Neoperla orthonema, Zwick & Zwick, 2023

Zwick, Peter & Zwick, Andreas, 2023, Revision of the African Neoperla Needham, 1905 (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlinae) based on morphological and molecular data, Zootaxa 5316 (1), pp. 1-194 : 18

14 Penis tube with dorsolateral, dorsodistal, and ventral patches of coarse external spines ( Figs. 296–300 )................................................................................................... 52 N. orthonema n. sp.

14' Penis tube without patches of external spines, rarely a few single external spines................. N. spio -complex, p. 87

Females

1 S8 with a large caudal notch, a projecting nail, or a median sclerite resembling a fingernail. SSt coiled, inside with coat of pigmented scales (e.g., Figs. 113 , 384 , 402 ). Numerous egg striae with impunctate wide costae and narrow sulci lacking macroscopic punctures 3 but with a line of micropunctures on each side.................................................................................................. N. excisa and N. sjostedti operational complex, p. 130

1' S8 without structural modifications but several species have on S8 a pale anchor-shaped pattern between pigmented lightly sclerotised areas (e.g., Figs 123 , 301 , 345 ). SSt and eggs variable............................................... 2

2 SSt not coiled or spiral, variable, usually pale and not densely coated with scales or spicules.......................... 3

2' SSt spiral or coiled, length varies from a partial circle (e.g., Figs. 167 , 226 ) to 1–6 complete rings (e.g., Fig. 126 ). Inside with dense coat of pigmented scales or spicules, except on a narrow bare seam along concave edge. Next to the vagina the SSt may have a (probably extensible) section with folded soft cuticle and only a narrow band of scales on convex side, the scaly band widens distally until it occupies the entire width of the SSt (e.g., Fig. 99 ). Eggs vary............................... 10

3 SSt comprising sections directed in opposite directions; base directed cephalad from origin on vagina, distal part pointing backward (e.g., Figs. 46 , 50 ). Eggs with a low number (<20) of ridges, entire surface of chorion sculptured in a similar way.. ................................................................................................... 4

3' SSt directed caudad from the origin on the vagina, not subdivided. Eggs variable................................... 5

Figures

FIGURES 294–304. Neoperla orthonema n. sp.: Male paratype from Lakota, Ivory Coast: 294, 295, abdominal tip; 296, everted penis, with detail from middle of endophallus; 297–299, apex of contracted penis, in dorsal, ventral and lateral views (from left); 300, lateral view of penis apex, beginning eversion (♁ from Kousankoro); 301, female genital situs (vagina flipped back to show the anchor pattern on S8) and 302, egg, Ankasa game prod. res., Ghana; 303, view onto edge of chorion fragment showing variable size of costae (Ivory Coast, Lakota); 304, detail of collar with end of striae (Wli Falls, Ghana). Scales are 100µm. Tergites, sternites and hemitergite 10 are labeled. d, dorsal spines; eb, spines at base of endophallus; sa, spermatheca; SSt, spermathecal stalk; V, vagina; vs, ventral spines.

FIGURES 108–113. Neoperla spp., structural details.108, N. africana Klap., 109, N. kalengonis n. sp., 110, N. sjostedti needhami Lestage, all from the stream Kalengo: 108, 109 scales in the SSt. Close-ups of egg chorion: 110, three egg striae, the 2 rows of micropunctures in the sulci diverge around an island with a micropyle; 111, N. africana, 112 N. camerunensis (End.), chorion with 2 micropyle orifices; 113, processes of tergites 7 and 8, and modifications of antecosta 8 (AC8), a combination of inner structures (light grey), and of fine pilosity and sclerites (dark grey) on the surface of tergites; diagrammatical. The SEM microgaphs are courtesy of MPI of Limnology, PL̂n.

FIGURES 373–385. Neoperla heideae n. sp. and N. larvata n. sp. N. heideae: 373, 374, abdominal tip and contracted penis of a misassociated paralectotype of N. excisa Klap. from Lolodorf (to the same scale), with the label in Sütterlin script; 375, contracted penis, dorsal view, 376, everted endophallus (from Libamba); 377, ♀ situs from near Kama (D. R. Congo); 378, ♀ situs (D. R. Congo, Odzala N.P., NEOP242); 379, egg (Sangmelina,Cameroon). N. larvata: 380, everted endophallus (CAR, Bayanga, NEOP240); 381, ♀ situs, sternites 8 and 9 labeled (Ghana, Ankasa Res.); 382, ♀ situs (Togo, Kati); 383, ♀ situs (Ghana, Volta R., Z21.41); 384, egg with detail, Guinea, Simbareya (NEOP237); 385, aberrant contracted penis, ♁ from Ivory Coast, Boa. The scales are 100µm; tergites, HT10 and cercus labeled. a, anchor; mi, micropyle; n, nail; sa, spermatheca; SSt, spemathecal stalk; V, vagina.

