Megalostomis Chevrolat, 1836

Agrain, Federico A., 2013, A taxonomic review of the genus Megalostomis Chevrolat (Coleoptera, Cryptocephalinae, Chrysomelidae), Zootaxa 3748 (1), pp. 1-109 : 12-100

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.3748.1.1

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scientific name

Megalostomis Chevrolat, 1836
status

 

Megalostomis Chevrolat, 1836 View in CoL

Megalostomis Chevrolat 1836: 416 View in CoL ; Lacordaire 1848: 519; Blanchard in Gay 1851: 534; Chapuis 1874: 135; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3294; Jacoby 1876: 809, 1880: 29; Horn 1892: 10; Jacoby and Clavareau 1906: 58; Clavareau 1913: 74; Bruch 1914: 348; Guérin 1943b: 9; Monrós 1953a: 61, 1953b: 46; Moldenke 1970: 14, 1981: 99.

Megalostomis (Megalostomis) Chevrolat 1836: 416 ; Lacordaire 1848: 534; Chapuis 1874: 137; Jacoby and Clavareau 1906: 59; Guérin 1943b: 15; Monrós 1953a: 71; Moldenke 1970: 19, 1981: 100.

Megalostomis (Minturnia) Lacordaire 1848: 520 ; Chapuis 1874: 136; Jacoby and Clavareau 1906: 60; Guérin 1943b: 11; Monrós 1953a: 62; Moldenke 1970: 19, 1981: 100; Agrain and Roig-Juñent 2011 (SYN).

Megalostomis (Heterostomis) Lacordaire 1848: 554 ; Chapuis 1874: 138; Jacoby and Clavareau 1906: 60; Guérin 1943b: 27; Monrós 1953a: 78; Agrain and Roig-Juñent 2011 (SYN).

Megalostomis (Scaphigenia) Lacordaire 1848: 547 ; Chapuis 1874: 137; Jacoby and Clavareau 1906: 60; Clavareau 1913: 75; Achard 1926: 148; Guérin 1943b: 24; Monrós 1953a: 88; Seeno and Wilcox 1982: 33; Agrain et al. 2007: 340; Agrain and Roig-Juñent 2011 (SYN).

Megalostomis (Pygidiocarina) Moldenke 1970: 26, 1981: 83 ; Agrain and Roig-Juñent 2011 (SYN).

Megalostomis (Coleobyersa) Moldenke 1981: 101 ; Agrain and Roig-Juñent 2011 (SYN).

Megalostomis (Snellingia) Moldenke 1981: 101 ; Agrain and Roig-Juñent 2011 (SYN).

Type species. Clythra boopis ( Germar 1824) [= Megalostomis grossa ( Forsberg 1821) ], by subsequent designation ( Monrós 1953b: 46).

Notes: Although Monrós (1953a,b) correctly assigned the authorship of the genus to Chevrolat (Chevrolat in Dejean 1836), based on "conclusion 13" of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (Bull. Zool. Nomen. 4: 78–80), Guérin and Moldenke continued to attribute Megalostomis View in CoL to Lacordaire, perhaps because they thought that new generic names in Dejean’s catalogs were nomina nuda, due to the fact that they did not include a description. However, according to the ICZN (Article 12.2.5), these generic names are valid when accompanied with one or more available species names as Chevrolat did in Dejean’s catalog (1836). So, althouth Dejean`s species names are nomina nuda, the presence of some valid species names in his catalogues (eg. previously described by Germar 1824) clearly indicates that authorship of the genus name belongs to Chevrolat in Dejean 1836.

This genus is moderately speciose in the Neotropical and Nearctic regions, from northern USA to central Argentina. Its diversity is highest in the xeric regions of the Neotropics. The distribution of Megalostomis View in CoL includes North (to southernmost USA), Central and South America, especially in xeric temperate or subtropical zones. This revision is the first to include all species and based on cladistic principles ( Agrain and Roig-Juñent 2011). Among the species of Megalostomis View in CoL , the head and thorax are highly variable. Characters especially worthy of study are: presence of a carina in the inter-ocular area, development of apical teeth, clypeus sculpture, structure of head appendages, and the degree of retraction of the head inside the prothorax. The thorax may be strongly constricted, which is present in those species showing hypertrophy of the head and mouthparts. The elytra are variable, the most distinctive characters are the coloration pattern and the arrangement of the elytral punctation. The abdomen and legs are not especially useful for the recognition of species groups. The pygidium may present distinct sculpturation patterns. All species re-descriptions and illustrations are ordered as they appear in the cladistic analysis by Agrain and Roig-Juñent (2011).

