Pleopeltis macrocarpa (Bory ex Willd.) Kaulfuss (1820: 41)

Souza, Filipe Soares De & Salino, Alexandre, 2021, Pleopeltis (Polypodiaceae) in Brazil, Phytotaxa 512 (4), pp. 213-256 : 234-235

11. Pleopeltis macrocarpa (Bory ex Willd.) Kaulfuss (1820: 41) . Figs. 8H–R , 15B , 17F , 18D . Polypodium macrocarpum Bory ex Willdenow (1810: 147) . Type :— LA RÉUNION: “Mascareigne, regions inferieures”, Bory s.n. (holotype: B! image, isotype: P)

Plants epiphytic, epipetric or terrestrial. Rhizomes long-creeping, with scales lanceolate, blackish, base rounded with a blackish point of attachment, apex acuminate, margin hyaline to stramineous and erose; fronds monomorphic, 3–27 × 0.63 cm, petiolate, petioles short to long, terete to triangular, 0.4–6 cm long, without wings, scaly; laminae 2–20 cm long, simple, lanceolate to elliptic, base attenuate to cuneate, apex acute to acuminate, margin entire to revolute, laevigate to slowly repand, scaly on the both surfaces; rachises terete, glabrescent; venation anastomosing; frond scales lanceolate to ovate and brown to stramineous, rarely hyaline or widely-elliptic to rounded and dark brown (those of sori), base rounded with a dark brown to blackish point of attachment, apex acuminate, margin hyaline or brown and entire to erose or laciniate; sori rounded to elliptic, medial, covered by scales; spores verrucate with very sparse globules.