FIGURES 402–406. Neoperla gibbosa n. sp., female holotype: 402, genital situs; 403, egg; 404, oblique view of opercular pole; 405, detail of striae; 406, egg of paratype from Tshela. Scales are 100µm. 403, 406 to the same, 405 not to scale. co, costa; SSt, spermathecal stalk; su, sulcus; V, vagina.

FIGURES 123–126. Neoperla africana-group, female genital situs and spermathecal stalk: N. africana Klapálek: 123, Ghana, Subri R., vagina and spermathecal coil folded back from S8, for better visibility of anchor spot on S8. N. panafricana n. sp.: 124, Waterberge, Mapote Farm. N. camerunensis (Enderlein): 125, Ethiopia, Ghibe R.; 126, Cameroon, Bamenda, NEOP128. Scales are 100µm. am, anchor mark; ap, angular projection; lf, longitudinal folds; lscl, lateral vaginal sclerite; tf, transverse folds; SSt, spermathecal stalk; V, vagina.

FIGURES 344–350. Neoperla lineata n. sp., female holotype: 344, fore body; 345, genital situs, vagina and SSt were flipped back to expose the anchor pattern on S8; 346, entry of SSt into vagina, arrow points at fine spicules; 347, egg; 348, count of costae on one quadrant of an egg cross-section (from a photograph); 349, detail of pale ring between striae and operculum; 350, micropyle (arrow) in the narrow sulcus between 2 costae, scale is 10µm; the other scales are 100µm. S8, sternite 8; sa, spermatheca; SSt, spermathecal stalk; V, vagina.

FIGURES 161–168. Neoperla amoena n. sp.. ♁ holotype: 161–163, habitus and abdominal tip (not to scale; NEOP070); 164–166, penis, only 164 to scale; ♀ paratype from Bamako: 167, 168, genital situs and egg. Scales are 100µm. bbs, bare basal stretch; tf, transverse folds; sa, spermatheca; SSt, spermathecal stalk; V, vagina.

FIGURES 223–226. Neoperla bipolaris n. sp.: 223, 224, egg, SEM micrograph (from Moore, 1991); 225–226, egg and genital situs of holotype. FIGURES 227–230. Neoperla schuelei n. sp.: 227, female genital situs, paratype; 228–230, egg from holotype; 229, enlarged detail of chorion; 230, oblique view of anchor pole showing the relation between striae and cells on collar. Scale lines are 100µm, unless differently indicated. Arrows indicate micropyles.

FIGURES 96–101. Neoperla decorata n. sp. and N. cataractae n. sp., the holotypes. N. decorata: 96, front wing; 97, genital situs, diagrammatic, spermatheca removed; 98, egg. N.cataractae: 99, female genital situs, diagrammatic, spermatheca removed; 100, 101, egg, side view and optical cross section (from a photograph). Scales are 100µm, other figures not to scale. a, anchor; c, collar; mi, micropyle; op, operculum; os, opercular suture; sd, spermathecal duct, SSt, spermathecal stalk, V vagina.

FIGURES 42–49. Neoperla spectabilis n. sp. Male paratype from Bioko:42, abdominal tip, dorsal view, tergites 7–9 numbered; 43, artificially everted over-inflated penis; 44, enlarged detail of same. 45, penis of male from Cameroon. Female holotype: 46, vagina and spermathecal stalk, diagrammatical, limit between sternites S7 and S8 indicated; 47, egg; 48, chorion fragment with part of the operculum (op) and the flanged costae (not to scale); 49, detached operculum, top view, same scale as 47. bd, border between operculum and flanged costae; cf, costal flange; op, operculum; ds, dorsal sclerite; sa, spermatheca; sp, spicules; SSt, spermathecal stalk; sw, disto-lateral swelling on penis tube. Arrows indicate hooks with bent tip.

FIGURES 50–55. Neoperla luluana Navás, ♀ holotype:50, genital situs, 51, egg, both diagrammatic; 52, detail of the filamentous anchor, the filaments attach to some thick chorion fragment; 53, vertical view onto a micropylar mound, 54, lateral view of same; 55, fraction of the eclosion line, at the end of a costa. Scale lines are 100µm, drawings are not to scale. af, anchor filaments; co, costa; mic, micropylar canal; op, operculum; sa, spermatheca; SSt, spermathecal stalk; su, sulcus; tc, transverse cells.