ANOSTOMIDAE Günther, 1864

Toledo-Piza, Mônica, Baena, Eduardo G., Dagosta, Fernando C. P., Menezes, Naércio A., Ândrade, Marcelo, Benini, Ricardo C., Bertaco, Vinicius A., Birindelli, José Luís O., Boden, Gert, Buckup, Paulo A., Camelier, Priscila, Carvalho, Fernando R., Castro, Ricardo M. C., Chuctaya, Junior, Decru, Eva, Derijst, Eddy, Dillman, Casey B., Ferreira, Katiane M., Merxem, Dimitri G., Giovannetti, Victor, Hirschmann, Alice, Jégu, Michel, Jerep, Fernando C., Langeani, Francisco, Lima, Flávio C. T., Lucena, Carlos A. S., Lucena, Zilda Margarete S., Malabarba, Luiz R., Malabarba, Maria Cláudia S. L., Marinho, Manoela M. F., Mathubara, Kleber, Mattox, George M. T., Melo, Bruno F., Moelants, Tuur, Moreira, Cristiano R., Musschoot, Tobias, Netto-Ferreira, André L., Ota, Rafaela P., T. Oyakawa, Osvaldo, Pavanelli, Carla S., Reis, Roberto E., Santos, Osmar, Serra, Jane Piton, Silva, Gabriel S. C., Silva-Oliveira, Cárlison, Souza-Lima, Rosana, Vari, Richard P. & Zanata, Angela M., 2024, Checklist of the species of the Order Characiformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi), Neotropical Ichthyology (e 230086) 22 (1), pp. 1-548 : 44-63

ANOSTOMIDAE Günther, 1864

JLO Birindelli

Anostomatina Günther, 1864:279. Type genus: Anostomus Scopoli, 1777. Additional comments: Correct spelling Anostom-. Günther (1864:279) misspelled Anostomatina. Gill (1896b:209) corrected the stem to Anostom-.

Pithecocharacinae Fowler, 1906:319. Type genus: Pithecocharax Fowler, 1906 . Additional comments: Pithecocharacinae Fowler, 1906 is a junior objective synonym of Anostomatina Günther, 1864 because Pithecocharax Fowler, 1906 is an objective junior synonym of Anostomus Scopoli, 1777.

Leporellinae Eigenmann, 1910:427. Type genus: Leporellus Lütken, 1875 .

Leporininae Eigenmann, 1912a:96. Type genus: Leporinus Agassiz, 1829 .

ABRAMITES Fowler, 1906

Abramites Fowler, 1906:331 . Type species: Leporinus hypselonotus Günther, 1868 . Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Abramites eques (Steindachner, 1878)

Leporinus eques Steindachner, 1878:90 . Type locality: Magdalena-Stromes. [Río Magdalena, Colombia]. Lectotype: NMW 69549. [Designated by Vari, Williams (1987)].

Distribution: 302 (Steindachner, 1878).

Remarks: The species is rare in Colombia, where it is considered threatened (Mojica et al., 2012).

Abramites hypselonotus (Günther, 1868)

Leporinus hypselonotus Günther, 1868a:480 . Type locality: Xeberos. [ Xeberos (= Jeberos ) is a village in the Peruvian Amazon ( Department of Loreto, Peru) near the Río Aipana , a small tributary that joins the Río Huallaga near the latter’s confluence with Río Marañon]. Lectotype: BMNH 1867.6 .13.40. [Designated by Vari, Williams (1987:97)].

Leporinus solarii Holmberg, 1891:187 . Type locality: República Argentina, Misiones, Rio Alto Paraná. [Lower Rio Paraná basin in Misiones, Argentina]. No types known. [The holotype was deposited at Museo de la Escuela Normal de Profesoras de la Capital, but is currently considered lost].

Abramites microcephalus Norman, 1926:92 . Type locality: near the mouth of river Amazon. [ Brazil]. Holotype: BMNH 1926.3 .2.571.

Abramites ternetzi Norman, 1926:93 . Type locality: Sao Luis and Descalvados , Matto Grosso, Southern Brazil [São Luís referes to the city of Cáceres, and Descalvados refers to Fazenda Descalvado, at Cáceres, Brazil, Lectotype locality: São Luís]. Lectotype: BMNH 1895.5 .17.156. [Designated by Vari, Williams (1987:97)].

Leporinus nigripinnis Meinken, 1935:193 , fig. 1. Type locality: Corrientes / Argentinien. [ Argentina]. Syntypes: ZMB 21916 (3). [( Zarske, 2012a:45)].

Distribution: 307, 314, 316, 318, 321, 319, 343, 324, 323 ( Vari, Williams, 1987).

ANOSTOMOIDES Pellegrin, 1909

Anostomoides Pellegrin, 1909c:346 . Type species: Anostomoides atrianalis Pellegrin, 1908 . Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine.

Anostomoides atrianalis Pellegrin, 1909

Anostomoides atrianalis Pellegrin, 1909c:346 [5]. Type locality: Orénoque. [ Río Orinoco , Venezuela]. Lectotype: MNHN 1887-0761 . [Designated by Assega, Birindelli (2019:132)].

Schizodontopsis laticeps Eigenmann, 1912a:299 , Pl. 41 (fig. 4). Type locality: Crab Falls . [Crab Falls, Essequibo River, Guyana]. Holotype: FMNH 53359 . [Assega, Birindelli (2019:132)]. Synonymy proposed by Assega, Birindelli, 2019:129.

Distribution: 307, 308, 310, 314, 316,321, 324 (Mago Leccia, 1970; Assega, Birindelli, 2019).

ANOSTOMUS Scopoli, 1777

Anostomus Scopoli, 1777:451. Type species: Salmo anostomus Linnaeus, 1758 . Type by tautonomy. Gender: Masculine.

Anostomus Cuvier, 1816:165 . Type species: Salmo anostomus Linnaeus, 1758 . Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Unjustified replacement name.

Mormyrynchus Swainson, 1839:186 , 291. Type species: Mormyrynchus gronoveii Swainson, 1839 . Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Swainson 1839:291 argued this to be a replacement name because Anostomus was preoccupied by Lamarck 1822’s Anostoma , a genus of Gastropoda.

Histiodromus Gistel, 1848 :VIII. Type species: Salmo anostomus Linnaeus, 1758 . Type by being a replacement name. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: According to Jordan (1918:337) this was a replacement for Anastomus Illiger, 1835 , a genus of birds.

Pithecocharax Fowler, 1906:319 . Type species: Salmo anostomus Linnaeus, 1758 . Type by being a replacement name. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Unneeded replacement name. Fowler argued that this was a replacement name because Anostomus Klein , in Walbaum, 1792, was preoccupied as Anastomus Bonnaterre, 1791 , a genus of birds. However, Walbaum’s classification did not fit the criteria of the ICZN and is currently considered invalid ( Jordan, 1963:36).

Remarks: Anostomus was first described in Gronovius (1763:122) but it is considered invalid because the classification provided in that publication is not binomial.

Anostomus anostomus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Salmo anostomus Linnaeus, 1758:312 . Type locality: Indiis. [“ Indiis ” may refer to Central and South America, however holotype is from Suriname]. Holotype: ZMUC 89 .

Anostomus gronovii Schinz, 1822:279 . Type locality: Sud-amerika. Holotype: ZMUC 89 .

Mormyrynchus gronoveii Swainson, 1839:291 . Type locality: Rivers of America. Holotype: ZMUC 89 .

Anostomus gronovii Müller, Troschel, 1844:87 . Type locality: [ Suriname]. Holotype: ZMUC 89 .

Anostomus salmoneus Gronovius , in Gray , 1854:153. Type locality: Habitat in Indiis. Holotype: ZMUC 89 .

Distribution: 310, 311, 307, 308, 314, 316, 321, 323 ( Winterbottom, 1980; Sidlauskas, Vari, 2012).

