Knodus, Eigenmann, 1911

Toledo-Piza, Mônica, Baena, Eduardo G., Dagosta, Fernando C. P., Menezes, Naércio A., Ândrade, Marcelo, Benini, Ricardo C., Bertaco, Vinicius A., Birindelli, José Luís O., Boden, Gert, Buckup, Paulo A., Camelier, Priscila, Carvalho, Fernando R., Castro, Ricardo M. C., Chuctaya, Junior, Decru, Eva, Derijst, Eddy, Dillman, Casey B., Ferreira, Katiane M., Merxem, Dimitri G., Giovannetti, Victor, Hirschmann, Alice, Jégu, Michel, Jerep, Fernando C., Langeani, Francisco, Lima, Flávio C. T., Lucena, Carlos A. S., Lucena, Zilda Margarete S., Malabarba, Luiz R., Malabarba, Maria Cláudia S. L., Marinho, Manoela M. F., Mathubara, Kleber, Mattox, George M. T., Melo, Bruno F., Moelants, Tuur, Moreira, Cristiano R., Musschoot, Tobias, Netto-Ferreira, André L., Ota, Rafaela P., T. Oyakawa, Osvaldo, Pavanelli, Carla S., Reis, Roberto E., Santos, Osmar, Serra, Jane Piton, Silva, Gabriel S. C., Silva-Oliveira, Cárlison, Souza-Lima, Rosana, Vari, Richard P. & Zanata, Angela M., 2024, Checklist of the species of the Order Characiformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi), Neotropical Ichthyology (e 230086) 22 (1), pp. 1-548 : 209-215

KNODUS Eigenmann, 1911

KM Ferreira

Knodus Eigenmann, 1911b:216 . Type species: Knodus meridae Eigenmann, 1911 . Type by monotypy. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Also appeared as new genus in Eigenmann, 1918b:114 with type given as Bryconamericus breviceps Eigenmann (date of publication and type species was later clarified by Eigenmann, Myers, 1929:526).

Bryconadenos Weitzman, Menezes, Evers, Burns, 2005:334 . Type species: Bryconadenos tanaothoros Weitzman, Menezes, Evers, Burns, 2005 . Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine. Additional comments: Considered a synonym of Knodus Eigenmann, 1911 by Thomaz et al., 2015:20, considered a valid genus considered sister-taxon of Phallobrycon within the tribe Diapomini by Ferreira et al., 2021.

Knodus alpha (Eigenmann, 1914)

Bryconamericus alpha Eigenmann , in Eigenmann, Henn, Wilson, 1914:7. Type locality: Villavicencio, Oriente, Colombia (cf). [Río Meta basin, Departamento Meta, Colombia]. Holotype: FMNH 56646.

Bryconamericus beta Eigenmann , in Eigenmann, Henn, Wilson , 1914:7. Type locality: Villavicencio. [Río Meta basin, Departamento Meta, Colombia]. Holotype: FMNH 56648 .

Distribution: 307 (Eigenmann, 1914).

Remarks: Generic assignment based on Thomaz et al. (2015). Román-Valencia, 2003a:37 formally proposed synonymy and thus acted as first reviser in giving precedence to B. alpha over B. beta . He also mentioned that Eigenmann, 1914:7 had previously suggested that B. beta could be a synonym of B. alpha .

Knodus angustus Menezes, Ferreira, Netto-Ferreira, 2020

Knodus angustus Menezes, Ferreira, Netto-Ferreira, 2020:4 , figs. 1–5. Type locality: Brazil, Amazonas , Apuí , Prainha Nova beach in rio Aripuanã at end of road BR-174, 7°13’49.15”S, 60°39’3.56”W. Holotype: MZUSP 122222 .

Distribution: 321 (Menezes et al., 2020).

Knodus borki Zarske, 2008

Knodus borki Zarske, 2008c:160 , figs. 2–3. Type locality: Peru, Umgebung von Iquitos. Holotype: MTD F 31357 .

Distribution: 312 ( Zarske, 2008c).

Knodus breviceps (Eigenmann, 1908)

Bryconamericus breviceps Eigenmann, 1908:105 . Type locality: Goyaz. [ Brazil]. Syntypes (20): MCZ 20692 (20), USNM 120274 (4).

Distribution: 324 (Ferreira, 2007).

