Leporinus piavussu, Britski & Birindelli & Garavello, 2012

Britski, Heraldo A., Birindelli, José Luís O. & Garavello, Julio Cesar, 2012, A New Species Of Leporinus Agassiz, 1829 From The Upper Rio Paraná Basin (Characiformes, Anostomidae) With Redescription Of L. Elongatus Valenciennes, 1850 And L. Obtusidens (Valenciennes, Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 52 (37), pp. 441-475 : 441-475

Leporinus piavussu , new species

Figures 12 and 13

Leporinus bimaculatus – Schubart, 1943:111 [ Rio Mogi-Guaçu , fishery].

Leporinus copelandi – Campos, 1945a:146 [specimens from Rio Paraná, Porto Cabral, São Paulo ( MZUSP 3448) and Rio Mogi-Guaçu, Pirassununga , São Paulo ( MZUSP 3449)] – Campos, 1945b:444 [ Rio Mogi-Guaçu , São Paulo ( MZUSP 3450)].

Leporinus reinhardti – Campos, 1945a:148 [specimens from Rio Mogi-Guaçu, Pirassununga , São Paulo ( MZUSP 3403); Rio Paraná, Porto Cabral, São Paulo ( MZUSP 3439); Rio Piracicaba , São Paulo ( MZUSP 3440)] – Gomes & Monteiro, 1955:118 (Emas, Rio Mogi-Guaçu. Populational studies).

Leporinus bahiensis – Campos, 1945a:153, photo [ Rio Mogi-Guaçu, Pirassununga , São Paulo ] –? Campos, 1945b:446 [ Rio Mogi-Guaçu , São Paulo ].

Leporinus octofasciatus – Schubart, 1962:28 [ Rio Mogi-Guaçu ] – Godoy, 1975:527, fig. 120 [ Rio Mogi-Guaçu, Emas, Pirassununga , São Paulo ].

Leporinus sp – Nakatani et al., 2001:155, text-figure [egs and larvae].

Leporinus silvestrii – Galetti Jr. et al., 1981:138 [ Rio Mogi-Guaçu. Cytogenetics ] – Nakatani et al., 2001:155 [eggs and larvae].

Leporinus obtusidens – Galetti Jr. et al., 1984:402 [ Rio Mogi-Guaçu ; cytogenetics] – Agostinho et al., 1997 b:184 [ Rio Paraná basin above Sete Quedas] – Hahn et al., 1997:212 [trophic ecology] – Agostinho et al., 1997 a:240 [trophic structure] – Vazzoler et al., 1997:252 [gonadal maturation and reprodution areas] – Pavanelli et al., 1997:310 [parasites].

Holotype: MZUSP 109999 (180.0 mm SL), Rio Mogi Guaçu , at Cachoeira de Emas (21°55’35”S, 47°21’59”W), Pirassununga, São Paulo , 01-06 May 1963, Excursão do Departamento de Zoologia da Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado de São Paulo.

Paratypes: Upper Rio Paraná basin ( Brazil): ANSP 199625 (1, 170.9 mm SL), Rio Passa Cinco , Rio Tietê basin, Ipeúna, São Paulo , 11 Mar 1980, A. Copriva. MCP 43663 (1, 159.0 mm SL), Rio Paraná (cofferdam) (20°30’S, 51°00’W), São Paulo, Sep 1965 , Excursão do Departamento de Zoologia da Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado de São Paulo. MNRJ 40333 (1, 146.0 mm SL), collected with MCP 43663. MZUSP 3407 (1, 180.1 mm SL), Rio Mogi Guaçu , at Cachoeira de Emas, São Paulo, 1943 , Rosas. MZUSP 48466 (3, 100-110 mm SL), Rio Mogi Guaçu , at Cachoeira de Emas, Pirassununga, São Paulo , 14 Oct 1950, W. Bockermann. MZUSP 48467 (3, 131.7- 147.8 mm SL), Rio Mogi Guaçu , at Cachoeira de Emas, Pirassununga, São Paulo , 03 Nov 1962, P.E. Vanzolini. MZUSP 48469 (4, 173.4- 195.8 mm SL), Rio Mogi Guaçu , at Cachoeira de Emas, Pirassunuga, São Paulo , 09 May 1978, Excursão do Departamento de Ciências Biológicas da UFSCar. MZUSP 48779 (9, 116.7- 380.2 mm SL), collected with MCP 43663. MZUSP 48809 (6, 101.5- 141 mm SL), Rio Mogi Guaçu , at Cachoeira de Emas, Pirassununga, São Paulo , 04-06 Apr 1962, Excursão do Departamento de Zoologia da Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado de São Paulo. MZUSP 48812 (4, 132- 193 mm SL), collected with hototype. MZUSP 107850 (3, 130.3- 179.7 mm SL), collected with ANSP 199625.