Remarks: Salmo anostomus Linnaeus, 1758 , was based on the description and illustration given by Gronovius (1756: 13, pl. VIII, fig. 2), who based his study on one specimen catalogued at ZMUC under catalog number 89, and labelled as collected in Suriname. The specimen was recognized as the holotype of Salmo anostomus Linnaeus by Wheeler (1989). All other nominal species ( Anostomus gronovii Schinz, 1822 , Mormyrynchus gronoveii Swainson, 1839 , Anostomus gronovii Müller, Troschel , and Anostomus salmoneus Gronovius in Gray, 1854) are objective synonyms as those names were proposed as unjustified replacement names based on Gronovius’ (1756) description.

Anostomus brevior Géry, 1961

Anostomus brevior Géry, 1961b:499 , fig. 1. Type locality: Guyane Française, Rivière Camopi, affluent de l’Oyapok. [ French Guiana]. Holotype: MNHN 1901-0405 .

Distribution: 311 (Planquette et al., 1996; Sidlauskas, Vari, 2012).

Anostomus longus Géry, 1961

Anostomus anostomus longus Géry, 1961b:502 , fig. 1. Type locality: Amazone Péruvienne, Rio Nucuray, près de son confluent avec le Rio Marañon, à proximité de Concordia. Holotype: MHNG 2197.04 .

Distribution: 316 ( Winterbottom, 1980).

Remarks: The validity of this species is still debatable, as it may be a junior synonym of Anostomus anostomus , as discussed by Winterbottom (1980).

Anostomus ternetzi Fernández-Yépez, 1949

Anostomus ternetzi Fernández-Yépez, 1949a:293 , figure. Type locality: Palital , Estado Guárico, Venezuela. Holotype: MHNLS 427 .

Distribution: 310, 311, 307, 308, 314, 316, 321, 323 ( Winterbottom, 1980).

GNATHODOLUS Myers, 1927

Gnathodolus Myers, 1927:108 . Type species: Gnathodolus bidens Myers, 1927 . Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Gnathodolus bidens Myers, 1927

Gnathodolus bidens Myers, 1927:108 . Type locality: Venezuela: Río Cassiquiari , Chemoni (near bifurcation). Holotype: CAS 20087.

Distribution: 307, 308, 314, 315, 316 ( Winterbottom, 1980; Santos, Jégu, 1987).

HYPOMASTICUS Borodin, 1929

Hypomasticus Borodin, 1929:272 . Type species: Leporinus mormyrops Steindachner, 1875 . Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Originally proposed as a subgenus of Leporinus .

Hypomasticus copelandi (Steindachner, 1875)

Leporinus copelandii Steindachner, 1875b:236 [26], Pl. 5. Type locality: Rio Parahyba und dessen Nebenflüsse bei Mendez, Juiz de fora; Rio doce, Rio S. Matheos, Rio Jequitinhonha und Rio Quenda bei Santa Cruz. [ Brazil]. Syntypes: (many) MCZ 19773 (1) , 19775 (1), 20359 (1), 20408–410 (3, 1, 4), 20420 (3), 20460 (1), 20490–91 (9, 1); MNHN 1913-0134 (1) ; NMW 68379–87 (2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 3) , 68391–94 (2, 1, 1, 3), 69592 (2); ZMUC 969 (1).

Distribution: 329, 328 (Steindachner, 1875b).

Remarks: Transferred to Hypomasticus by Birindelli et al., 2020.

Hypomasticus despaxi (Puyo, 1943)

Leporinus despaxi Puyo, 1943:141 [1], fig. 1. Type locality: une crique de la rive gauche du Marouni supérieur. [ French Guiana]. [The two syntypes (100 and 104 mm of total length) are apparently lost (Birindelli et al., 2013)].

Distribution: 311 (Sidlauskas, Vari, 2012; Birindelli et al., 2013).

Remarks: The species was transferred to Hypomasticus by Géry (1960a: 28), Sidlauskas, Vari (2008:74).

Hypomasticus julii (Santos, Jégu, Lima, 1996)

Leporinus julii Santos, Jégu , Lima , 1996:273, figure. Type locality: Rio Xingu, Cachoeira Kaituka. [ Brazil]. Holotype: INPA 10987 .

Distribution: 322, 320, 316 (Santos et al., 1996).

Remarks: Transferred to Hypomasticus by Sidlauskas, Vari (2008).

Hypomasticus lineomaculatus Birindelli, Peixoto, Wosiacki, Britski, 2013

Hypomasticus lineomaculatus Birindelli, Peixoto, Wosiacki, Britski, 2013:464 , figs. 1, 3, 4. Type locality: Brazil, Pará , Almeirim, creek tributary of Rio Paru, 0°51’13.8”N, 53°57’05.8”W. Holotype: MGB 15573 .

Distribution: 315 (Birindelli et al., 2013).

Hypomasticus megalepis (Günther, 1863)

Leporinus megalepis Günther, 1863:443 . Type locality: Essequibo, Guiana. Lectotype: BMNH 1864.1 .21.45. [Designated by Géry et al., 1988].

Distribution: 310, 311 (Sidlauskas, Vari, 2012).

Remarks: Transferred to Hypomasticus by Géry (1960).

Hypomasticus mormyrops (Steindachner, 1875)

Leporinus mormyrops Steindachner, 1875b:240 [30], Pl. 6. Type locality: Rio Parahyba im oberen Laufe und dessen Nebenfluss Piabinha. [Rio Paraíba do Sul and its tributary Rio Piabinha in Brazil]. Syntypes: (several) MCZ 20366 (5), 20369 (1);? MNHN 1913-0132 and 0133 (2) Río Doce ; NMW 68350–54 (3, 1, 2, 2, 1) ; USNM 120420 (1).

Distribution: 329, 328 (Steindachner, 1875b).

Hypomasticus pachycheilus (Britski, 1976)

Leporinus pachycheilus Britski, 1976:87 , figs. 1–2. Type locality: Rio Aripuanã , acima da cachoeira de Dardanelos, Estado do Mato Grosso. [ Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 13074 .

Distribution: 324, 318, 316, 321 (Santos et al., 1996).

Remarks: Transferred to Hypomasticus by Sidlauskas, Vari (2008).

Hypomasticus santanai Birindelli, Melo, 2020

Hypomasticus santanai Birindelli, Melo, 2020:417 , figs. 1–2. Type locality: Brazil, Bahia, Dario Meira, Rio Gongogi, tributary of Rio de Contas , approximately 2 km above city, 14°27’44.2”S, 39°55’01.4”W. Holotype: MZUEL 18604 .

Distribution: 328 (Birindelli et al., 2020).

Hypomasticus steindachneri (Eigenmann, 1907)

Leporinus steindachneri Eigenmann , in Eigenmann , Ogle , 1907:9. Type locality: Rio Arassuahy, ein Nebenfluss des Rio Jequitinhonha in der brasilianschen Provinz Minas Geraes. [ Brazil]. Holotype: NMW 68405 . [Replacement for Leporinus affinis Steindachner, 1875 ].

Leporinus affinis Steindachner, 1875b:228 [18], Pl. 3. Type locality: Rio Arassuahy, ein Nebenfluss des Rio Jequitinhonha in der brasilianschen Provinz Minas Geraes. [ Brazil]. Holotype: NMW 68405. Preoccupied by Leporinus affinis Günther, 1864 . Replaced by Leporinus steindachneri Eigenmann, 1907 .

Distribution: 328, 329 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Remarks: Transferred to Hypomasticus by Birindelli et al., 2020.

Hypomasticus thayeri (Borodin, 1929)

Leporinus thayeri Borodin, 1929:273 , Pl. 2. Type locality: Rio Paraíba, Brazil. [Rio Paraíba do Sul, Brazil]. Holotype: MCZ 20364 .

Distribution: 329, 328 ( Vieira, Birindelli, 2008).

Remarks: Notes on conservation status available in Vieira, Birindelli (2008).

INSPERANOS Assega, Sidlauskas, Birindelli, 2021

Insperanos Assega, Sidlauskas, Birindelli, 2021:649 . Type species: Leporinus nattereri Steindachner, 1876 . Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Insperanos nattereri (Steindachner, 1876)

Leporinus nattereri Steindachner, 1876c:114 [66], Pl. 12 (fig. 1). Type locality: Mündung des Rio Negro und bei Teffé in den Ausstäden des Amazonenstromes. Lectotype: NMW 68346 . [Designated by Assega, Birindelli, 2019:138].