Remarks: Possibly a synonym of K. chapadae .

Knodus caquetae Fowler, 1945

Knodus caquetae Fowler, 1945c:94 , fig. 1. Type locality: Morelia, Rio Caquetá drainage, Colombia. Holotype: ANSP 71670 . [caudal fin damaged].

Distribution: 312a, 317a (Ferreira, 2007).

Knodus chapadae (Fowler, 1906)

Astyanax chapadae Fowler, 1906:349 , fig. 33. Type locality: Near Santa Anna da Chapada , in Matto Grosso, Brazil, from the headwaters of the Paraguay. [ Brazil]. Holotype: ANSP 21828 . [caudal fin damaged].

Distribution: 324a, 343a (Ferreira, 2007).

Remarks: According to M. Sabaj (pers. comm.), Henry Fowler originally accessioned ANSP 21828 as “ T. caudimaculatus [ = caudomaculatus ] Gthr.” with locality data as “Piraputanga [= Pirapitanga] R., near Chapada.” If ANSP 21828 pertains to the Tetragonopterus caudimaculatus of Cope (1894:107), then according to Cope’s account, the specimen was obtained from nearby headwaters of the Tocantins River (not the Paraguay River).

Knodus cinarucoense (Román-Valencia, Taphorn, Ruiz-C., 2008)

Bryconamericus cinarucoense Román-Valencia, Taphorn , Ruiz-C., 2008:19, fig. 1. Type locality: Venezuela, Orinoco River basin, Cinaruco River , Apure State, Pedro Camejo County, sand beach, 6°32’55”N, 67°24’58”W. Holotype: MCNG 52002 .

Distribution: 307, 309 (Román-Valencia et al., 2008).

Remarks: Generic assignment based on Thomaz et al. (2015).

Knodus cismontanus (Eigenmann, 1914)

Bryconamericus cismontanus Eigenmann , in Eigenmann, Henn, Wilson , 1914:4. Type locality: Villavicencio (cf). [Río Meta basin, Departamento Meta, Colombia]. Holotype: FMNH 56642 .

Distribution: 307, 308, 309 (Eigenmann, 1914).

Remarks: Possibly related to Eretmobrycon , Hemibrycon or Knodus (Thomaz et al., 2015) ; placed in Knodus by García-Melo et al., 2019:10.

Knodus cupariensis de Sousa, Silva-Oliveira, Canto, Ribeiro, 2020

Knodus cupariensis de Sousa, Silva-Oliveira, Canto, Ribeiro, 2020:576, figs. 1–4. Type locality: Brazil, Pará State , Rurópolis , unnamed stream tributary of rio Tinga , rio Cupari drainage, rio Tapajós basin, 4°05’10.80”S, 54°51’10.60”W. Holotype: INPA 59396 .

Distribution: 316 (Sousa et al., 2020).

Knodus delta Géry, 1972

Knodus delta Géry, 1972b:56 , Pl. 3 (fig. 2). Type locality: ruisseau près de Puerto Napo, haut rio Napo. [ Ecuador]. Holotype: ZMH 1473 .

Distribution: 312 (Géry, 1972b, Ferreira, 2007).

Knodus deuterodonoides (Eigenmann, 1914)

Bryconamericus deuterodonoides Eigenmann , in Eigenmann, Henn, Wilson , 1914:5. Type locality: Rio Negro , Quebrada at Villavicencio. [Río Meta basin, Departamento Meta, Colombia]. Holotype: FMNH 56644 .

Bryconamericus deuterodonoides euryodous Schultz, 1944:344 , fig. 51. Type locality: Río Guárico and tributaries between San Sebastián and San Casimiro, Estado de Aragua, Venezuela. Holotype: USNM 121437 .

Bryconamericus deuterodonoides caudovittatus Inger, 1956:435 . Type locality: Rio Abácapa on the west side of Chimantá-tepui. [Depto. Bolivar, Río Caroni basin, Venezuela]. Holotype: FMNH 45706 . Synonymy with Bryconamericus deuteronoides is uncertain; it could be a valid species.

Distribution: 303, 305, 306, 307 (Eigenmann, 1914).

Remarks: Generic assignment based on Thomaz et al. (2015).