Non-type specimens. Upper Rio Paraná basin ( Brazil): MZUSP 1524 (1, 225.7 mm SL), Rio Sorocaba, Tatuí , São Paulo, 1908 , J. Lima. MZUSP 2068 (1, 280 mm SL), Rio Piracicaba , São Paulo. MZUSP 2076 (1, 163.3 mm SL), Pirassununga, São Paulo, Dec 1907 . MZUSP 3403 (1, 186.2 mm SL), Rio Mogi Guaçu , at Cachoeira de Emas, São Paulo, 1943 , Rosas. MZUSP 3450 (5, 163.9- 228.4 mm SL), Rio Mogi Guaçu , at Cachoeira de Ema, Pirassununga, São Paulo, 1943 , O. Schubart. MZUSP 3492 (2, 347 mm SL), Rio Paraná, Porto Cabral, São Paulo, 1941 , L. Travassos Filho. MZUSP 21626 (5, 77.8-106.2 mm SL), Rio Paraná, above Sete Quedas, Guairá, Paraná, 1977-1980, CETESB. MZUSP 21628 (20, 90.2-272 mm SL), Rio Paraná, above Sete Quedas, Guairá, Paraná, 1977-1980, CETESB. MZUSP 25348 (1, 165.5 mm SL), Rio Grande , at Reservatório de Furnas, Boa Esperança, Minas Gerais, 26 Nov 1975, CETESB. MZUSP 42968 (1, 154.5 mm SL), Rio Piquiri , tributary of Rio Paraná, at Apertado (25°11’S, 53°19’W), Formoso do Oeste, Paraná, 21 Feb 1987, NUPELIA. MZUSP 42980 (1, 165.6 mm SL), Rio Goioerê , tributary of Rio Piquiri (23°55’S, 53°13’W), 19 Nov 1987, NUPELIA. MZUSP 42998 (1, 184.3 mm SL), Rio Paraná (22°45’S, 53°19’W), Porto Rico, Paraná, 23 Jan 1988, NUPELIA. MZUSP 43010 (1, 202 mm SL), Lagoa Pousada das Garças, Rio Samambaia drainage (22°41’S, 53°13’W), Taquaruçu, Mato Grosso do Sul, 23 Jan 1988, NUPELIA. MZUSP 43011 (1, 226.6 mm SL), Lagoa Pousada das Garças, at Rio Samambaia bay (22°41’S, 55°13’W), Taquaruçu, Mato Grosso do Sul, 24 Feb 1988, NUPELIA. MZUSP 43025 (1, 59.9 mm SL), Rio Paraná, at Reservatório de Itaipu (24°51’S, 54°21’W), Santa Helena, Paraná, 09 Jul 1987, NUPELIA. MZUSP 43032 (1, 102.4 mm SL), Rio Paraná, at Reservatório de Itaipu near São João (24°08’S, 54°20’W), Guaira, Paraná, 05 Apr 1987, NUPELIA. MZUSP 43043 (7, 55.8-72.4 mm SL), Rio Paraná, at Reservatório de Itaipu (24°03’S, 54°15’W), Guaira, Paraná, 18 May 1988, NUPELIA. MZUSP 43049 (1, 163 mm SL), Rio Invinheima , tributary of Rio Paraná, at Pedreira (22°48’S, 53°34’W), Taquaruçu, Mato Grosso do Sul, 26 Jan 1988, NUPELIA. MZUSP 43053 (1, 185 mm SL), Rio Iguatemi , tributary of Rio Paraná (23°54’S, 54°17’W), Mundo Novo, Mato Grosso do Sul, 22 Oct 1988, NUPELIA. MZUSP 43060 (1, 180 mm SL), Rio Iguatemi , tributary of Rio Paraná (23°54’S, 54°17’W), Mundo Novo, Mato Grosso do Sul, 12 Dec 1987, NUPELIA. MZUSP 43074 (1, 118.3 mm SL), Lagoa dos Patos, Rio Invinheima basin, tributary of Rio Paraná (22°49’S, 53°33’W), Taquara, Mato Grosso do Sul, 01 May 1988, NUPELIA. MZUSP 43079 (1, 135.3 mm SL), Rio Paraná, immeadiately upstream from Reservatório de Itaipu (24°05’S, 54°15’W), 17 Feb 1988, NUPELIA. MZUSP 43082 (1, 78.9 mm SL), Lagoa Saraiva, at Ilha Grande (23°59’S, 54°02’W), Altoni, Paraná, 04 Nov 1988, NUPELIA. MZUSP 43097 (1, 249.7 mm SL), Rio Iguatemi , tributary of Rio Paraná, at Ilhota (23°55’S, 54°13’W), Mundo Novo, Mato Grosso do Sul, 22 Nov 1989, NUPELIA. MZUSP 48427 (1, 364 mm SL), Rio Tietê, Penápolis , São Paulo , 20 Jan 1972, F. Casasco. MZUSP 48433 (1, 255 mm SL), Rio Pardo , at Usina de Limoeiro, São José do Rio Pardo , São Paulo , 13 Apr 1965, H.A. Britski. MZUSP 48659 (2, 82.5-87.6 mm SL), Rio Mogi Guaçu , at Cachoeira de Emas, Pirassunuga, São Paulo , 07 May 1974, J.C. Garavello & A.S. Abe. MZUSP 48660 (9, 88.5-225.7 mm SL), Rio Paraná, at Jupiá, Mato Grosso do Sul, 15-23 Sep 1962, Excursão do Departamento de Zoologia da Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado de São Paulo. MZUSP 48661 (1, 229 mm SL), Rio Grande , at Reservatório de Camargos, Minas Gerais, 23 Oct 1975, CETESB. MZUSP 48662 (2, 98.2-107.2 mm SL), Rio Mogi Guaçu , at Cachoeira de Emas, Pirassununga, São Paulo , 02 Sep 1973, J.C. Garavello. MZUSP 48663 (5, 226- 273.2 mm SL), Rio Paraná, Castilho, São Paulo , 05-06 Jun 1976, A. Cozza. MZUSP 48664 (1, 214.7 mm SL), Rio Grande, Marimbondo , São Paulo , 20 