Diagnosis. Body length: 6–18 mm, width 4–10 mm. This genus is supported by two synapomorphies ( Agrain and Roig-Juñent 2011): eyes strongly emarginate, and dorsal plate of aedeagus with straight margin.

Male

Coloration pattern: head black, some specimens with dark reddish frontal stripe; palpi black; antennae black, or with antennomeres 1–3 brown, the rest black; tibiae reddish (black at base), some species completely black or reddish; elytral coloration highly variable: uniform black or metallic, or exhibiting several distinct patterns, including brown, fulvous, and yellow, and metallic reflections as patches or bands; thorax black to dark red, some species with distinct coloration pattern. Head: moderate to large, partially or strongly recessed into pronotum; mouthparts vary from short and not easily visible, to large and asymmetric; male head can exhibit conspicuous auricular projections; mentum excavated in anterior region, longer than wide, narrowed at middle of anterior region, carinated on median line, with lateral margins more or less angular in the middle; clypeus with different sculpturation patterns, strongly excavated, concave, straight or toothed; lacinia bilobed, slightly sclerotized; maxilla long; palpi slender; eyes strongly angularly emarginate, with posterolateral eye stalks from inconspicuous to hypertrophied. Antennae: robust; length not surpassing the middle of prothorax; serrated; each with 11 antennomeres; antennomere modifications starting from the fourth antennomere; fourth antennomere usually serrate; last antennomere may present lateral excavations. Legs: usually short and stout; with equal pubescence in all segments, except the mesal surfaces of the femora which are glabrous; lateral tibial margins carinate to variable degrees; M. femorata hind femora with single tooth not present in any other species; claws simple. Thorax: pronotum usually slightly wider than head, narrower than elytral basal area, with rounded margins; pronotal punctation variable, usually thin and diffuse; pronotum sometimes with lateral marks or impressions where punctuation becomes interrupted; pronotal margin simple, hind angles distinct or rounded; procoxae globose; prosternum wide; mesosternum narrow; pubescence generally sparse or limited to lateral margins; lateral margin of prothorax without antennal groove; pronotum transverse, convex; scutellum not inclined, level with plane of elytra; tarsal claws simple. Elytra: sub-rectangular; rigid, usually with weakly developed postbasal lobe; usually with thin and coarse punctuation in most species, sometimes seriate; humeral carina varying in shape; pubescence from glabrous to dense, sometimes concealing coloration pattern of cuticle; epipleural fold round, weakly produced. Abdomen: sternites 6 and 7 fused, with different degrees of pubescence. Pygidium: generally posses a transverse subapical carina, a medial longitudinal carina in some species, and sometimes none, its pubescence is also variable. Male genitalia: dorsal plate of aedeagus with straight margin. Tegmen sclerotized, thin and Y-shaped; lateral arms of median lobe may possess a variable number of setae, set in different positions. In ventral view, median lobe subquadrangular at apex, truncate, with small setae in its interior. Internal sac bearing several distinct sclerites, between apex of aedeagus proper and sperm transfer structure; sperm transfer structure generally bell-shaped.

Female

Except for those (male exclusive) dimorphic characters previously mentioned, the following anatomical differences for female specimens apply to all species.

Head: Head, relatively smaller than male (except in species with reduced sexual dimorphism); female eyes occasionally larger than conspecific male; mandibles compact and short, lacking teeth or horns; labrum short; mentum short, smooth; auricular projections absent. Antennae: same as males, usually slightly shorter, with smaller antennomeres. Thorax: pronotum often with sides slightly more curved than male. Abdomen: sternites same as male, with fifth sternite excavate as part of the egg dimple. Pygidium: with apical excavation, associated apical transverse depressed area on the pygidium relatively marked. Spermathecal capsule: pale yellowishbrown, distal region (cornu) more than 2x the size of proximal region (nodulus), usually well sclerotized and smooth, short and globosus. Rectal sclerites: two ventral sclerites always present, with rounded borders at internal margin, external margins axe-shaped, central lobe can bear apodemes; dorsal apodemes present; central dorsal sclerite variable among species; lateral and apical sclerites present in some species. Ovipositor: with no particularities, variations scarce within species limited to degree of sclerotization. Tergite 8, with variable degree of sclerotization.