Knodus diaphanus (Cope, 1878)

Tetragonopterus diaphanus Cope, 1878:691 . Type locality: Río Huallaga em Moyabamba, Peru. Lectotype: ANSP 21216 . [Designated by Fowler (1906:339, fig 27).

Distribution: 316 (Cope, 1878).

Remarks: Placed in Knodus by García-Melo et al., 2019:10.

Knodus dorsomaculatus Ferreira, Netto-Ferreira, 2010

Knodus dorsomaculatus Ferreira, Netto-Ferreira, 2010:470 , figs. 1–2. Type locality: Brazil, Pará , Jacareacanga , tributary of the Teles Pires River, Tapajós Basin, 09°18’30”S, 56°47’38”W. Holotype: MZUSP 102823 .

Distribution: 320 (Ferreira, Netto-Ferreira, 2010).

Knodus figueiredoi Esguícero, Castro, 2014

Knodus figueiredoi Esguícero, Castro, 2014:40 , figs. 1–4. Type locality: Brazil: Mato Grosso State: Guiratinga Municipality: Rio das Garças, tributary of Rio Araguaia , 16°13’11”S, 53°35’59”W. LIRP 10238 .

Distribution: 324 (Esguícero, Castro, 2014).

Knodus gamma Géry, 1972

Knodus gamma Géry, 1972b:52 , Pl. 2 (fig. 3). Type locality: rio Villano , affluent du rio Cururay. [ Ecuador]. Holotype: ZMH 1861 .

Distribution: 312 (Géry, 1972b; Ferreira, 2007).

Knodus geryi Lima, Britski, Machado, 2004

Knodus geryi Lima et al., 2004:577, figs. 1–2. Type locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Barra dos Bugres, rio do Peixe, tributary of rio Cabaçal , fazenda Entre Rios, at the bridge, 14°55’0”S, 58°27’24”W. Holotype: MZUSP 83354 .

Distribution: 343 (Lima et al., 2004).

Knodus guajajara Aguiar, Guimarães, Brito, Santos, Kartz, Dias, Carvalho-Costa,

Ottoni, 2022

Knodus guajajara Aguiar, Guimarães, Brito, Santos, Kartz, Dias, Carvalho-Costa, Ottoni, 2022:7 , figs. 1–3. Type locality: Alto Alegre do Pindaré municipality, Igarapé Arapapá , Pindaré River drainage, Mearim River basin, 03°42’26”S, 46°00’25”W. [ Brazil]. Holotype: CICCAA 4883.

Distribution: 323, 325 (Aguiar et al., 2022).

Knodus heteresthes (Eigenmann, 1908)

Bryconamericus heteresthes Eigenmann, 1908:105 . Type locality: Tapajos. [ Brazil]. Syntypes (40): MCZ 89966 (34), USNM 120247 (6).

Bryconamericus ternetzi Myers, 1928:89 . Type locality: Camanáos , Rapids, Rio Negro, Brazil. Holotype: CAS 44216.

Distribution: 316a (Ferreira, 2007).

Knodus longus Zarske, Géry, 2006

Knodus longus Zarske, Géry, 2006b:52 , figs. 1–2. Type locality: río Warinilla (oder Harinilla ) nahe Choiro , Höhe 1400 m, oberes Einzugsgebiet des río Beni, Bolivien. [ Bolivia]. Holotype: MTD F 28853 .

Distribution: 318 ( Zarske, Géry, 2006b).

Knodus macarenae (Román-Valencia, García-Alzate, Ruiz-C., Taphorn, 2010)

Bryconamericus macarenae Román-Valencia, García-Alzate , Ruiz-C., Taphorn , 2010b:197, figs. 1–2. Type locality: Colombia, Departamento Meta, Vista Hermosa , La Palestina village, Orinoco River Basin , Blanco River drainage, Pringamosal Creek , 500 m from La Palestina School, 3°03’15”N, 73°49’54”W, 282 m a.s.l. Holotype: IUQ 2448 .

Distribution: 306 (Román-Valencia et al., 2010b).

Remarks: Possibly related to Eretmobrycon , Hemibrycon or Knodus (Thomaz et al., 2015) ; placed in Knodus by García-Melo et al., 2019:10.

Knodus megalops Myers, 1929

Knodus megalops Myers , in Eigenmann , Myers , 1929:527. Type locality: Rio Pichis, Puerto Bermudez, Peru. Holotype: CAS 61845.