nov 1975, CETESB. MZUSP 48690 (1, 71.3 mm SL), Rio Mogi Guaçu , at Cachoeira de Emas, Pirassununga, São Paulo , 24 Jul 1963. MZUSP 48720 (1, 216 mm SL), Rio Paraná, Castilho, São Paulo , 05-06 Jun 1976, A. Cozza. MZUSP 48721 (1, 285 mm SL), Rio Paraná, at Salto de Urubupunga, 11-23 Sep 1964, Excursão do Departamento de Zoologia da Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado de São Paulo. MZUSP 48722 (5, 101.2- 270 mm SL), Rio Mogi Guaçu , at Cachoeira de Emas, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Jul 1963 , U. Burheim. MZUSP 48727 (2, 195.3- 198.4 mm SL), Rio Mogi Guaçu , at Cachoeira de Emas, Pirassununga, São Paulo , 22 Oct 1963, H.A. Britski et al. MZUSP 48732 (2, 134.4- 136.8 mm SL), Rio Mogi Guaçu , at Cachoeira de Emas, Pirassununga, São Paulo , 04-06 Apr 1962, Excursão do Departamento de Zoologia da Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado de São Paulo. MZUSP 48734 (1, 155 mm SL), Córrego do Abrigo, at Reservatório de Jupiá, São Paulo , 27 Dec 1966, H.A. Britski. MZUSP 48778 (3, 171.1- 205.5 mm SL), Rio Mogi Guaçu , at Cachoeira de Emas, Pirassununga, São Paulo , 04-06 Apr 1962, Excursão do Departamento de Zoologia da Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado de São Paulo. MZUSP 48805 (3, 213.4- 235.4 mm SL), Rio Grande , at Reservatório de Volta Grande, São Paulo , 06-07 Nov 1975, CETESB. MZUSP 48806 (5, 113.3- 132.3 mm SL), Rio Tietê, Barra Bonita , São Paulo , 30 Aug 1963, P.E. Vanzolini & H.A. Britski. MZUSP 48813 (1, 164.5 mm SL), Rio Tietê, Barra Bonita , São Paulo, J.E. Pereira. MZUSP 48826 (1, 192 mm SL), Rio Paraná, cofferdam at Ilha Solteira (20°30’S, 51°00’W), São Paulo, Sep 1965 , Excursão do Departamento de Zoologia da Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado de São Paulo. MZUSP 48821 (2, 210- 275 mm SL), Rio Grande , at Cachoeira da Onça, São Paulo , 06-07 Jan 1962, P.E. Vanzolini et al. MZUSP 53958 (1, 178 mm SL), Rio Piracicaba , at Reservatório de Barra Bonita, Santa Maria da Serra, São Paulo , 15 Sep 1995, R.A.M. Silvano. MZUSP 63678 [ex. MZUSP 1530] (1, 179.2 mm SL), Rio Piracicaba, Piracicaba , São Paulo , Nov 1906, R. von Ihering. MZUSP 71789 (1, 153.4 mm SL), Rio do Peixe, at UHE Rio do Peixe, São Paulo , 10 Jan 2001, P. Gerhard. MZUSP 83383 (1, 201.4 mm SL), Rio Tietê , below UHE Bariri (22°08’50”S, 48°45’06”W), São Paulo , 03-07 Nov 2003, A. Akama. MZUSP 87917 (1, 235 mm SL), Rio Passa Cinco , Rio Tietê basin, Itirapina, São Paulo , 19 Jan 2002, E.N. Fragoso. MZUSP 94042 (1, 228.7 mm SL), Rio Piracicaba , tributary of Rio Tietê, Piracicaba , São Paulo , Nov 1906, J. Lima. MZUSP 107167 (1, 237 mm SL), Rio Tietê (22°29’S, 48°34’W), Barra Bonita, São Paulo, A. Boggi. MZUSP 107843 (1, 179.6 mm SL), Rio Cotovelo , at Reservatório Três Irmãos (20°48’24,5”S, 51°04’52,6”W), Pereira Barreto, São Paulo, Jul 2000 , W. Smith. MZUSP 107847 (2, 168.1- 194.6 mm SL), Rio Grande, Marimbondo , São Paulo , 20 Nov 1975, CETESB. MZUSP 107848 (3, 125.6- 174.1 mm SL), Rio Capivara (28°42’40.4”S, 48°22’17,0”W), Botucatu, São Paulo, Jul 2000 , W.S. Smith. MZUSP 107849 (1, 204.5 mm SL), Rio dos Patos , tributary of Rio Nova Avanhandava, Promissão, São Paulo, Jul 2000 , W. Smith. MZUSP 107854 (2, 118.6- 145.9 mm SL), Rio Paranapanema , at Promissão, São Paulo, Aug 1980 , CESP. MZUSP 107851 (1, 140.8 mm SL), Rio Tietê , at Reservatório de Barra Bonita, Barra Bonita, São Paulo, Jan 2001 , W. Smith. MZUSP 107840 (4, 72.9-86.1 mm SL), Lagoa Nova, Rio Mogi Guaçu basin, São Carlos , São Paulo , 31 Mar 1980, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas UFSCar. MZUSP 107279 (3, 96.8-163.9 mm SL), Rio Piracicaba , at Reservatório de Barra Bonita, Santa Maria da Serra, São Paulo , 04 May 1995, R.A.M. Silvano. MZUSP 107277 (2, 82.7-99.7 mm SL), Rio Paraná (cofferdam), Ilha Solteira, Mato Grosso do Sul, 25-28 May 1972, Excursão do Departamento de Zoologia.

