro, Vari (2003b:129).

Prochilodus beni Pearson, 1924:29 , Pl. 9 (fig. 2). Type locality: Cachuela Esperanza. [ Bolivia]. Holotype: CAS 58881. [Details in Castro, Vari (2003b:124)].

Prochilodus labeo Loubens, Lauzanne, Géry, 1991:231 , fig. 8. Type locality: Villa Tunari, Rio Chaparé , bassin de Mamore, Bolívia. Holotype: MNHN 1989-120 .

Distribution: 313, 316, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324 (Castro, Vari , 2003a; Castro, Vari , 2003b).

Remarks: Author of species name is Agassiz according to Kottelat (1988); followed by Castro, Vari , 2003a; Castro, Vari , 2003b.

Prochilodus reticulatus Valenciennes, 1850

Prochilodus reticulatus Valenciennes , in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:92 . Type locality: lagune de Maracaïbo. [ Venezuela]. Lectotype: MNHN A. 8639. [Designated by Castro, Vari (2003:135)].

Prochilodus asper Lütken, 1875a:226 [page 37 of separate]. Type locality: Caraccas. [Caracas, Distrito Federal, Venezuela. Restricted by Castro, Vari (2003b:132) to Venezuela, Lago Maracaibo]. Lectotype: ZMUC 73. [Designated by Castro, Vari (2003b:135)].

Distribution: 303 (Castro, Vari , 2003a; Castro, Vari , 2003b).

Prochilodus rubrotaeniatus Jardine, 1841

Prochilodus rubrotaeniatus Jardine , in Schomburgk, 1841:258, Pl. 28. Type locality: Rios Branco and Negro as in the Essequibo and its tributaries. [Restricted by Castro, Vari (2003b:136) to Rio Branco, Brazil and Essequibo River, Guyana]. No types known. [It is likely that no types are extant for Prochilodus rubrotaeniatus , a situation that parallels that for other species collected by Schomburgk and described by Jardine].

Prochilodus maripicru Eigenmann, 1912a:271 , Pl. 35 (fig. 2). Type locality: Maripicru Creek. [ Type specimens originated in the Ireng River of Guyana, a tributary of the upper Rio Branco of the Amazon basin]. Holotype: FMNH 53597 .

Distribution: 308, 310, 311, 314 (Castro, Vari , 2003a; Castro, Vari , 2003b).

Prochilodus vimboides Kner, 1859

Prochilodus vimboides Kner, 1859:148 [page 12 of separate], Pl. 2 (fig. 4). Type locality: Ypanema. [Restricted by Castro, Vari (2003b:140) to São Paulo, Ipanema (Varnhagen), Rio Sorocaba basin]. Lectotype: NMW 79466 (dry). [Designated by Castro, Vari (2003b:143)].

Salmo corimbata Natterer , in Kner, 1859:146 [page 10 of separate]. Type locality: Ypanema. [ Brazil. São Paulo, Varnhagen (= Ypanema), Rio Sorocaba basin]. No types known. Taxonomic status of species discussed in Castro, Vari (2003b:143).

Prochilodus oligolepis Günther, 1864:295 . Type locality: Brazil. [Restricted by Castro, Vari (2003b:140) to Brazil, São Paulo, Ipanema (Varnhagen), Rio Sorocaba basin]. Lectotype: NMW 56694. [Designated by Castro, Vari (2003b:143)].

Prochilodus steindachneri Fowler, 1906:309 , fig. 11. Type locality: Parahyba, Brazil. [ Rio Paraíba do Sul of southeastern Brazil (see explanation in Castro, Vari , 2003b:143)]. Holotype: ANSP 8207 .

Distribution: 327, 328, 329, 344 (Castro, Vari , 2003a; Castro, Vari , 2003b).

SEMAPROCHILODUS Fowler, 1941

Semaprochilodus Fowler, 1941b:171 . Type species: Semaprochilodus squamilentus Fowler, 1941 . Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Semaprochilodus brama ( Valenciennes, 1850)

Prochilodus brama Valenciennes , in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:82 . Type locality: l’Amazone. [Restricted by Castro, Vari (2003b:147) to Brazil, Pará, Rio Tocantins, São João do Araguaia (São João das Duas Barras)]. Holotype: MNHN A. 1066. [Details in Castro, Vari (2003b:151)].