Anostomoides passionis Santos, Zuanon, 2006:60 , figs. 1–3. Type locality: Brasil, State of Pará : rio Xingu, Viracebo do Arroz Cru (3°25’15.7”S, 51°55’08.3”W). Holotype: INPA 13182 . Synonymy proposed by Assega, Birindelli, 2019:136.

Distribution: 307, 308, 316, 314,320, 322, 324 (Assega, Birindelli, 2019:139).

LAEMOLYTA Cope, 1872

Laemolyta Cope, 1872:258 . Type species: Schizodon taeniatus Kner, 1859 . Type by monotypy. Gender: Feminine.

Schizodontopsis Garman, 1890a:16 , 18. Type species: Anostomus proximus Garman, 1890 . Type by subsequent designation by Jordan, 1920:451. Gender: Feminine. Additional comments: Originally proposed as a subgenus of Anostomus .

Laemolyta fernandezi Myers, 1950

Laemolyta fernandezi Myers, 1950:197 . Type locality: Upper Orinoco. [ Venezuela]. Holotype: SU 16126 .

Laemolyta petiti Géry, 1964d:464 , Pl. 4b. Type locality: Ilha do Bananal , haut Rio Araguaia, Brésil. [ Brazil]. Holotype: MHNG 2229.01 .

Distribution: 322, 324, 308, 309 (Mautari, Menezes, 2006).

Laemolyta garmani (Borodin, 1931)

Anostomus (Schizodontopsis) garmani Borodin, 1931:47 , Pl. 4 (fig. 1). Type locality: Silva Lake , Saraca, Brazil. [Lake Saraca´ at Silves (02°53’S, 58°21’W in Mautari, Menezes, 2006)]. Holotype: MCZ 19370 .

Laemolyta garmani macra Géry, 1974:153 , fig. 2. Type locality: Environs de Concordia , rio Nucuray, affluent du rio Marañon (en aval du confluent du Huallaga). [ Peru]. Holotype: MHNG 2197.38 .

Distribution: 323, 321, 316 (Mautari, Menezes, 2006).

Laemolyta orinocensis (Steindachner, 1879)

Anostomus orinocensis Steindachner, 1879b:150 . Type locality: Orinoco bei Ciudad Bolivar. [ Venezuela]. Lectotype NMW 62820 . [Designated by Mautari, Menezes, 2006:36].

Distribution: 307, 308, 309 (Mautari, Menezes, 2006).

Laemolyta proxima (Garman, 1890)

Anostomus proximus Garman, 1890a:19 . Type locality: Villa Bella and Ueranduba, Brazil. [According to Higuchi (1996), Villa Bella is Rio Amazonas at Parintins and Ueranduba is Lago de Iranduba]. Lectotype: MCZ 19331 . [Designated by Mautari, Menezes, 2006:38].

Anostomus varius Garman, 1890a:19 . Type locality: Gurupa , José Fernandez , Lake Hyanuary, Manaos, Obydos, Porto de Moz, Rio Negro. [ Brazil]. Syntypes: MCZ 809 (1), 19335 (orig. 8, now 6), 19340–41 (3, 1), 19348 (orig. 3, now 2), 19378 (orig. 7, now 5), 19532 (1); USNM 120398 (1).

Anostomus varius var. nitens Garman, 1890a:20 . Type locality: Iça. [ Iça , Amazon River, Brazil]. Syntypes: MCZ 19367 (now 8); USNM 120242 (3).

Distribution: 323, 316, 314, 321, 320, 310, 315 (Mautari, Menezes, 2006).

Remarks: Géry (1974) proposed Anostomus proximus as senior synonym of A. varius , thus acting as first reviser.

Laemolyta taeniata (Kner, 1858)

Schizodon taeniatus Kner, 1858a:78 . Type locality: [provided in Kner (1859) as Rio Guapore, Manaus , Mato Grosso]. Lectotype: NMW 81379 (1 of 2, 159.4 mm SL) [designated by Mautari, Menezes (2006:41)]

Distribution: 307, 308, 323, 316, 314, 324, 321, 318, 319 (Mautari, Menezes, 2006).

LEPORELLUS Lütken, 1875

Leporellus Lütken, 1875c:129 . Type species: Leporinus pictus Kner, 1858 . Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine.

Leporinodus Eigenmann, 1922:116 . Type species: Leporinodus retropinnis Eigenmann, 1922 . Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Remarks: The validity of nominal species of the wide-ranging genus Leporellus is still under debate. Currently, nominal species from the same basin have been considered synonyms of distinct valid species. Based on the the type locality of the nominal species of Leporellus , two species may be considered as valid, one for the Amazon/ Magdalena and another for the São Francisco and upper Paraná.

Leporellus pictus (Kner, 1858)

Leporinus pictus Kner, 1858a:79 . Type locality: [provided in Kner (1859) as Irisanga]. Holotype: NMW 81315.

Leporinodus retropinnis Eigenmann, 1922:116 . Type locality: Piracicaba. [ Brazil]. Holotype: FMNH 55174 .

Leporellus timbore Eigenmann, 1922:117 . Type locality: Rio das Velhas. [ Brazil]. Holotype: FMNH 55175 .

Leporellus cartledgei Fowler, 1941b:177 , fig. 89. Type locality: Penedo , Rio São Francisco, Pernambuco. [ Brazil]. Holotype: ANSP 69522 . The species is considered a junior synonym of Leporellus pictus (Garavello, Britski, 2003) .

Distribution: 332, 344, 345 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporellus vittatus ( Valenciennes, 1850)

Leporinus vittatus Valenciennes , in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:33. Type locality: l’ Amazone. [ Amazon river in Brazil]. Holotype: MNHN A-9802 (dry, poor condition).

Leporinodus sexdentatus Eigenmann, 1922:117 . Type locality: Magdalena basin. [The species was described based on a specimen described by Steindachner (1880), reported by him as from “ Cauca ”, and identified by him as Leporellus vittatus . Eigenmann, however, mentioned that Steindachner reported the specimen as from “ Cauca near Caceres,” but also from the “ Magdalena basin”]. No types found.

Distribution: 307, 308, 309, 310, 314, 315, 316, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324. (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

LEPORINUS Agassiz, 1829

Leporinus Agassiz , in Spix, Agassiz, 1829:58, 65. Type species: Leporinus novemfasciatus Spix, Agassiz, 1829 . Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine.

Myocharax Fowler, 1914a:239 . Type species: Leporinus desmotes Fowler, 1914 . Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Originally proposed as a subgenus of Leporinus .

Leporinops Géry, 1960e:308 . Type species: Leporinus moralesi Fowler, 1942 . Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Originally proposed as a subgenus of Leporinus .

Leporinus acutidens (Valenciennes, 1837)

Curimatus acutidens Valenciennes, 1837 :no p., Pl. 8 (fig. 1). Type locality: L’Amérique Méridionale. [unknown (type locality is South America)]. No types known.

Distribution: 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 314, 315, 316, 318, 321, 319, 320, 322, 323, 324, 343, 344, 332, 345 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Remarks: The species is possibly synonym of Leporinus friderici (Garavello, Britski, 2003) .

Leporinus affinis Günther, 1864

Leporinus affinis Günther, 1864:308 . Type locality: Rio Capin. [Rio Capim, Pará, Brazil]. Syntypes: BMNH 1849.11.8.52–53 (2) [Two syntypes deposited at the Zoological Society are currently lost].

Distribution: 324, 323 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus agassizii Steindachner, 1876

Leporinus agassizii Steindachner, 1876c:107 [59], Pl. 9 (fig. 4). Type locality: Amazonenstrom bei Tabatinga und Teffé, Rio Iça. [ Brazil]. Syntypes: (5) NMW 68416–17 (2, 2).

Leporinus semivittatus Boulenger, 1895b:449 . Type locality: Rio Negro , Manaos [Manaus], Brazil. Holotype: BMNH 1893.4 .24.39.

Distribution: 314, 314, 316, 307, 308 (Garavello, Britski, 2003; Sidlauskas, Vari, 2012).

Leporinus altipinnis Borodin, 1929

Leporinus fasciatus altipinnis Borodin, 1929:280 , Pl. 8. Type locality: Jatuarana, Brazil. Syntypes: MCZ 20487 (2).