Diagnosis: Leporinus piavussu is distinguished from all congeners except, L. amblyrhynchus , L. conirostris , L. desmotes , L. despaxi , L. elongatus , L. jatuncochi , L. macrocephalus , L. muyscorum , L. obtusidens , L. reinhardti , L. trifasciatus and L. wolfei , by having three teeth on premaxilla and dentary (vs. tooth formulae 3/4, 4/4 or 4/3). Leporinus piavussu is distinguished from L. amblyrhynchus , L. conirostris , L. desmotes , L. despaxi , L. jatuncochi , L. macrocephalus , L. muyscorum , L. reinhardti , L. trifasciatus , and L. wolfei by having three dark rounded blotches on the body and dark transverse bars usually persistent in large specimens (vs. body with a dark midlateral stripe in L. amblyrhynchus , and L. despaxi ; transverse dark bands in L. desmotes and L. jatuncochi ; body pale except for a single dark blotch on caudal peduncle in L. conirostris ; first blotch, below the dorsal fin, transversely elongated in L. macrocephalus , L. trifasciatus and L. wolfei ; transverse bars faded in large specimens of L. muyscorum ; and blotch on the caudal peduncle longitudinally elongated, not rounded, sometimes making contact with the second blotch in L. reinhardti ). Leporinus piavussu is distinguished from L. elongatus by having 16 scales rows around caudal peduncle (vs. 12). Leporinus piavussu is very similar to L. obtusidens from which it differs by having 39 to 40, exceptionally 41, perforated scales on the lateral line (vs. 41 to 43, rarely 44). Individuals of Leporinus piavussu particularly discriminate from individuals of L. piavussu from the upper Rio Paraná basin by having a terminal mouth, its cleft above the horizontal through the ventral orbital margin (vs. mouth directed somewhat or entirely downward, its cleft at the horizontal through the ventral orbital margin or below).