Selected specimens examined: — BRAZIL. Acre: Sena Madureira, Floresta Estadual do Antimary , 19 August 2016, D.S. Costa 969 ( RB) ; Alagoas: São José da Lage, Sede da Usina Serra Grande , 19 December 2000, M.R. Pietrobom 4673 ( SP) ; Bahia: Abaíra, Mata da Furquilha , 14 April 1999, R.C. Forzza 1218 ( BHCB) ; Quijingue , Serra das Candeias, 3 August 2010, D. Cardoso 3023 ( HUEFS) ; Ceará: Maranguape, Serra da Pirapora , 9 August 2011, T.E. Almeida 3051 ( BHCB) ; Pacatuba, Serra de Pacatuba , 22 July 1997, M. Almeida-Neto 206 ( SJRP) . Espírito Santo: Castelo, Parque Estadual Forno Grande , 25 June 2008, A. Salino 13534 ( BHCB) ; Domingos Martins, Parque Estadual da Pedra Azul , 5 December 2008, A. Salino 14106 ( BHCB) ; Ibitirama, Parque Nacional do Caparaó , 11 September 2008, A. Salino 13788 ( BHCB) ; Santa Maria de Jetibá, Pedra do Garrafão , 19 November 2015, I.O. Moura 83 ( BHCB) ; Santa Teresa, Santo Henrique , 3 February 2011, F.S. Souza 1325 ( BHCB) ; São Paulo do Aracê, no entorno do Parque Estadual da Pedra Azul , 29 September 2016, I.O. Moura 166 ( BHCB) . Mato Grosso: 10 November 1977, B.C. Passos 1186 ( RB) . Minas Gerais: Alagoa, Parque Estadual da Serra do Papagaio , 11 December 2007, A. Salino 12923 ( BHCB) ; Alto Caparaó, Parque Nacional do Caparaó , 29 November 2010, F.S. Souza 1175 ( BHCB) ; Alto Jequitibá , 3 December 2010, F.S. Souza 1271 ( BHCB) ; Araponga, Parque Estadual Serra do Brigadeiro , 26 May 2000, A. Salino 5493 ( BHCB, CESJ) ; Barroso, Mata do Baú , 21 October 2001, L.C.S. Assis 343 ( CESJ) ; Brazópolis , Pico dos Dias, 24 March 2009, L.L. Giacomin 797 ( BHCB) ; Bueno Brandão , 18 July 2007, A. Salino 12757 ( BHCB) ; Caeté, Serra da Piedade , 27 October 1987, M.M.N. Braga 149 ( BHCB) ; Caldas, Pocinhos do Rio Verde , 6 December 2008, M.G. Rezende 264 ( CESJ) ; Camanducaia, Matão , 8 December 2000, L.C.N. Melo 57 ( BHCB, CESJ) ; Carangola, Córrego Água Limpa , 4 October 1987, L.S. Leoni 34 ( CESJ) ; Carrancas, Serra de Carrancas , 18 June 2007, A. Salino 12248 ( BHCB) ; Catas Altas, RPPN Santuário do Caraça , 20 August 2013, T.E. Almeida 3335 ( BHCB) ; Conceição do Mato Dentro, Parque Natural Municipal do Ribeirão do Campo , 1 August 2002, R.C. Mota 1554 ( BHCB) ; Delfim Moreira , 1 November 2008, T.E. Almeida 1650 ( BHCB) ; Descoberto, Serra do Relógio , 31 October 2009, F.S. Souza 769 ( BHCB, CESJ) ; Espera Feliz, Parque Nacional do Caparaó , 1 December 2010, F.S. Souza 1221 ( BHCB) ; Felício do Santos, APA Felício , 1 November 2004, A. Salino 9989 ( BHCB) ; Gonçalves , 28 October 2008, T.E. Almeida 1506 ( BHCB) ; Ibitirama, Parque Nacional do Caparaó , 30 November 2010, F.S. Souza 1197 ( BHCB) ; Itabirito, Serra de Capanema , 4 June 2007, F.F. Carmo 645 ( BHCB) ; Itamarandiba, Parque Estadual da Serra Negra , 4 July 2006, A. Salino 11274 ( BHCB) ; Itamonte, Parque Nacional do Itatiaia , 10 July 2007, A. Salino 12373 ( BHCB) ; Jequitinhonha, Reserva Biológica da Mata Escura , 25 March 2008, A. Salino 13142 ( BHCB) ; Liberdade , 15 February 2009, T.E. Almeida 1823 ( BHCB) ; Lima Duarte, Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca , 21 June 2007, T.E. Almeida 1212 ( BHCB) ; Moeda, Marinho da Serra , 2 February 2009, F.F. Carmo 4217 ( BHCB) ; Monte Verde , 20 August 2001, L.C.N. Melo 149 ( BHCB) ; Nova Lima , RPPN de Tumbá, 16 April 2004, J.B. Figueiredo 345 ( BHCB) ; Olaria, Serra do Cruz , 23 June 2011, F.E. Alves 119 ( CESJ) ; Ouro Preto , 1933, J. Badini 69 ( BHCB, OUPR) ; Paraisópolis, Parque Ecológico do Brejo Grande. , 31 October 2008, T.E. Almeida 1601 ( BHCB) ; Passa-Vinte , 14 February 2009, T.E. Almeida 1793 ( BHCB) ; Rio Acima, Serra de Gandarela , 13 November 2007, F.F. Carmo 1383 ( BHCB) ; Rio Pardo de Minas, Parque Estadual da Serra Nova , 26 March 2012, J.M. Costa 1132 ( BHCB) ; Rio Preto, Serra Negra, Fazenda Tiririca , 13 November 2004, F.S. Souza 01 ( CESJ) ; Santa Bárbara, RPPN Capivari , 1 April 2009, A.J. Arruda 116 ( BHCB) ; Santa Maria do Salto, Distrito de Talismã , 7 March 2004, A. Salino 9454 ( BHCB) ; Santo Antônio do Itambé, Parque Estadual do Pico do Itambé , 5 October 2006, T.E. Almeida 532 ( BHCB) ; Simonésia, RPPN Mata do Sossego , 20 May 2006, A. Salino 11043 ( BHCB) ; São Gonçalo do Rio Preto, Parque Estadual do Rio Preto , 7 December 2003, A. Salino 9328 ( BHCB, CESJ) . Paraná: Serra do Mar , 12 October 1998, A. Salino 4385 ( BHCB) ; Carambeí , 20 March 2013, C. Michelon 1834 ( BHCB) ; Pará : Canaã dos Carajás, 8 December 2007, N.F.O. Mota 1120 ( BHCB) . Paraíba: Areia, Campus da Escola de Agronomia Nordeste , 28 June 1986, I.C. Oliveira 6830 ( SJRP) . Pernambuco: Jaqueira, Serra do Espelho , 1 April 2012, L.L. Giacomim 1797 ( BHCB) . Rio de Janeiro: Itatiaia, Parque Nacional do Itatiaia , 20 May 1999, K.T. Ribeiro 176 ( RB) ; Nova Friburgo, Macaé de Cima , 8 November 2010, C.N. Fraga 3232 ( BHCB) ; Rio de Janeiro, s.d., A.F.M. Glaziou 1735 ( RB) ; Santa Maria Madalena, Parque Estadual do Desengano , 20 December 1988, M. Moraes 304 ( RB) ; Teresópolis, Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos , Trilha da Pedra do Sino , 23 August 2010, R.A. Engelmann 912 ( RB) . Rio Grande do Sul: Cambará do Sul , 09 November 2006, P.B. Schwartsburd 1155 ( UPCB) ; Canela, 25 June 1989, G. Grazziotin s.n. (NY 671837); São José dos Ausentes , 06 April 2011, J.L. Schmitt 3167 ( FURB) . Santa Catarina: Bom Retiro, Serra do Panelão , 2 May 2008, A.L. Gasper 1751 ( BHCB, FURB) ; Joinvile, Parque de Exposições , 13 February 2012, R.W. Barreto 1662 ( VIC) ; Leoberto Leal , 28 April 2009, S. Dreveck 869 ( BHCB, FURB) ; Painel , 3 April 2007, A. Salino 11945 ( BHCB) ; Papanduva , 24 June 2008, A.L. Gasper 1822 ( BHCB, FURB) ; Rio do Sul, Mirador , 10 December 2009, A. Korte 1470 ( BHCB, FURB) ; São Paulo: Atibaia, Pedra Grande , 7 June 1993, A. Salino 1756 ( BHCB) ; Bananal, Estação Ecológica do Bananal , 8 March 2001, A. Salino 6280 ( BHCB, CESJ) ; Campos do Jordão, Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão , 9 June 1992, A. Salino 1421 ( BHCB) ; Cunha, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar , 15 December 1996, A. Salino 2865 ( BHCB) ; Pindamonhangaba, Represa Izabel , 3 June 1984, R.F. Novelino 205 ( CESJ) ; Ribeirão Grande, Parque Estadual Intervales , 15 April 2003, A. Salino 8427 ( BHCB, CESJ) ; São José do Barreiro, Parque Nacional da Serra da Bocaína , 2 May 2011, L.L. Giacomim 1574 ( BHCB) ; São Luiz do Paraitinga, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar , 9 August 2001, A. Salino 7405 ( BHCB) ; Ubatuba , 12 July 1999, V.A.O. Dittrich 632 ( BHCB) . Sergipe: Lagarto, Mata de Doutor João , 13 July 2008, J.E. Nascimento- Júnior 351 ( ASE) ; Riachão do Dantas , 09 August 1982, G. Viana 604 ( ASE) .