Leporinus falcipinnis Mahnert, Géry, Muller, 1997:838 , fig. 1. Type locality: Rio Arapiuns , 1 hr. by boat downstream of mouth of rio Arua, lower Tapajos basin, Para, Brazil, 2°04’S, 55°38’W. Holotype: MZUSP 51827 . Status of species discussed by Britski, Birindelli, 2016.

Distribution: 307, 308, 314, 316 (Britski, Birindelli, 2016).

Remarks: Status of species discussed by Britski, Birindelli, 2016.

Leporinus amae Godoy, 1980

Leporinus amae Godoy, 1980:23 , fig. 14. Type locality: Rio Apuaê , cerca de 5 km acima de sua foz (no Rio Pelotas). [ Brazil]. Holotype: MHNP. [Whereabouts unknown. The specimen was deposited in a private collection that is not accessible to researchers].

Distribution: 332, 333 (Almirón et al., 2013; Serra et al., 2013).

Leporinus amazonicus Santos, Zuanon, 2008

Leporinus amazonicus Santos, Zuanon, 2008:36 , figs. 1–4. Type locality: Brasil, Amazonas : Lago Catalão (03°10’08”S, 59°55’01”W), Rio Amazonas at the confluence of rios Negro and Solimões. [ Brazil]. Holotype: INPA 22861 .

Distribution: 316 (Santos, Zuanon, 2008; Sidlauskas et al., 2011).

Leporinus amblyrhynchus Garavello, Britski, 1987

Leporinus amblyrhynchus Garavello, Britski, 1987:154 , fig. 1a. Type locality: Fazenda Pau D’Alho , Rio Tietê, Itu, SP. [ Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 14411 .

Distribution: 344 (Garavello, Britski, 1987).

Leporinus apollo Sidlauskas, Mol, Vari, 2011

Leporinus apollo Sidlauskas, Mol, Vari, 2011 :[11], figs. 3–4. Type locality: Suriname: Saramacca: Coppename River, Sidonkrutu , sand island and channel (04°31’51”N, 56°30’56”W). Holotype: FMNH 116827 .

Distribution: 311 (Sidlauskas, Vari, 2012).

Leporinus arcus Eigenmann, 1912

Leporinus arcus Eigenmann, 1912a:300 , Pl. 42 (fig. 3). Type locality: Tukeit , Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 53366 .

Distribution: 310, 311 (Sidlauskas, Vari, 2012; Birindelli et al., 2019).

Leporinus arimaspi Burns, Frable, Sidlauskas, 2014

Leporinus arimaspi Burns, Frable, Sidlauskas, 2014:207 , figs. 1–6. Type locality: Venezuela, Amazonas, Río Casiquiare, 152.92 km NE of San Carlos de Río Negro, 2°47’56”N, 66°00’23”W. Holotype: MBUCV-V-35695.

Distribution: 307, 308 (Burns, Frable, Sidlauskas, 2014).

Leporinus aripuanaensis Garavello, Santos, 1981

Leporinus aripuanaensis Garavello, Santos, 1981:188 . Type locality: Rio Aripuanã , Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 14495 .

Distribution: 321, 316 (Santos, Jégu, 1996).

Remarks: A more detailed description is given by Garavello, Santos, 1992.

Leporinus bahiensis Steindachner, 1875

Leporinus bahiensis Steindachner, 1875b:231 [21], Pl. 2 (fig. 2). Type locality: Bahia, Brazil. Syntypes: NMW 83411 (2).

Distribution: 328 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus bistriatus Britski, 1997

Leporinus bistriatus Britski, 1997:28 , fig. 1. Type locality: Igarapé Águas Claras , rio Itacaiunas, Caldeirão, Serra dos Carajás, PA. [ Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 31477 .

Distribution: 324 (Britski, 1997).

Leporinus bleheri Géry, 1999

Leporinus bleheri Géry, 1999:108 , figs. 5–8. Type locality: Bolivia, Rio Verde , tributary of the Iténez (Guaporé) at the border with Brazil, ca. 30 km from mouth, below cataract, coordinates ca 14°08’S, 60°30’W. Holotype: MHNG 2599.60 .

Distribution: 318, 319 (Géry, 1999).

Leporinus boehlkei Garavello, 1988

Leporinus boehlkei Garavello, 1988:144 , fig. 1A. Type locality: Colombia, Rio Meta system, stream into Lago Mozambique ( Mozambique Ranch), N of the ranch house, ca. 3°58’N, 73°04’W, station number BF-8. Holotype: ANSP 136487 .

Distribution: 307 (Garavello, 1988).

Leporinus britskii Feitosa, Santos, Birindelli, 2011

Leporinus britskii Feitosa, Santos, Birindelli, 2011:56 , figs. 1–2. Type locality: rio Jamanxim , near Vila Mil, 7°43’51”S, 55°16’36”W, Novo Progresso, Pará. [ Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 109771 .

Distribution: 320, 315 (Feitosa et al., 2011).

Leporinus brunneus Myers, 1950

Leporinus brunneus Myers, 1950:195 . Type locality: Caxoeira Camanaos (Camanaos rapids), Rio Negro, Brazil. [ Brazil]. Holotype: SU 16125 .

Distribution: 316, 321, 320, 314, 307, 308 (Chernoff et al., 1991; Santos, Jégu, 1996).

Leporinus cylindriformis Borodin, 1929

Leporinus cylindriformis Borodin, 1929:288 , Pl. 10. Type locality: Porto do Moz , Brazil. Holotype: MCZ 20430 .

Distribution: 316 (Sidlauskas et al., 2011).

Leporinus desmotes Fowler, 1914

Leporinus desmotes Fowler, 1914a:239 , fig. 5. Type locality: Rupununi River , Britsh Guiana. [ Guyana]. Holotype: ANSP 39324 .

Distribution: 310, 308, 307, 314, 316, 315, 233, 324, 322, 320, 321, 318, 319 (Sidlauskas, Vari, 2012).

Leporinus ecuadorensis Eigenmann, Henn, 1916

Leporinus ecuadorensis Eigenmann, Henn, 1916:88 . Type locality: Rio Barranca Alta near Naranjito, Ecuador. Holotype: CAS 18396.

Distribution: 301 (Eigenmann, Henn, 1916).

Leporinus enyae Burns, Chatfield, Birindelli, Sidlauskas, 2017

Leporinus enyae Burns, Chatfield, Birindelli, Sidlauskas, 2017:13 , fig. 10. Type locality: Venezuela, Amazonas, río Iguapo , ca. 1 hour above the mouth, 03°08’59”N; 65°28’00”W. Holotype: MCNG 56681 .

Distribution: 308, 314 (Burns et al., 2017).

Leporinus fasciatus (Bloch, 1794)

Salmo fasciatus Bloch, 1794:96 , Pl. 379. Type locality: [presumably Suriname. Bloch described Leporinus friderici in page 95 and noted that the fish was a resident of Suriname and sent to him by Friderici, then governor of Suriname. In the next page, he described Leporinus fasciatus and noted that the specimen was also sent to him by Friderici. Therefore, the type locality is presumably the same as that of Leporinus frideirici]. Holotype: ZMB 3543.

Leporinus novemfasciatus Spix, Agassiz, 1829:65 , Pl. 37. Type locality: Habitat in Brasiliae aequinoctialis fluviis. [ Brazil]. No types known. Author of species name is Agassiz according to Kottelat (1988); author as Spix , Agassiz in Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus holostictus Cope, 1878:690 . Type locality: Peruvian Amazon. Lectotype: ANSP 21467. [Designated by Fowler (1906:330, fig. 20). Treated as holotype by Böhlke (1984:19) and Britski, Birindelli, 2016]. Status of species discussed by Britski, Birindelli, 2016.

Distribution: 307, 308, 310, 311, 314, 315, 316, 318, 321, 319 (Sidlauskas, Vari, 2012).

Leporinus friderici (Bloch, 1794)

Salmo friderici Bloch, 1794:94 , Pl. 378. Type locality: Suriname. Holotype: ZMB 3552 .