Description: Morphometrics from holotype and paratype specimens are given in Table 5. Large sized species (largest examined specimen 380.2 mm SL). Body somewhat elongate, moderately compressed, greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile gently convex from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin; slightly convex along dorsal-fin base; straight from posterior end dorsal-fin base to adipose-fin origin, and concave from that point to origin of dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays. Ventral profile gently convex from lower lip to vertical through pectoral-fin origin; convex from later point to anal-fin origin; somewhat straight along anal-fin base, and concave from anal-fin end to origin of ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays.

Head slightly elongated, snout relatively short. Mouth terminal (in small and medium individuals) to subterminal (in large individuals), its cleft at level with the middle of eye or to ventral margin of pupil. Upper jaw anteriorly aligned with lower jaw, or extending slightly anteriorly beyond lower jaw (in some large specimens). Posterior end of maxilla approximately at vertical through posterior margin of anterior nostril. Premaxillary with three teeth gradually decreasing in size from symphyseal tooth. Dentary with three teeth also gradually decreasing in size from somewhat elongate symphyseal tooth.

First gill arch with 11 (2), 12 (3) or 13 (2) gill rakers on lower limb, 1 (7) gill raker at angle, and 9 (1), 10 (1), 11 (4) or 12 (1) on upper limb.

Scales cycloid, five to seven radii. Lateral line with 39 (15), 40* (18) or rarely 41 (2) perforated scales extending from posterior margin of opercle to base of median caudal-fin rays. Horizontal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 5 (1), 6* (31) or 7 (4). Horizontal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 5 (1), 5.5 (15) or 6* (20). Horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle (circumpeduncular scale series) 16 (36). Predorsal scales from dorsal-fin origin to tip of supraoccipital spine 10 (2), 11* (8), 12 (14) or 13 (5). Dorsal scales from dorsal-fin end to adipose-fin origin 11 (3), 12* (19), 13 (10), 14 (1) or 15 (1). Dorsal scales between adipose-fin end and first dorsal procurrent caudal-fin ray 7 (1), 8 (11) or 9* (18) or 10 (2). Prepelvic scales 16 (3), 17 (2), 18* (14), 19 (10) or 21 (1). Scales from base of pelvic fin to anus 8 (9), 9 (34), 10 (15) or 11* (2). Scales between anus and anal-fin origin 1 (6) or 2* (25). Scales between anal-fin end and first procurrent caudal-fin ray 7 (3), 8* (20) or 9 (9). Base of anal-fin rays covered by a row of four to six small scales.