Distribution and habitat: —Occurs in Africa, India, Madagascar, Sri-Lanka, Antilles, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama, Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela. In Brazil, P. macrocarpa is widely distributed, occurring in all vegetation domains and states ( Fig. 10B ), between 0–2600 m.

Notes: —This species is easily recognized by its lanceolate lamina, long, cylindrical, glabrous to glabrescent petiole, sori depressions on the adaxial surface of the lamina, and sori with large peltate scales that are blackish at the point of attachment and with hyaline margins ( Fig. 18D ).

Pleopeltis macrocarpa is one of the few species of the genus that occurs outside the Neotropics (Africa and Asia). The species exhibits great morphological variation and there are numerous varieties throughout its distribution. We decided not to discuss the varieties (and possible hybrids) because they need to be studied in more detail to correctly delimit and describe them.

Figures

FIGURE 8.A–G. Pleopeltis lepidopteris. A. Habit; B. Rhizome scale; C.Adaxial rachis scale; D.Abaxial rachis scale; E.Adaxial laminar scale; F.Abaxial laminar scale; G. Sorus scale. H–R.P. macrocarpa. H. Habit.I. Rhizome scale; J. Petiole scale; K–L.Adaxial rachis scale; M–N.Abaxial rachis scale; O. Adaxial laminar scale; P–Q. Abaxial laminar scale; R. Sorus scale.

FIGURE 10. Distribution of four species of Pleopeltis in Brazil. A. P. lepidopteris; B. P. macrocarpa; C. P. minarum; D. P. minima.

FIGURE 15. Spores of nine species of Pleopeltis from Brazil. A. P. lepidopteris; B. P. macrocarpa; C. P. minarum; D. P. minima; E. P. monoides; F. P. pleopeltidis; G. P. pleopeltifolia; H. P. stolzei; I. P. trindadensis. Scale bar = 20 mm

FIGURE 17. Rhizome scales of seven species of Pleopeltis from Brazil. A. P. burchelii, rhizome; B. P. minima, rhizome; C. P. gyroflexa; D. P. stolzei; E. P. minima; F. P. macrocarpa; G. P. bombycina; H. P. monoides; I. P. stolzei; J. P. burchelii.

FIGURE 18. Venation and sori of four species of Pleopeltis from Brazil. A. P. desvauxii, anastomosing veins; B. P. furcata, free veins; C. P. hirsutissima, two sori surrounded by scales; D. P. macrocarpa, sorus covered by peltate scales; E. P. astrolepis, sorus covered by peltate scales; F. P. desvauxii, linear marginal sori; G. P. hirsutissima, immature sorus covered by peltate scales; H. P. hirsutissima, mature sorus surrounded by peltate scales.