Distribution: 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 314, 315, 316, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 332, 333, 343, 344,, 345 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus geminis Garavello, Santos, 2009

Leporinus geminis Garavello, Santos, 2009:111 , figs. 2, 4. Type locality: Brazil, Pará State, Marabá, Rio Tocantins. Holotype: MZUSP 14422 .

Distribution: 324 (Garavello, Santos, 2009).

Leporinus gomesi Garavello, Santos 1981

Leporinus gomesi Garavello, Santos, 1981:188 . Type locality: Rio Aripuanã , Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 14436 .

Distribution: 321 (Garavello, Santos, 1981).

Remarks: A more detailed description is given by Garavello, 1990.

Leporinus gossei Géry, Planquette, Le Bail, 1991

Leporinus gossei Géry, Planquette, Le Bail, 1991:15 , Pl. 3 (fig. 2). Type locality: Crique Balaté , bassin du bas Maroni. [ French Guiana]. Holotype: IRSNB 797 .

Distribution: 311 (Géry et al., 1991).

Leporinus granti Eigenmann, 1912

Leporinus granti Eigenmann, 1912a:307 , Pl. 43 (fig. 3). Type locality: Maripicru creek. [ Guyana]. Holotype: FMNH 53383 .

Leporinus badueli Puyo, 1948:81 [4], fig. 2. Type locality: Prés da montagne à Baduel dans une petite crique à eua courante de l’ile de Cayenne, ou encore dans une crique de la rive gauche de la Mana, près de la ville du même nom. [Creek near the “mountain” at Baduel and creek on the left bank of the Mana River, near the village of Mana, French Guiana]. Syntypes: (2) lost. Species considered as synonym of Leporinus granti by Géry et al. (1991) and Britski, Birindelli (2013).

Distribution: 310, 311, 321, 320 (Garavello, 1990; Sidlauskas, Vari, 2012; Britski, Birindelli, 2013).

Leporinus guttatus Birindelli, Britski, 2009

Leporinus guttatus Birindelli, Britski, 2009:2 , figs. 1–2. Type locality: Brazil, Altamira , rio Curuá , Iriri drainage (rio Xingu basin), upstream from PCH (= small hydroeletric dam) Buriti, 08°46’28”S, 54°57’12”W. Holotype: MZUSP 97100 .

Distribution: 322 (Birindelli, Britski, 2009).

Leporinus jamesi Garman, 1929

Leporinus jamesi Garman , in Borodin , 1929:281, Pl. 9. Type locality: Manacapuru. [ Brazil]. Holotype: MCZ 20439 .

Distribution: 316 (Garavello et al., 2014).

Leporinus jatuncochi Ovchynnyk, 1971

Leporinus jatuncochi Ovchynnyk, 1971:100 , figs. 8–9. Type locality: Ecuador, Prov. Napo, Lake Jatun Cocha (approx. 1°0’S, 75°27’W). Holotype: MUSM 5868 .

Distribution: 316, 318, 319, 321, 314 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus klausewitzi Géry, 1960

Leporinus klausewitzi Géry, 1960c:279 , Pl. 40 (fig. 2). Type locality: Mundurucú , Rio Manacapuru (Amazon basin, near Manaos). [ Brazil]. Holotype: SMF 5090 .

Distribution: 316, 314 (Géry, 1960c; Sidlauskas, Vari, 2012).

Leporinus lacustris Amaral Campos, 1945

Leporinus lacustris Amaral Campos, 1945c:155 , figure. Type locality: Pirassununga (S. Paulo). [ Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 3458 .

Distribution: 343, 344 (Britski, Birindelli, 2008).

Leporinus lebaili Géry, Planquette, 1983

Leporinus lebaili Géry, Planquette, 1983:66 , figs. 1, 2, 5a. Type locality: cours moyen du Maroni au Saut Laissé-Dédé. [ French Guiana]. Holotype: MHNG 2152.48 .

Distribution: 311 (Géry, Planquette, 1983).

Leporinus leschenaulti Valenciennes, 1850

Leporinus leschenaulti Valenciennes , in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:30, Pl. 635. Type locality: envoyé de la Mana. [ La Mana river , French Guiana]. Holotype: MNHN 0000-1694.

Distribution: 311 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus maculatus Müller, Troschel, 1844

Leporinus maculatus Müller, Troschel, 1844:86 . Type locality: Hab. in fluviis Guianae. [ Guyana]. Holotype: ZMB 3546 .

Leporinus pellegrinii Steindachner, 1910:269 . Type locality: Surinam. Lectotype: NMW 68174 :2. [Designated by Géry et al. (1988a:704)].

Leporinus alternus Eigenmann, 1912a:307 . Type locality: Tukeit , Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 53361 .

Leporinus paralternus Fowler, 1914a:237 , fig. 4. Type locality: Rupununi River , Britsh Guiana. [ Guyana]. Holotype: ANSP 39320 .

Distribution: 324, 322, 320, 315, 310, 311 (Garavello, Britski, 2003; Sidlauskas, Vari, 2012).

Remarks: Leporinus alternus , L. paralternus L. pellegrinii were previously considered as possible synonyms of Leporinus maculatus (Géry et al., 1988a; Sidlauskas, Vari, 2012). All four nominal species are herein corroborated as synonyms due to the proximity of their type localities and lack of any known morphological differences. Further investigation, especially involving DNA analyses, is needed to confirm this hypothesis.

Leporinus marcgravii Lütken, 1875

Leporinus marcgravii Lütken, 1875c :130,4. Type locality: Rio das Velhas et affluentibus. [ Brazil]. Syntypes: USNM 44951 (1); ZMB 9191 (1) ; ZMUC 151 (1) , 155–156 (2).

Distribution: 327 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus melanopleura Günther, 1864

Leporinus melanopleura Günther, 1864:310 . Type locality: Bahia. Cipo River . [Type locality restricted to rio Una, Bahia, Brazil, according to Birindelli et al. (2013)]. Lectotype: BMNH 1863 :3.27.6. [Designated by Birindelli et al. (2013:14)].

Distribution: 328 (Birindelli et al., 2013).

Leporinus melanopleurodes Birindelli, Britski, Garavello, 2013

Leporinus melanopleurodes Birindelli, Britski, Garavello, 2013:15 , figs. 6–8. Type locality: Brazil, Bahia, Nilo Peçanha, rio das Almas, approximately 10 km from Nilo Peçanha on road Corredeiras do rio das Almas, 13°36’27.8”S, 39°08’38.8”W. Holotype: MZUSP 100987 .

Distribution: 328 (Birindelli et al., 2013).

Leporinus melanostictus Norman, 1926

Leporinus melanostictus Norman, 1926:94 . Type locality: Approuague and Oyapock River, French Guiana. Syntypes: BMNH 1926.3.2.566–567 (2), 1926.3.2.568– 569 (2).

Distribution: 315, 311 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus microphthalmus Garavello, 1989

Leporinus microphthalmus Garavello, 1989:498 , fig. 1. Type locality: Rio Araguari , salto de Nova Ponte, Nova Ponte, MG. [ Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 38535 .

Distribution: 344, 324 (Garavello, 1989; Birindelli, Britski, 2009).

Leporinus microphysus Birindelli, Britski, 2013

Leporinus microphysus Birindelli, Britski, 2013:1130 , fig. 1–3. Type locality: Brazil, Amapá, Laranjal do Jari, Rio Iratapuru,tributary of Rio Jari , at Cachoeira São Raimundo , 0°33’59”S, 52°34’40”W. Holotype: MZUSP 111001 .

Distribution: 315, 320, 322 (Birindelli, Britski, 2013).

Leporinus moralesi Fowler, 1942

Leporinus muelleri Steindachner, 1876c:105 [57], Pl. 9 (fig. 5). Type locality: Amazonstrom bei Tabatinga und oberharlb dieser Stadt auf. Peruanischen Gebiete , José Fernández, R. Ica, Lago Alexo. [ Brazil]. Lectotype: NMW 90680.1 . [Designated by Birindelli et al., 2013:241]. Preoccupied by Leporinus muelleri Günther, 1859 ,

Leporinus moralesi Fowler, 1942:218 , fig. 42. Type locality: Amazonstrom bei Tabatinga und oberharlb dieser Stadt auf. Peruanischen Gebiete , José Fernández, R. Ica, Lago Alexo. [ Brazil]. Lectotype: NMW 90680.1 . [Designated by Birindelli et al., 2013:241]. Replacement for Leporinus mülleri Steindachner, 1876 .

Leporinus uatumaensis Santos, Jégu, 1996:164 , figure. Type locality: Rio Uatumã , Cachoeira do Miriti, abaixo da cachoeira Balbina. [ Brazil]. Holotype: INPA 10087 . The species was considered junior synonym of Leporinus moralesi by Birindelli et al. (2013).

Distribution: 316 (Birindelli et al., 2013).

Leporinus multimaculatus Birindelli, Teixeira, Britski, 2016

Leporinus multimaculatus Birindelli, Teixeira, Britski, 2016:98 , figs. 1–3. Type locality: Brazil: Mato Grosso: Barra do Garças : Araguaia-Tocantins basin: Córrego Grande, tributary of rio das Mortes, approximately 30 km from the city, Brazil, 15°35’43”S, 52°22’39”W. Holotype: MZUSP 119000 .

Distribution: 322, 323, 324 (Birindelli et al., 2016).

Leporinus niceforoi Fowler, 1943

Leporinus niceforoi Fowler, 1943d:227 , figs. 7–9. Type locality: Florencia, Colombia. [Río Orteguasa, Florencia, Caquetá Dept., Colombia]. Holotype: ANSP 70491.

Distribution: 316 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus nigrotaeniatus (Jardine, 1841)

Chalceus nigrotaeniatus Jardine , in Schomburgk, 1841:213, Pl. 13 (fig. 2). Type locality: Pedrero on the Rio Negro. No types known.

Leporinus margaritaceus Günther, 1864:309 . Type locality: Britsh Guiana. [ Guyana]. Holotype: BMNH 2011.4 .19.3.

Distribution: 310, 307, 308, 315, 314 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus nijsseni Garavello, 1990

Leporinus nijsseni Garavello, 1990:163 , fig. 1. Type locality: Suriname, district Brokopondo, Sara Creek , about 27 km South of Village Dam. Holotype: ZMA 107562 .

Distribution: 311, 323 (Garavello, 1990).

Leporinus octofasciatus Steindachner, 1915

Leporinus octofasciatus Steindachner, 1915c:28 [14], Pl. 3 (figs. 1–2). Type locality: Umgebung von Joinvile im Staate Santa Catharina , Brasilien. [ Brazil]. Syntypes: (2) NMW 68188 .

Distribution: 331, 344 (Britski, Garavello, 1978).

Leporinus octomaculatus Britski, Garavello, 1993

Leporinus octomaculatus Britski, Garavello, 1993:33 , figs. 3–4. Type locality: Fazenda Sonho Dourado, riacho Formoso, estrada Nobres-Rio Novo, município de Nobres, MT. [ Coordinates of type locality given as 14°25’05”S, 55°50’W, Brazil, same as for Leporinus reticulatus ]. Holotype: MZUSP 44794 .

Distribution: 320 (Birindelli, Britski, 2009).

Leporinus ortomaculatus Garavello, 2000

Leporinus ortomaculatus Garavello, 2000:196 , 1b. Type locality: Brazil, Roraima, Rio Surumu, Surumu , 3°35’N, 60°25’W. Holotype: MZUSP 5160 .

Distribution: 307, 308, 324 (Garavello, 2000).

Leporinus parae Eigenmann, 1907

Leporinus parae Eigenmann , in Eigenmann , Ogle, 1907:8, fig. 3. Type locality: Para, Brazil. Holotype: USNM 34613 .

Distribution: 316, 307, 208, 323, 324 (Britski, Birindelli, 2008).

Leporinus paranensis Garavello, Britski, 1987

Leporinus paranensis Garavello, Britski, 1987:156 , fig. 1b. Type locality: Marimbondo , Rio Grande, SP. [ Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 14453 .

Distribution: 344 (Garavello, Britski, 1987).

Leporinus parvulus Birindelli, Britski , Lima, 2013

Leporinus parvulus Birindelli, Britski , Lima , 2013:242, fig. 4. Type locality: Brazil, Pará , Itaituba , Rio Tapajós, São Luiz, approximately 4°30’S, 56°59’W. Holotype: MZUSP 110800 .

Distribution: 316 (Birindelli et al., 2013).

Leporinus pearsoni Fowler, 1940

Leporinus pearsoni Fowler, 1940b:84 , figs. 44–45. Type locality: Boca Chapare , Río Chimore, Cochabamba, Bolivia. Holotype: ANSP 69069 .

Distribution: 316 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus piau Fowler, 1941

Leporinus piau Fowler, 1941b:176 , fig. 87. Type locality: Rio Salgade , Icó, Ceará. [ Brazil]. Holotype: ANSP 69502 .

Distribution: 325, 326, 327 (Britski et al., 1984).

Leporinus pitingai Santos, Jégu, 1996

Leporinus pitingai Santos, Jégu, 1996:168 , figure. Type locality: Rio Pitinga , Cachoeira 40 Ilhas, abaixo UHE Pitinga. [ Brazil]. Holotype: INPA 10126 .

Distribution: 315 (Santos, Jégu, 1996).

Leporinus punctatus Garavello, 2000

Leporinus punctatus Garavello, 2000:194 , fig. 1a. Type locality: Venezuela, Bolivar, small caño tributary to Río do Mato (left bank), Río Orinoco system, 7°08’N, 65°10’W. Holotype: ANSP 174805 .

Distribution: 307, 308 (Garavello, 2000).

Leporinus reticulatus Britski, Garavello, 1993

Leporinus reticulatus Britski, Garavello, 1993:30 , figs. 1–2. Type locality: Fazenda Sonho Dourado, riacho Formoso, estrada Nobres-Rio Novo (14°25’’S, 55°50’W), município de Nobres, MT. [ Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 44781 .

Distribution: 320 (Birindelli, Britski, 2009).

Leporinus santosi Britski, Birindelli, 2013

Leporinus santosi Britski, Birindelli, 2013:26 , Fgs. 1–2. Type locality: Brazil, Pará, Parauapebas, igarapé de Pojuca, tributary of rio Itacaiúnas , at Caldeirão, approximately 5°52’S, 50°32’W. Holotype: MZUSP 110000 .

Distribution: 324 (Britski, Birindelli, 2013).

Leporinus sexstriatus Britski, Garavello, 1980

Leporinus sexstriatus Britski, Garavello, 1980:254 , figs. 1–2. Type locality: Rio Papagaio , acima de Utiariti, Estado de Mato Grosso. [ Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 9232 .

Distribution: 320 (Birindelli, Britski, 2013).

Leporinus sidlauskasi Britski, Birindelli, 2019

Leporinus sidlauskasi Britski, Birindelli, 2019:184 , figs. 1–3. Type locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Itaúba, creek tributary of the rio Teles Pires , at the margin of road, 11°08’42”S, 55°35’21”W. Holotype: MZUSP 123539 .

Distribution: 320 (Britski, Birindelli, 2019).

Leporinus spilopleura Norman, 1926

Leporinus spilopleura Norman, 1926:94 . Type locality: system, Fallawatra river at rapids, 5 km SSW of Stondansie Falls. Syntypes: BMNH 1926.3.2.564–565 (2).

Distribution: 311 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus steyermarki Inger, 1956

Leporinus steyermarki Inger, 1956:431 , fig. 93. Type locality: Rio Abácapa on west side of Chimantá-tepui. [ Venezuela]. Holotype: FMNH 45701 .

Distribution: 307, 308 (Inger, 1956).

Leporinus striatus Kner, 1858

Leporinus striatus Kner, 1858a:79 . Type locality: [provided in Kner (1859) as Irisanga und Caiçara in Matogrosso. Irisanga refers to the Rio Mogi Guaçu , or a tributary, at the city of Mogi Guaçu , São Paulo state, Brazil; Irisanga is a misspelling of Orissanga , an old train station located at Mogi Guaçu , present locality known as Estiva Gerbi (approximately at 22°16’S, 46°57’W; Vanzolini, 1993). Caicara refers to the Rio Paraguay, at Caiçara , Mato Grosso state (approximately at 16°3’ S, 57°43’ W), near Cáceres ( Britski , Garavelo , 1980). As the type specimens are placed in a single jar and there is no indication of the locality of each specimen, it is impossible to restrict the type locality by selecting a lectotype (Birindelli, Britski, 2013)]. Syntypes: NMW 68048 (7).