Key to the species of Megalostomis View in CoL

(Figure number refers to the plate in Appendix 2, the number between brackets refers to species redescription)

1 Dorsum coloration not metallic, or with partial metallic reflections only.......................................... 2

- Dorsum coloration entirely metallic...................................................................... 40

2 Clypeus distinctly v-emarginate; pygidium with apical glabrous areas; male mandibles long and asymmetric, without apical teeth................................................................................................ 3

- Clypeus straight or concave, never v-emarginate; pygidium without apical glabrous areas; male mandibles variously developed, when hypertrophied they generally have apical teeth..................................................... 4

3 Pronotum black with an apical reddish band which can be entire or interrupted in the middle, glabrous; legs black.................................................................................... M. lacordairei | [3], (Ap.2. Fig.1 View FIGURE 1 )

- Pronotum almost completely reddish delimited by a narrow black anterior and posterior margin; lateral margins of pronotum pubescent; legs reddish........................................................... M. analis | [2], (Ap.2. Fig.2 View FIGURE 2 )

4 Pygidium without tooth or longitudinal carina; relative distance between eyes variable (usually wider than eye height), usually with longitudinal carina in inter-ocular area................................................................. 5

- Pygidium with tooth or longitudinal carina; relative distance between the eyes as wide as eye height; always without longitudinal carina in the inter-ocular area........................................................................ 33

5 Mandibles with apical teeth; clypeus with central tooth; pronotum may have a strong transverse constriction where punctation is interrupted (species with strong sexual dimorphism manifested in male head appendages)........................... 6

- Mandibles without apical teeth; clypeus without central tooth; pronotum without transverse constriction, punctation uniform (species with slight sexual dimorphism)................................................................... 11

6 Pronotum with deep transverse constriction on each side, or at least without punctation in the paramedial region.......... 7

- Pronotum without transverse constrictions, convex; punctation uniform on entirety of surface......................... 9

7 Elytra with black basal patch; elytral apex reddish; male right mandible with simple sheet turned up from its base..................................................................................... M. religiosa | [29], (Ap.2. Fig.3 View FIGURE 3 )

- Elytral apex black; male mandible with strong tooth turned up and inside......................................... 8

8 Male auricular projections, with large coarse punctation in the external margin; inferior right tooth salient upon mandibular occlusion.................................................................... M. kollari | [28], (Ap.2. Fig.4 View FIGURE 4 )

- Male auricular projections smaller; perfect mandibular occlusion....................... M. tricincta | [30], (Ap.2. Fig.5 View FIGURE 5 )

9 Pronotum reddish; elytral apex reddish, rarely black; male auricular appendix short, almost as long as width of its base; male mandibles with long, sharp tooth, the right mandible larger than the left mandible; right and left mandible horn-like, crossed upon mandibular occlusion...................................................... M. gazella | [26], (Ap.2. Fig.6 View FIGURE 6 )

- Pronotum black; elytral apex black; male auricular appendix long, much longer than the width of its base............... 10

10 Pronotum and auricular appendix with thin pubescence; male clypeus divided by a medial longitudinal carina; male mandibles with an asymmetric and rounded tooth, the left mandible larger and up-curved; right tooth of the male mandibles smaller (transverse or down-turned).................................................... M. cornuta | [27], (Ap.2. Fig.7 View FIGURE 7 )

- Pubescence of pronotum limited to the margins and the base; auricular appendix glabrous and with marked punctuation; male clypeus without medial longitudinal carina; male mandibles with short and symmetrical teeth.................................................................................................... M. consimilis | [31], (Ap.2. Fig.8 View FIGURE 8 )

11 Elytra with distinctly defined black and reddish or yellow bands............................................... 12

- Elytra without distinct bands, mostly unicolored............................................................ 19

12 Pronotum not uniformly colored......................................................................... 13

- Pronotum uniformly colored............................................................................ 14

13 Pronotum sub-rectangular, with two apical reddish patches, that may be fused; elytra with two sub-apical and two sub-basal reddish round patches, separated by the black background; large species (usually larger than 10 mm)................................................................................................. M. grossa | [16], (Ap.2. