Cephaloleia belti Baly, 1885

Staines, Charles L. & Garcia-Robledo, Carlos, 2014, The genus Cephaloleia Chevrolat, 1836 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae), ZooKeys 436, pp. 1-355 : 74-76

Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Chrysomelidae

Cephaloleia belti Baly, 1885 Fig. 85

Cephaloleia belti Baly 1885: 22. Maulik 1932: 97 (host plant), 1937: 132 (host plants); Blackwelder 1946: 718 (catalog); Papp 1953: 14 (catalog); Uhmann 1957a: 16 (catalog); Wilcox 1983: 136 (catalog); Maes and Staines 1991: 36 (faunal list); Staines 1996: 19 (Central America species), 1996(1997): 14 (Nicaragua species), 1999: 241 (mimicry), 2004: 312 (host plants), 2011: 48 (faunal list); Maes 1999: 1016 (faunal list); Staines and Staines 1999: 523 (Baly species list); McKenna and Farrell 2005: 119 (phylogeny); Meskins et al. 2008: 163 (host plants), 2011: 483 (food web); Descampe et al. 2008: 227 (host plants); García–Robledo et al. 2010: 51 (larva, biology); 2013a: 3 (biology), 2013b: 193 (biology); García–Robledo and Horvitz 2011: 978 (biology), 2012: 40 (biology); Lawrence et al. 2011: 13 (nomenclature); Barrett and Heil 2012: 283 (noted); Schmitt and Frank 2013: 58 (biology); Sekerka et al. 2013: 304 (noted).

Cephalolia belti Baly. Donckier 1899: 548 (catalog); Weise 1911a: 7 (catalog), 1911b: 10 (catalog); Uhmann 1930a: 223 (faunal list), 1936a: 111 (noted), 1936b: 485 (key).

Cephaloleia consanguinea sensu Strong 1977a: 160 (misidentification). Strong 1977b: 573 (host plants), 1981: 185 (host plants), 1982a: 218 (host plants), 1982b: 1041 (host plants); Morrison and Strong 1981: 56 (host plants); Auerbach and Strong 1981: 64 (host plants); McCoy 1984: 10 (biology), 1985: 326 (biology); Grégoire 1988: 254 (noted); Jolivet 1997: 146 (noted); Jolivet and Verma 2002: 63 (noted); Staines 2004: 312 (identification).

Description.

Elongate; flattened; subparallel; head (except yellow frons), antennae, and scutellum black; pronotum yellowish with medial black vitta, vitta may be obsolete medially; elytra from suture to puncture row 2 black, then through puncture row 5 yellow, then black through puncture row 9, puncture row 10 to margin yellow, sutural vitta narrows and fades toward apex, fails to reach apex; venter with pro-, meso-, and metasterna yellow medially, black laterally, abdominal sternite 1 yellow medially, black laterally, sterna 2 and 3 black laterally, each has black vitta along apex, rest yellow, sterna 4 and 5 all black; leg femora yellow each dark apex, tibiae and tarsi dark. Head: vertex sparsely punctate, medial carina present; frons not projecting; eyes protuberant, finely faceted; not depressed between eyes. Antenna: reaches to humerus; slender; antennomere 1 elongate, as long as 2-4 combined, robust, tuft of setae at apex; 2-3 compressed laterally; 2 transverse; 3 triangular, longer than 2; 4-6 transverse, subequal in length to 3; 7-10 transverse, subequal in length, each shorter than 6; 11 2 × length of 10, pointed at apex; 1-3 punctate with scattered setae; 4-11 setose. Pronotum: transverse; lateral margin straight then rounding to anterior angle, narrowly margined; anterior angle rounded; posterior angle acute; anterior margin straight; disc flattened; surface with scattered large punctures laterally, disc impunctate; basal impression absent; pronotal length 1.1-1.2 mm; pronotal width 1.3-1.5 mm. Scutellum: sharply triangular; micropunctate. Elytron: lateral margin straight, smooth, margined; apex rounded; sutural angle with small tooth; humerus rounded, not produced; slightly constricted behind humerus; weakly punctate-striate; elytral length 4.8-4.9 mm; elytral width 1.9-2.0 mm. Venter: pro-, meso-, and metasterna impunctate medially, punctate laterally, each puncture with pale seta; abdominal sterna punctate, each puncture with pale seta; suture between sterna 1 and 2 complete; last sternite with apical margin u-shaped in male, slightly acuminate in female. Leg: punctate; femur robust; tibia with fringe of setae on inner margin of apex. Total length: 6.4-6.56 mm; females are larger than males.