Distribution: 344, 343, 319, 318, 316, 307, 302 (Birindelli, Britski, 2013).

Leporinus subniger Fowler, 1943

Leporinus subniger Fowler, 1943d:228 , figs. 10–12. Type locality: Florencia, Colombia. [Río Orteguasa, Florencia, Caquetá Dept., Colombia]. Holotype: ANSP 70493.

Distribution: 316 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus taeniatus Lütken, 1875

Leporinus taeniatus Lütken, 1875c:129 [3]. Type locality: Habitat in flumine Rio das Velhas et afluentibus. [ Brazil]. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-9591 (2); SMNS 2041 (1) , ZMB 9190 (2) ; ZMUC 132–133 (2) , 139 (1), 143 (1), 150 (1).

Distribution: 327 (Britski et al., 1984).

Leporinus taeniofasciatus Britski, 1997

Leporinus taeniofasciatus Britski, 1997:32 , fig. 3. Type locality: rio Maranhão, na altura de Cachoeira do Machadinho , divisa dos municípios de Barro Alto e Niquelândia, GO. [ Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 51073 .

Distribution: 324 (Britski, 1997).

Leporinus tepui Birindelli, Britski, Provenzano, 2019

Leporinus tepui Birindelli, Britski, Provenzano, 2019:2 , fig. 1. Type locality: Venezuela, Bolívar, río Orinoco basin, Chimantá-tepuí , ca. 5°18’N, 62°10’W. Holotype. FMNH 45711 .

Distribution: 308 (Birindelli et al., 2019).

Leporinus tigrinus Borodin, 1929

Leporinus fasciatus tigrinus Borodin, 1929:280 . Type locality: Goyaz , Brazil. Syntypes: MCZ 20446 (2).

Distribution: 324, 344, 322, 320 (Garavello, Britski, 2003).

Leporinus torrenticola Birindelli, Teixeira, Britski, 2016

Leporinus torrenticola Birindelli, Teixeira, Britski, 2016:106 , figs. 5–8. Type locality: Brazil: Pará: Altamira: Xingu basin: rio Curuá , tributary of rio Iriri, at Castelo dos Sonhos, 8°19’06”S, 55°05’24”W. Holotype: MNRJ 34071 .

Distribution: 322 (Birindelli et al., 2016).

Leporinus trimaculatus Garavello, Santos, 1992

Leporinus trimaculatus Garavello, Santos, 1992:111 , fig. 1a. Type locality: Aripuanã river , Humboldt, Aripuanã, Mato Grosso. [ Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 14459 .

Distribution: 321 (Garavello, Santos, 1992).

Leporinus tristriatus Birindelli, Britski, 2013

Leporinus tristriatus Birindelli, Britski, 2013:1135 , figs. 7–9. Type locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Peixoto de Azevedo, tributary of Rio Peixoto de Azevedo, at Cachoeira da Neblina , Rio Teles Pires basin, 10°23’ 10”S, 54°18’ 22”W.

Holotype: MZUSP 96800 .

Distribution: 320,322, 324 (Birindelli, Britski, 2013).

Leporinus unitaeniatus Garavello, Santos, 2009

Leporinus unitaeniatus Garavello, Santos, 2009:110 , figs. 1, 3. Type locality: Mato Grosso State: Santa Terezinha , Rio Araguaia. [ Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 14427 .

Distribution: 324 (Garavello, Santos, 2009).

Leporinus vanzoi Britski, Garavello, 2005

Leporinus vanzoi Britski, Garavello, 2005:77 . Type locality: Rio Tapajós , cachoeira Lombo de Anta, perto de São Luís, Pará (4°26’S, 56°14’W). [ Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 21833 .

Distribution: 316, 320 (Britski, Garavello, 2005).

Leporinus venerei Britski, Birindelli, 2008

Leporinus venerei Britski, Birindelli, 2008:46 , fig. 1a. Type locality: Mato Grosso, São Felix , Lake in Fazenda Entre-Rios (approx. 11°35’S, 50°40’W). [ Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 93124 .

Distribution: 324 (Britski, Birindelli, 2008).

Leporinus villasboasorum Burns, Chatfield, Birindelli, Sidlauskas, 2017

Leporinus villasboasorum Burns, Chatfield, Birindelli, Sidlauskas, 2017:8 , fig. 2, 6. Type locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Campinápolis, rio Culuene, tributary of rio Xingu , at cofferdam of PCH Paranatinga 2, 13°51’01”S, 53°15’33”W. Holotype: MZUSP 116530 .

Distribution: 320, 322 (Burns et al., 2017).

Leporinus y-ophorus Eigenmann, 1922

Leporinus y-ophorus Eigenmann, 1922:233 , Pl. 20 (fig. 4). Type locality: Barrigón. [ Rio Meta basin, Orinoco basin, Venezuela]. Holotype: CAS 61680.

Distribution: 307 (Géry, 1999).

Species inquirendae ( Leporinus )

Anostomus pearsoni Ahl, 1937c:136 . Type locality: Laggons, Lake Rogoagua. [ Bolivia]. Syntypes: (2) CAS 61846.

Remarks: Replacement for Laemolyta fasciata Pearson, 1924 , secondarily preoccupied by Anostomus fasciatus (Spix, Agassiz, 1829) when both were in Anostomus (see Garavello, Britski, 2003:72; Mautari, Menezes, 2006:30).

Charax leucometopon Zuiew, 1789:275 , Pl. 5. Type locality: not given. [According to Zuiew (1789) the specimen used as the basis for the species description belonged to the collection of [Carl Gustaf] Dhalberg, a swedish military who worked and lived in Suriname, and used to bring zoological and botanical specimens as presents on his many visits to Sweden (Papavero, 1971). Therefore, sometimes the type locality is referred to as Suriname]. Holotype: whereabouts unknown. [Specimens from Dahlberg´s collection were sent to the Zoological Museum of the Russian Academy of Sciences Zoological Institute - RAS (Holthuis, 1959; Brandt (1864) and were also donated to King Adolf Fredrik of Sweden (Holthuis, 1959; (Kullander, pers. comm.). So far, no specimens from Dahlberg’s collections were located in institutional collections at Stockholm or Upsala (Kullander, pers. comm.), so the specimen on which Zuiew based the description of C. leucometopon could be in St. Petersburg]. Information of this nominal species was provided by C. Lucena (pers. comm.).

Remarks: The figure provided by Zuiew (1789) shows a specimen possessing a terminal mouth and body shape consistent with species of Leporinus . He described eight strong teeth on premaxillary, six (likely eight) on the dentary, 13 dorsal-fin rays (in total), 16 pectoral-fin rays, 10 pelvic-fin rays and 10 anal-fin rays. The coloration was described as body marked here and there with inconspicuous blotches (or spots). This description is not completely consistent with any species inhabiting Suriname in particular, and could best fit Leporinus friderici or Leporinus fasciatus .

Laemolyta fasciata Pearson, 1924:29 , Pl. 10 (fig. 1). Type locality: Laggons , Lake Rogoagua [ Bolivia]. Syntypes: (2) CAS 61846 (1).

Remarks: The only known specimen of Laemolyta fasciata is a juvenile (15.7 mm SL) in very poorly condition, making it difficult to determine its validity. It may belong to Leporinus due to the coloration described in the original description of the species (Mautari, Menezes, 2006:30).

Leporinus bimaculatus Castelnau, 1855:58 , Pl. 29 (fig. 1). Type locality: Rio Vermelho de Goyaz [Lectotype locality: Rio Vermelho de Goyaz, Brazil]. Lectotype: MNHN A9797 . [Designated by Britski et al., (2012:470)].

Remarks: The species is possibly junior synonym of Leporinus friderici (Britski et al., 2012) .

Leporinus multifasciatus Cope, 1878:690 . Type locality: Peruvian Amazon. Lectotype: ANSP 21448. [Designated by Fowler (1906:329, fig. 19). Treated as holotype by Böhlke (1984:19)].