Semaprochilodus squamilentus Fowler, 1941b:172 , fig. 83. Type locality: Rio Parnahyba, Therezina , Piauhy. [Corrected by Castro, Vari (2003b:147) to Brazil, rios Tocantins and/or Xingu]. Holotype: ANSP 69480 .

Distribution: 322, 323, 324 (Castro, Vari , 2003a; Castro, Vari , 2003b).

Semaprochilodus insignis (Jardine, 1841)

Prochilodus insignis Jardine , in Schomburgk, 1841:261, Pl. 30. Type locality: Rio Branco. No types known. [It is likely that no types are extant for Prochilodus insignis , a situation that parallels that for other species collected by Schomburgk and described by Jardine].

Salmo jaraqui Natterer, in Kner, 1859:148 [page 12 of separate]. Type locality: Barra do Rio Negro. [ Brazil]. No types known. Taxonomic status of species discussed in Castro, Vari (2003b:157) .

Prochilodus amazonensis Fowler, 1906:316 , fig. 15. Type locality: Lower Amazons. [ Brazil]. Holotype: ANSP 21350 . [Holotype in moderate condition].

Prochilodus theraponura Fowler, 1906:313 , fig. 14. Type locality: Ambyiacu River , Equador. [ Peru, Loreto, Río Ampiyacu, near Pebas (Castro, Vari , 2003b:152)]. Holotype: ANSP 8033 . [Holotype in very poor condition; majority of the scales lost].

Distribution: 313, 314, 315, 316, 320, 321, 323 (Castro, Vari , 2003a; Castro, Vari , 2003b).

Semaprochilodus kneri (Pellegrin, 1909)

Prochilodus kneri Pellegrin, 1909b:155 . Type locality: Orénoque. [ Venezuela]. Lectotype: MNHN 1887-0708 . [Designated by Castro, Vari (2003b:161)].

Distribution: 307, 308, 309 (Castro, Vari , 2003a; Castro, Vari , 2003b).

Semaprochilodus laticeps (Steindachner, 1879)

Prochilodus laticeps Steindachner, 1879a:150 . Type locality: Orinoco bei Ciudad Bolivar. [ Venezuela]. Holotype: whereabouts unknown. [Type apparently lost (Castro, Vari , 2003b:163)].

Distribution: 306, 307, 309 (Castro, Vari , 2003a; Castro, Vari , 2003b).

Remarks: Species illustrated and described in more detail in Steindachner (1879a:152 [page 4 of separate]).

Semaprochilodus taeniurus (Valenciennes, 1821)

Curimatus taeniurus Valenciennes , in Humboldt, Valenciennes, 1821:166. Type locality: l’Amerique Equioxiale. [Restricted by Castro, Vari (2003b:165) to Brazil, Amazonas, upper Rio Negro]. Holotype: MNHN A 8.641. [Details in Castro, Vari (2003b:167)].

Distribution: 314, 316, 321 (Castro, Vari , 2003a; Castro, Vari , 2003b).

Semaprochilodus varii Castro, 1988

Semaprochilodus varii Castro, 1988:504 , fig. 1. Type locality: Suriname, Marowijne District, Marowijne River , about 25 km south of Albina . Holotype: ZMA 106.222 . [The holotype is most probably a juvenile (SL 66.3 mm)].

Distribution: 311 (Castro, 1988; Castro, Vari , 2003a: Castro, Vari , 2003b).

Species inquirendae ( Prochilodontidae )

Prochilodus binotatus Jardine , in Schomburgk, 1841:260, Pl. 29. Type locality: Rio Branco. No types known.

Remarks: Considered as nomen dubium by Castro, Vari (2003:68) and Castro, Vari (2003b:157).

Prochilodus dobulinus Valenciennes , in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:81 . Type locality: L’Amazone. No types known.

Remarks: Considered as nomen dubium by Castro, Vari (2003:68) and Castro, Vari (2003b:152).