Diagnosis.

This species is similar to Cephaloleia consanguinea , Cephaloleia erugatus , Cephaloleia semivittata , Cephaloleia triangularis , Cephaloleia trivittata , and Cephaloleia vittata . It can be distinguished by the elytral puncture rows being distinct apically, by antennomere 1 being as long as 2 to 4 combined, and by the sutural angle with a small tooth.

Host plant.

Calathea insignis Hort. and Bull. ( Marantaceae ) ( Uhmann 1930a); Heliconia imbricata (Kuntze) Baker ( Maulik 1932); Heliconia latispatha Bentham ( Strong 1977b), Heliconia pogonantha Cuford., Heliconia mariae Hook., Heliconia tortuosa Griggs ( Strong 1982a) ( Heliconiaceae ); Calathea latifolia Klotzsch, Cephaloleia lutea Schult., Heliconia catheta R. R. Smith, Heliconia irrasa R. R. Smith ( Meskins et al. 2008); Heliconia vaginalis Benth., Heliconia wagneriana Peterson ( Descampe et al. 2008); Heliconia mathiasiae G. S. Daniels and F. G. Stiles, Cephaloleia cleistantha Standl., Cephaloleia crotalifera S. Watson, Cephaloleia marantifolia Standl., Cephaloleia similis H. Kenn., Canna tuerckheimii Kraenzl. ( Cannaceae ) ( García–Robledo et al. 2013a); Costus barbatus Suess. ( Costaceae ), Goeppertia lasiophylla (H. Kenn.) Borchs. & S. Suárez, Heliconia denielsiana Kress, Heliconia densiflora B. Verl., Heliconia longiflora R. R. Sm., Heliconia rostrata Ruiz. & Pav., Heliconia stricta Huber ( Heliconiaceae ), Musa paradisiaca L. (Museceae) ( Schmitt and Frank 2013); Heliconia psittacorum Sw., Heliconia sarapiquensis G. S. Daniels and F. G. Stiles, Calathea sp., Musa velutina H. Wendl. and Drude ( Musaceae ), Ischnosiphon inflatus L. Andersson, Pleiostachya pruinosa (W. Bull. ex. Regel) K. Schum. ( Marantaceae ).

Immatures.

Color when live (Figs 27-30) is yellowish-brown with outer margins translucent; center portion reddish with some yellowish areas especially near head. Color when dead is pale-brown centrally, margins paler becoming almost transparent at edge; venter paler than dorsum. Dorsum carries a longitudinal medial setose ridge extending from anterior to posterior margin. Pronotum with central area raised, micropunctate, with dark setae on either side of medial longitudinal ridge and on basal slope; lateral areas rugose; two diagonal carinae on central raised area extending to anterior margin. Mesonotum with central raised portion with shallow v-shaped carina; laterally with sharply curved carina which extends to lateral margin. Metanotum with central portion irregularly plicate; with transverse carina extending across entire width. Abdominal tergites 1-6 slightly narrowed medially, wider at sides; with transverse carina medially of each side; spiracle near basal margin on each side just off central elevation; spiracles appear as macula with dark margin. Abdominal tergites 7-10 with surface plicate; with three carinae along margin on each side. Venter with surface of expansions punctate, rugose-striate. Head surface rugose-punctate; labrum with surface alutaceous, without setae; clypeus with fringe of long setae at apex, with four setae on apical ½, surface alutaceous; mandibles tridentate; maxillary palps with 2 palpomeres and 12 short, robust setae at apex; maxilla robust, clavate, with fringe of long setae at apex; labium densely setose. Antenna with antennomere 1 short, robust; 2 wider than 1, transverse; 3 elongate, cylindrical, subequal in length to 1 and 2 combined, with fringe of short setae at apex. Pro- and mesosterna wider than long; slightly depressed medially; surface rugose-striate. Metasternum longer than others; depressed medially; with suture along apical margin. Abdominal sternites 1-7 wider than long; decreasing in width; with three sulci on apical ½; laterally with curved sulcus dividing the sternite into thirds; sternite 8 similar to preceding but without any sulci; sterna 9-10 fused, rounded at apex. Leg: femur wider and shorter than tibiotarsus; tibiotarsus subconical, with a strong claw and eight setae at apex. Total length: 6.7 mm; width 4.3 mm. ( García–Robledo et al. 2010).