Distribution: 312a (Ferreira, 2007).

Knodus meridae Eigenmann, 1911

Knodus meridae Eigenmann, 1911b:216 . Type locality: Merida, Venezuela. Holotype: BMNH 1908.5 .29.148.

Distribution: 307a, 308a (Ferreira, 2007).

Knodus mizquae (Fowler, 1943)

Astyanax mizquae Fowler, 1943c:4 , fig. 3. Type locality: Ele Ele , 5000 feet elevation, Rio Mizque, Departament of Cochabamba, Bolivia. Holotype: ANSP 69176 .

Distribution: 312, 318 (Ferreira, 2007).

Knodus moenkhausii (Eigenmann, Kennedy, 1903)

Poecilurichthys moenkhausii Eigenmann, Kennedy, 1903:522 . Type locality: A brook near Arroyo Trementina. [ Paraguay]. Holotype: CAS 55102. [specimen in poor condition].

Distribution: 343a (Ferreira, 2007).

Knodus nuptialis Menezes, Marinho, 2019

Knodus nuptialis Menezes, Marinho, 2019:3 , figs. 1–8. Type locality: Brazil, Pará, Altamira, Rio 13 de Maio at Small Hydroelectric Central Salto do Três de Maio , tributary of Rio Curuá, Rio Xingu basin, 8°44’59”S, 55°1’58.8”W. Holotype: MZUSP 124829 .

Distribution: 322 (Menezes, Marinho, 2019).

Knodus obolus Deprá, Ota, Vitorino Júnior, Ferreira, 2021

Knodus obolus Deprá, Ota, Vitorino Júnior, Ferreira, 2021:14 , figs. 6–8. Type locality: Brazil, Goiás State, Municipality of Pirenópolis , ribeirão Dois Irmãos, tributary to the rio do Peixe, tributary to the rio das Almas, tributary to the rio Maranhão, tributary to the rio Tocantins, 15°42’50”S, 49°2’39”W. Holotype: NUP 22667.

Distribution: 324 (Deprá et al., 2021).

Knodus orteguasae (Fowler, 1943)

Bryconamericus orteguasae Fowler, 1943d:241 , fig. 19. Type locality: Florencia , Rio Orteguasa, Colombia. Holotype: ANSP 70504 .

Knodus victoriae septentrionalis Géry, 1972b:49 , Pl. 2 (fig. 1). Type locality: Rio Capotazo , affluent du haut rio Pastaza. [ Ecuador]. Holotype: ZMH 2261 . Considered a junior synonym of Knodus orteguasae by Ferreira (2007).

Distribution: 313 (Fowler, 1943d; Ferreira, 2007).

Remarks: Generic assignment based on Thomaz et al. (2015).

Knodus pasco Zarske, 2007

Knodus pasco Zarske, 2007:16 , figs. 1–3. Type locality: Peru, Departamento Pasco , erste Quebrada bei San Antonio de Cacazú (eigentlich nach dem Vorort Baja Cacazú) auf der Strasse nach Puerto Bermúdez. Holotype: MTD F 30634 .

Distribution: 312 (Zarske, 2007).

Knodus rufford Deprá, Ota, Vitorino Júnior, Ferreira, 2021

Knodus rufford Deprá, Ota, Vitorino Júnior, Ferreira, 2021:6 , figs. 2–4. Type locality: Brazil, Goiás State, Municipality of Pirenópolis , ribeirão Dois Irmãos, tributary to the rio do Peixe, tributary to the rio das Almas, tributary to the rio Maranhão, tributary to the rio Tocantins, 15°42’50”S 49°2’39”W. Holotype: NUP 22661.

Distribution: 324 (Deprá et al., 2021).

Knodus savannensis Géry, 1961

Knodus savannensis Géry, 1961d:26 , figs. 1–3. Type locality: Savannahs of northeastern Brazil, between the lower Rio Tocantins and the Rio Capim. [ Brazil]. Holotype: USNM 196088 .

Distribution: 323, 324 (Lima, Géry, 2001; Ferreira, 2007).

Knodus shinahota Ferreira, Carvajal, 2007

Knodus shinahota Ferreira, Carvajal, 2007:32 , figs. 1–2. Type locality: río Shinahota , aproximately 150 m upriver from under bridge of new Cochabamba-Santa Cruz road, río Chapare basin (rio Mamoré system), town of Shinahota , Província de Tiraque, Cochabamba, Bolivia, 16°59’34”S, 65°15’4”W. Holotype: LIRP 5722.