Remarks: The only known specimens of Leporinus multifasciatus (i.e., the lectotype and two paralectotypes, ANSP 21449) are juveniles (40–52 mm SL) in very poor condition, making it difficult to determine the validity of this species name. Géry (1977:159) considered as a probable synonym of Leporinus fasciatus

(Bloch, 1794).

Pithecocharax ucayalensis Fowler, 1906:320 , fig. 16. Type locality: Peruvian Amazon or Ucayale River. Holotype: ANSP 21997 .

Remarks: Status of species based on Garavello, Britski (2003:81) who also suggested it as a possible synonym of a Leporinus species.

MEGALEPORINUS Ramirez, Birindelli, Galetti, 2017

Megaleporinus Ramirez, Birindelli, Galetti, 2017:312 . Type species: Curimatus obtusidens Valenciennes, 1837 . Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Megaleporinus brinco ( Birindelli, Britski, Garavello, 2013) Leporinus brinco Birindelli, Britski, Garavello, 2013:16 , figs. 10–12. Type locality: Brazil, Bahia, Itajibá, rio Gongogi , tributary of rio de Contas, 14°21’16.5”S 39°46’23.9”W. Holotype: MZUSP 105166 .

Distribution: 328 (Birindelli et al., 2013).

Megaleporinus conirostris (Steindachner, 1875)

Leporinus conirostris Steindachner, 1875b:233 [23], Pl. 4. Type locality: Rio Parahyba at Mendez, Juiz de Fora, Palmeira; Rio Doce; Rio Mucuri; Paraíba Valley, Brazil. Syntypes: (many) MCZ 20371–73 (4, 19, 33) , 20407 (8), 20411-13 (1, 2, 7), 25690 (1), 31599 (1); MNHN 1913-0131 (1) ; NMW 68199 (1) , 68395–97 (2, 1, 1), 68399–400 (2, 2), 68693–98 (2, 1, 2, 2, 1); USNM 120275 (2) , ZMUC 970 (1).

Distribution: 329, 328 (Ramirez et al., 2017).

Megaleporinus elongatus ( Valenciennes, 1850)

Leporinus elongatus Valenciennes , in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:37. Type locality: Rio San-Francisco du Brésil. Dans la Plata à Buénos-Ayers. [Type locality (Rio São Francisco) considered an error by Britski et al. (2012), and the type specimen considered to be possibly collected in the rio Jequitinhonha, Brazil]. Lectotype: MNHN 8624 . [Designated by Géry et al. (1987:396)].

Leporinus crassilabris Borodin, 1929:274 , Pl. 4. Type locality: Rio Jequitinhonha , Brazil. Holotype: MCZ 20423 .

Leporinus crassilabris breviceps Borodin, 1929:275 . Type locality: Rio Arassuahy. [Rio Araçuaí, tributary of Rio Jeqitinhonha, Brazil]. Holotype: MCZ 20419 .

Distribution: 328 (Britski et al., 2012; Ramirez et al., 2017).

Megaleporinus gaiero Birindelli, Britski, Ramirez, 2020

Megaleporinus gaiero Birindelli, Britski, Ramirez, 2020:3 , figs. 1–4, 9a. Type locality: Brazil, Bahia, Itagibá, Rio Gongogi, tributary of Rio de Contas , 14°21’16.5”S, 39°46’23.9”W. Holotype: MZUSP 112112 .

Distribution: 328 (Birindelli et al., 2020).

Megaleporinus garmani (Borodin, 1929)

Leporinus garmani Borodin, 1929:272 , Pl. 3. Type locality: Araçuaí , Brazil. Holotype: MCZ 20420 .

Distribution: 328 (Ramirez et al., 2016).

Remarks: The species was transferred to Hypomasticus by Borodin (1929:272), and Sidlauskas, Vari (2008:74), and to Megaleporinus by Ramirez et al., 2017).

Megaleporinus macrocephalus (Garavello, Britski, 1988)

Leporinus macrocephalus Garavello, Britski, 1988:68 , fig. 1A. Type locality: Rio Cuiabá, Barão de Melgaço, MT. [ Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 36586 .

Distribution: 343, 344 (Ramirez et al., 2017).

Remarks: The species was introduced in distinct basins including the upper Paraná and Tocantins river basins.

Megaleporinus muyscorum (Steindachner, 1900)

Leporinus muyscorum Steindachner, 1900:206 . Type locality: Rio Lebrija, einem östlichen nebenflusse des mittleren Rio Magdalena, bei Santander, Columbien. [Colombia]. Holotype: ZSM (old collection) destroyed in WWII.

Distribution: 301, 302 (Garavello, 1990; Ramirez et al., 2017).

Megaleporinus obtusidens (Valenciennes, 1837)

Curimatus obtusidens Valenciennes, 1837 :no p., Pl. 8 (fig. 2). Type locality: L’Amérique Méridionale. Holotype: MNHN 0000-1693.

Leporinus silvestrii Boulenger, 1902a:284 . Type locality: Rio Coxipo , Matto Grosso. [ Brazil]. Syntypes: (several) BMNH 1902.2 . 10.32 (1), MSNG 14866 (3).

Salmo 11-radiatus Larrañaga, 1923:387. Type locality: Communis in hoc flumine de la Plata. No types known. Appeared as Salmo boops vel 11-radiatus and Salmo 11-radiatus in Devincenzi, 1925:312, 322, respectively and treated as a synonym of Leporinus obtusidens [= Megaleporinus obtusidens ] Valenciennes, 1847. Considered species inquirenda in Leporinus by Garavello, Britski, 2003:79).

Salmo boops Larrañaga, 1923:377 . Type locality: Uruguay. No types known. Appeared as Salmo boops vel 11-radiatus and Salmo boops in Devincenzi, 1925:312, 322, respectively and treated as a synonym of Leporinus obtusidens [= Megaleporinus obtusidens ] Valenciennes, 1847. Considered species inquirenda in Leporinus by Garavello, Britski, 2003:79).

Leporinus aguapeiensis Amaral Campos, 1945c:154 , figure. Type locality: Rio Aguapeí , Estado de São Paulo. [ Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 3040 .

Distribution: 325, 327, 344, 343, 345, 332, 334 (Britski et al., 2012; Ramirez et al., 2016).

Megaleporinus piavussu (Britski, Birindelli, Garavello, 2012)

Leporinus piavussu Britski, Birindelli, Garavello, 2012:462 , fig. 12–13. Type locality: Rio Mogi Gauçu , at Cachoeira de Emas (21°55’35”S, 47°21’59”W), Pirassununga, São Paulo. [ Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 109999 .

Distribution: 344 (Britski et al., 2012; Ramirez et al., 2017).

Megaleporinus reinhardti (Lütken, 1875)

Leporinus reinhardti Lütken, 1875c:129 [3]. Type locality: Hab. In flumine Rio d. Velhas nec non in lacu Lagoa Santa. [ Brazil]. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-9590 (1); NMW 68196 (1) ; SMNS 2040 (1) ; ZMB 9189 (1) ; ZMUC 123 (1) , 126 (1), 128 (1), 131 (1).

Distribution: 327 (Ramirez et al., 2017).

Megaleporinus trifasciatus (Steindachner, 1876)

Leporinus trifasciatus Steindachner, 1876c:112 [64]. Type locality: Teffé. [ Brazil]. Holotype: NMW.

Leporinus wolfei Fowler, 1940a:261 , fig. 58. Type locality: Ucayali river basin, Boca Chica , Peru. Holotype: ANSP 68674 . Synonymy proposed by Ramirez et al., 2017:312.

Distribution: 316, 318, 321, 319, 324, 314, 323 (Ramirez et al., 2017).

Species inquirenda ( Megaleporinus )

Leporinus pachyurus Valenciennes , in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1850:36. Type locality: l’Amazone. No types known. [The two syntypes were not located in the collections of MNHN and are therefore considered lost (Britski et al., 2012)].

Remarks: The drawing provided by Castelnau (1855: plate 30) shows a large specimen (over 400 mm SL), that possesses three dentary teeth, features that are consistent with species of Megaleporinus . However, there is not enough information to unequivocally identify the species (Britski et al., 2012).

PETULANOS Sidlauskas, Vari, 2008