Biology.

From Strong 1977a, 1977b, 1981, 1982a, 1982b; Morrison and Strong 1981; Auerbach and Strong 1981, and García–Robledo et al. 2010. Eggs are about 2 mm long and are laid singly or in clusters of two or more on host plant petioles or rolled leaves and are covered with frass. Eggs hatch in 6.5 to 7.5 days. The larvae have two instars, the first lasting 10 to 14 days and the second, 32 to 46 days. The pupal stage lasts from 15 to 17 days. Adults live about 117 days.

Distribution.

Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama

Type material examined.

Lectotype: Type H. T. [white disk with red border]/ Chontales, Nicaragua. Janson [handwritten]/ B. C. A., Col. VI, 2. Cephaloleia belti, Baly [printed label]/ Cephaloleia belti Baly, Nicaragua [blue handwritten label]/ Lectotype Cephaloleia belti Baly Des. C. L. Staines 1993 [red label] (BMNH).

Specimens examined.

COSTA RICA: Alajuela- Bijagua, Alberge de Heliconicas, 1000-1100 m, 18 June 2000 (USNM); Caño Negro, 20 m, R.N.V.S., Caño Negro, 4-15 December 1992 (INBIO); Garita, 8 January 1995 (USNM); Río Frío, E. La Selva, Sarapiquí, June 1972, 16 July 1972 (FSCA); Río San Lorencito, 900 m, R. F. San Ramón, 5 km N de Colonia Palmareña, 13-18 June 1993 (INBIO); E. B. San Ramón, R. B. San Ramón, 27 km N and 8 km W. San Ramón, 810 m, 7 July 2000 (SEMC, USNM); Upala, 1 November 1989 (MUCR); 20 km S Upala, 16-25 September 1990, 1-5 October 1990, 13 December 1990- 9 January 1991, 10-21 May 1991, 1-11 June 1991, 21 June 1991, 1-15 July 1991, 21-31 August 1991, (BYUC); San Ramón, Angles, Reserva Biol. Alberto Brenes, 1000-1100 m (INBIO); San Ramón, Estación Eladios, 700-800 m (INBIO); Upala, Sector San Ramón de Dos Ríos, 1.5 km NW Hacienda Nueva Zelandia, 600-700 m (INBIO). Cartago- Aquiares nr. Santa Cruz, 9 km NE Turrialba, 1500 m, 16 May 1985 (EMEC); CATIE, 3 km SE Turrialba, 600 m, 16 May 1985 (EMEC); El Guarco, San Isidro, 4 km S del Cañon, 2200-2300 m (INBIO); La Palma, 30 April 1928 (USNM); Quebrada Segunda, 1200-1300 m (INBIO); Rancho Naturalista, 2 km NE Tula, 2500 ft., 15-16 June 1995 (BYUC); Río Grande de Orosí, desde La Catarata, 1500-1600 m (INBIO); 19.3 km NE San José, 17 May 1993 (SEMC); Turrialba, no further data (DEI), 13-17 March 1965 (USNM), 650 m., 4-13 August 1970 (USNM), 17 May 1979 (CMNC); 40 km NE Turrialba, 18 May 1979 (CMNC); Turrialba, Santa Teresita, Monumento Nacional Guayabo, 1100-1200 m (INBIO); IICA at Turrialba, 13 March 1965 (BYUC). Guanacaste- Est. Cacao, 1000-1400 m, Lado SO Vol. Cacao, P.N., 21-29 May 1992 (INBIO); Est. Pitilla, 700 m, 9 km S Sta. Cecilia, 1989, January 1989, 27 January- 4 February 1989, March 1989, November 1989, December 1989, March 1990, November 1990, March 1991, April 1991, May 1991, July 1991, September 1991, 4-14 November 1991, 2-19 March 1992, 31 March- 29 April 1992, May 1992, 24 August- 