Distribution: 318 (Ferreira, Carvajal, 2007).

Knodus smithi (Fowler, 1913)

Bryconamericus smithi Fowler, 1913b:557 , fig. 18. Type locality: Tributary of the Madeira River near Porto Velho, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 39293 .

Bryconamericus jacunda Fowler, 1913b:555 , fig. 17. Type locality: Madeira River , about 200 miles east of W. Long 62°20’, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 39292 .

Distribution: 318a (Ferreira, 2007).

Remarks: Lima et al. (2003:144). have previously treated the species as synonyms and serve as first reviser in giving precedence to B. smithi over B. jacunda . Examination of type material of Knodus jacunda and K. smithi , confirm that they are synonyms.

Knodus tanaothoros ( Weitzman, Menezes, Evers, Burns, 2005)

Bryconadenos tanaothoros Weitzman, Menezes, Evers, Burns, 2005:338 , figs. 1–5, 7–9. Type locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Serra do Roncador, along shore line of rio Suiá-Missu, near Fazenda Terra do Sol , west of road BR-158 at 12°50’90”S, 52°07’46”W; rio Suiá-Missu , flows into rio Suiá-Missu , a tributary of upper rio Xingu. Holotype: MZUSP 85852 .

Distribution: 322 ( Weitzman et al., 2005).

Knodus tiquiensis Ferreira , Lima, 2006

Knodus tiquiensis Ferreira , Lima , 2006:630, figs. 1–3. Type locality: Brazil, Amazonas , Rio Tiquié , Indian village of Cururu, cachoeira do Cururu, 0°16’28.9”N, 69°54’53.6”W. Holotype: MZUSP 88059 .

Distribution: 314 (Ferreira, Lima, 2006).

Remarks: Possibly a synonym of Bryconamericus macrophthalmus Román-Valencia, 2003d .

Knodus victoriae (Steindachner, 1907)

Tetragonopterus victoriae Steindachner, 1907c:83 . Type locality: Mündung in den Parnahyba bei dem Sädtchen Victoria vorkommt. [ Information about type locality discussed and defined by Aguiar et al., 2021:3 as “at mouth of a stream that flows into the Parnaiba River , Alto Parnaíba municipality in the State of Maranhão, upper Parnaiba River basin, northeastern Brazil ”]. Syntypes (47): NMW 57823 (16), NMW 57824 (13) , NMW 57825 (18).

Distribution: 323a, 325a (Ferreira, 2007).

Knodus weitzmani (Menezes, Netto-Ferreira, Ferreira, 2009)

Bryconadenos weitzmani Menezes, Netto-Ferreira, Ferreira, 2009:148 , figs. 1–3. Type locality: Brazil, Pará State : Altamira , rio Curuá tributary of rio Iriri, rio Xingu basin, 08°43’50”S, 54°57’49’’W. Holotype: MZUSP 98666 .

Distribution: 322 (Menezes et al., 2009).

KOLPOTOCHEIRODON Malabarba, Weitzman, 2000 FC Jerep, LR Malabarba, J Chuctaya

Kolpotocheirodon Malabarba, Weitzman, 2000:270 . Type species: Kolpotocheirodon theloura Malabarba, Weitzman, 2000 . Type by original designation. Gender: Masculine.

Kolpotocheirodon figueiredoi Malabarba , Lima, Weitzman, 2004

Kolpotocheirodon figueiredoi Malabarba , Lima, Weitzman, 2004:322, figs. 5–6, 8. Type locality: Brazil, Bahia, Iraquara , rio Pratinha , Fazenda Pratinha (12°21’13”S, 41°32’57”W). Holotype: MZUSP 70037 .

Distribution: 328 (Malabarba et al., 2004).

Kolpotocheirodon theloura Malabarba, Weitzman, 2000

Kolpotocheirodon theloura Malabarba, Weitzman, 2000:271 , figs. 1–8. Type locality: small marsh at Curva da Morte , Goiás. [Brasília, Brazil]. Holotype: MZUSP 55194 .

Distribution: 327, 344 (Malabarba, Weitzman, 2000).