Dorsal-fin rays ii,10 (36). Dorsal-fin origin between the middle of distance between snout tip and posterior border of adipose fin, and the middle of distance between snout tip and the middle of caudal peduncle, and at vertical through second or third scale in front of pelvic-fin origin. Dorsal-fin distal margin gently convex. Last dorsal-fin ray split to its base (counted as a single element). Adipose fin small, its origin at vertical through middle of anal-fin base, or slightly posterior. Pectoral-fin rays i,14 (3), i,15 (14), i,16* (18), i,17 (1) or i,18 (1). Tip of pectoral-fin rays extending to second to fourth scale in front of pelvic-fin origin (never reaching the latter). Pelvic-fin anterior base at vertical through base of first to fourth branched dorsal-fn ray. Pelvic-fin rays i,8* (35) or i,9 (1). Pelvic-fin origin at vertical through base of first to fourth branched dorsal-fn ray. Tip of pelvic fin reaching fourth or fifth scale in front of anus. Anal-fin rays ii,8 (21), iii,9* (14), ii,10 (1) or iii,10 (2). Anal-fin origin at vertical through fourth to sixth scale in front of adipose fin. Distal margin of anal fin concave or straight. Anteriormost branched anal-fin ray about three times longer than posteriormost ray. Last anal-fin ray usually split to its base (counted as a single element). Principal caudal-fin rays i,8,9,i (35). Caudal fin forked, with lobes approximately similar in size or upper lobe slightly longer than lower lobe. Vertebrae 39 (2).

Coloration: Ground color light beige to light brown ( Fig. 12 ). Three dark blotches on sides of body over lateral line, first below dorsal-fin base, second below space between dorsal-fin base and adipose-fin origin and third at the posterior portion of caudal peduncle. Eight transverse dark bars on dorsal and lateral portions of body, bifurcated dorsally; bars very conspicuous and extending ventrally, in specimens of 150 mm SL or less, becoming slightly faded in larger specimens, and disappearing completely in some individuals. Scales of lateral areas of body with disperse chromatophores, more concentrated on its free margins. Fins nearly hyaline, with chromatophores tiny and scattered. Dorsal, adipose and caudal fins slightly darker than pectoral, pelvic and anal fins.

Live specimens with silvery to tan head and body and yellow fins. Caudal fin with dark dorsal and ventral margins ( Fig. 13 ).

Distribution: Apparently endemic to the upper Rio Paraná basin, above the Sete Quedas falls ( Fig. 4 ). The distribution of Leporinus piavussu adds support to Vari (1992) ’s hypothesis that this region is an area of endemism. Two other species of Anostomidae are also apparently endemic from the upper Rio Paraná basin: Leporinus paranensis Garavello & Britski, 1987 and Schizodon altoparanae Garavello & Britski, 1990 .

Etymology: The specific name piavussu is in reference to the common name of the species in upper Rio Paraná basin, “piavuçu” or “piavussu ”, which in indigenous language is a compound name meaning “piava”, term used to designate fishes of the genus Leporinus , and “ussu” ou “uçu” a radical that means big, that is, a big sized Leporinus species. Leporinus macrocephalus , a species originally endemic to the Paraguay basin, but presently introduced in distinct drainages, including the upper Rio Paraná basin, is also commonly named “piavuçu” ( Garavello & Britski, 1988; Britski et al., 2007).

Ecology: Leporinus piavussu lives in medium to large rivers undertaking long distance reproductive and trophic migrations up to 6.600 km ( Godoy, 1975). The larger individuals of the species reach 550 mm of total length and 2.14 kg of weight ( Godoy, 1975). Leporinus piavussu is a large-sized species very important in recreational, subsistence and commercial fishing, and it is included in fishery statistics since before the middle of last centuary (e.g., Ihering, 1929, Schubart, 1943, Godoy, 1975).

Common name. Leporinus piavussu is known as “piavuçu”, “piavussu ”, “piabuçu”, “piabussu”, or “piau-uçu”.

Figures

FIGURE 4: Distribution map of Leporinus elongatus (yellow triangles), L. obtusidens (white squares), and L. piavussu (red circles).

FIGURE 12: Leporinus piavussu: (A) paratype, MZUSP 48779, 380.2 mm SL, Rio Paraná, (B) paratype, MZUSP 48779, 243.0 mm SL, Rio Paraná, (C) holotype, MZUSP 109999, 180.0 mm SL, Rio Mogi Guaçu, (D) MZUSP 107277, 82.7 mm SL, Rio Paraná.

FIGURE 13: Leporinus piavussu, approximately 300 mm SL, photographed live in the Rio Paraná, at Panorama, São Paulo (photo provided by Alec Zeinad).