11 September 1992, 12 September 1992 (INBIO); Liberia, Mayorga, Estación Cacao, 2 km SW Cerro Cacao, 900-1000 m (INBIO); 3 km SE Río Naranjo, 16-29 February 1992, 15-20 October 1992, 12 June 1993 (BYUC); Río San Lorenzo, 1050 m, Tierras Morenas, R. F. Cord. Guanacaste, March 1990, April 1991, June 1991, October 1991, November 1991, January 1992, 23 March- 21 April 1992, July 1992, August 1992 (INBIO); Río Higuerón, 6 mi SE, 6 mi W Cañas, 8 February 1969 (USNM); Tilarán, 7 July 1972, 30 July 1972 (FSCA); 3 mi. W. Tilarán, 1969 (USNM). Heredia- El Angel falls, Vara Blanca area, 21 June 1969 (USNM); Los Arbolitos, 0-100 m (INBIO); Chilamate, 75 m, June-July 1989 (MUCR); Est. El Ceibo, Braulio Carillo, N.P., 400-500 m, March 1990 (INBIO); Est. Magasasay, P. N. Braulio Carillo, 200 m, January 1991 (INBIO); Est. Hitoy Cerere, 100 m, R. Cerere, Res. Biol. Hitoy Cerere, 7-26 January 1992, 19-29 April 1992, (INBIO); Est. Biol. La Selva, 150 m, 6 March 1965 (BYUC), 17 July 1973 (EMEC), 22 January 1989, April-May 1993 (MUCR), 23-30 June 2001 (USNM), 7 April 2003 (USNM), 14 June 2003 (USNM), 12 March 2005 (USNM), 13 March 2005 (USNM); 9 km E. Puerto Viejo, 14-15 July 1986 (SEMC, USNM); Finca La Selva nr. Puerto Viejo, 21-22 June 1969, 24 July 1969, 2-7 August 1969, 19 March 1973, 28 July 1989 (USNM); La Selva Biol. Sta., 2 km. S. Pt. Viejo, 3-5 June 1984 (EGRC); La Selva Biol. Sta., 3 km S Pto. Viejo, 20 July 1992; 12 km. S. Puerto Viejo, 500 ft., 23-26 September 1986 (FSCA); Rara Avis Biological Station, 5-22 November 2011 (USNM); Sendero Antigua, Est. Carillo, 8 January 1993 (INBIO); 11 km SE La Virgen, 450-550 m, 9 April 2003 (USNM); P. N. Tortuguero, Estación Sierpe, 0-100 m (INBIO); R. V. S. Barra del Colorado, Cerro Tortuguero, 0-100 m (INBIO); R. V. S. Barra del Colorado, Estación Sardinas, 0-100 m (INBIO); R. V. S. Barra del Colorado, A. C. Llanuras del Tortuguero, 0-100 m (INBIO); 11 km NE Vara Blanca, 1450-1550 m, 20 March 2005 (USNM). Limón- 4 km NE Bribri, November 1991 (USNM); Cerro Tortuguero, 0-120 m, P. N. Tortuguero, April 1989, October 1989, December 1989, January 1990, February 1990, 20 September- 7 October 1990, September 1991, June 1992, March 1993 (INBIO); Est. Cuatro Esquinas, 0 m, P. N. Tortuguero, April 1989, October 1989, November 1989, 20 September- 7 September 1990, October 1990, November 1990, December 1990, 23 April- 13 May 1991, June 1991, August 1991, November 1991, 27 March- 9 May 1992, December 1992, January 1993 (INBIO); Guacimo, 22 February 1988 (TAMU); 7 mi N Guacimo, 22 February- 3 March 1988 (BYUC); Guápiles, 30 October 1992 (MUCR); Hamburg Farm, Reventazón, 22 May 1931, 16 January 1936 (USNM), 1 January 1932, 28 January 1933, 27 January 1925 (DEI), 31 January 1931 (MUCR); Est. Hitoy Cerere, 100 m, R. Cerere, Res. Biol. Hitoy Cerere, 7-26 January 1992 (INBIO); Limón, 5 February 1989 (USNM); Puerto Vargas, 7 December 1968 (MUCR); Río Sardinas, 10 m, R.N.F.S. Barra del Colorado, September 1992, 10-14 October 1992, 11 December 1992 (INBIO); Salvadora Farm, Parismina Fluss, 19-31 December 1930 (DEI, USNM); Sector Cerro Cocorí, Fca. de E. Rojas, 150 m, May 1991, August 1991, October 1991, November 1991, January 1992, 31 January- 26 February 1992, 26 March- 24 April 1992, 28 May- 17 June 1992, 26 June- 16 July 1992, 12-31 August 1992, 10-30 September 1992, October 1992, 9-30 November 1992, January 1993, February 1993, March 1993, April 1993, May 1993 (INBIO). Puntarenas- Atam del Mogo, 50-100 m, 3 August 1993 (MUCR); Estación Biológica Las Alturas, 1400-1500 m (INBIO); Barranca nr. Puntarenas, 6 July 1972 (FSCA); Barranca site, 10 km N. Puntarenas, 17 June 1969, 11 September 1969 (USNM); 5 km S. Buenos Aires, 15 August 1969 (USNM); 25 km S. Buenos Aires, 10 August 1969 (USNM); Est. Carara, 200 m, Res. Biol. Carara, February 1990 (INBIO); Golfito, 30 October 1950 (CASC), 19 July 1972, 22 July 1981 (FSCA); Est. La Casona, 1520 m, Res. Biol. Monteverde, April 1992, September 1992 (INBIO); Est. Leonel Hernandes, 1600 m, Res. Biol. Monteverde, June 1991 (INBIO); P. N. Manuel Antonio, 80 m, Quepos, July 1991, September 1991, October 1991 August 1992, October 1992 (INBIO); Monteverde, Cordillera de Tilarán, 10 March 1991, 14 March 1991 (EGRC); Monteverde Cloud For. Res., 18-19 May 1985 (EMEC); Monteverde Reserve, 3 June 1992 (CDFA); Monteverde (EGRC), 12-24 May 1989 (SEMC); Est. Queb., Bonita, 50 m, Res. Biol. Carara, 17 March- 30 April, April 1992, May 1992, July 1992, August 1992, September 1992, 6-27 November 1992, January 1993, February 1993, March 1993, (INBIO); Rancho Quemado, 200 m, Peninsula de Osa, April 1989, October 1989, February 1991, July 1991, October 1991, November 1991, 21 March- 7 April 1992, April 1992, May 1992, 1-31 August 1992, December 1992 (INBIO); 20 km NE Puntarenas, 17 March 1965 (BYUC); Río San Lorenzo, 1050 m, Tierras Morenas, Z. P. Tenorio, 21 March- 7 April 1992 October 1992, December 1992, January 1993, February 1993 (INBIO); San Luis, 1040 m, R.B. Monteverde, 24 August- 15 September 1992, October 1992 (INBIO); San Vito Las Cruces, 20 November 1988 (INBIO); Est. Sirena, 0-100 m, P. N. Corcovado, October 1989, December 1989, January 1990, March 1990, April 1990, June 1990, September 1990, October 1990, March- June 1991, July 1991, August 1991, September 1991, November 1991, 21 March- 21 April 1992, April 1992 (INBIO); Sirena Corcovado, August 1993 (MUCR); Fca. Cafrosa, Est. Las Mellizas, P. N. Amistad, 1300 m, October 1989, November 1989, December 1989 (INBIO); Fca. Las Cruces, San Vito de Java, 27 June 1969, 11-18 August 1969 (USNM), 20 July 1972 (FSCA); F. Las Cruces, 6 mi. S. San Vito, 1200-1400 m, 21-25 August 76 (CASC); Puerto Cortes, 19 July 1972 (FSCA); 22 mi SW San Vito, 11 August 1969 (USNM); San Vito-Villa Neilly area, 13 August 1969 (USNM); Osa Peninsula, 3.5 mi. S. Rincón, 28 February- 12 March 1969 (CASC); Río Claro, sea level, 19 August 1969 (USNM); Rincón, 27 July 1972 (FSCA); 5 km S. Rincón, 20 March 1973 (SEMC); Osa Peninsula, 2.5 mi SW Rincón, 1-7 March 1967 (USNM); R. F. Golfito Dulce, 3 km SW Rincón, 10 m, October- December 1990, March- May 1991 (USNM); Río Piedras, sea level, 15 August 1969 (USNM); Sirena, Corcovado N. P., December 1989 (INBIO); 2 mi. S. Palmar Sur, 19 August 1969 (USNM); 3 mi. S. Palmar Sur, 11 August 1969 (USNM); 5 mi. S. Palmar Sur, 15 August 1969 (USNM); 1.5 mi. S. Palmar Sur, 11 August 1969 (USNM); 18 mi. S. Palmar Sur, 11 August 1969 (USNM); Jardin Botanico Las Cruces, San Vito, 1200-1300 m (INBIO); Corinto, Macacona, Esparza, 300-400 m (INBIO); A. C. L. A. P., Garabito, Reserva Biol Carara, Est Quebrada Bonita, 0-100 m (INBIO); A. C. P. C., Garabito, Tarcoles, Estación Quebrada Bonita, 100-200 m (INBIO); P. N. Piedras Blancas, Estación Esquinas, Peninsula de Osa, 0-100 m (INBIO); Río Bonito, 1.4 km O Cerro Gamba, 200-300 m (INBIO); Pque Nal Corcovado, Est Sirena, Osa Peninsula, 0-100 m (INBIO); Cerro La Torre, Fca La Purruja, Rila Matahambre, 100-200 m (INBIO); Golfito, Jiménez, Albergue Cerro de Oro, 100-200 m (INBIO); A. C. O. Golfito, Reserva Ftal Golfito Dulce, Est Agujas, 200-300 m (INBIO); Cerro Anguciana, Llano Bonito, Piedras Blancas, en Osa, 800-900 m (INBIO); Osa, Sierpe, 0.2 km NW Estación Esquinas, 0-100 m (INBIO); Guerra, Peninsula de Osa, 0-100 m (INBIO); Dos Brazos del Río Rincón, 0-100 m (INBIO); Est San Miguel, 3 km NW Cabo Blanco, 100-200 m (INBIO); Guacimal, Finca Buen Amigo Monteverde, 4 km S de la Reserva, 1000-1100 (INBIO). San José- San Isidro, 9 mi S, 31 December 1988 (BYUC); 12 mi. N San Isidro del General, 26 June 1969 (USNM); 7 mi. S. San Isidro del General, 26 June 1969 (USNM); San José (USNM); Pque Nal Braulio Carrillo, 1600-1700 m (INBIO); Perez Zeledón, Santa Elena Las Nubes, 1200-1300 m (IN BIO); R. B. Carara, 2 km N Bijagual, 200-300 m (INBIO); Est. Bijagual, 600 m N Bijagualito, 400-500 m (INBIO); Estación Bijagual, 1.5 km N Bijagual, 400-500 m (INBIO). GUATEMALA: Santa Roca- Escuintla, Finca Caobamal, 17 km W Taxisco, 150 m, 23 June 1993 (CMNC). Honduras: Yoro- PN PicoPijo, 13 May 2002 (USNM). MEXICO: Veracruz- Peñuela, 11 July 1941 (FMNH). NICARAGUA: Granda- Res. Nac. Volcán Mombacho, 1150 m, 2-VI-2002 (SEMC, USNM). Jinotega- Peñas Blancas, 1300 m, 25 July 1997 (USNM). Malagualpa- 6 km N Malagualpa, 1350 m, 19 May 2002 (SEMC, USNM). Río San Juan- 16 km ESE El Castillo, Refugio Bartola, 23 April– 10 May 1999 (USNM); San Juan del Norte, 26-29 September 2005 (BYUC). PANAMA: Chiriquí- Galera de Chorcha, 3 July 1976 (EGRC). Panamá- Ancón, 19-21 August 1970 (USNM). Total: 2143.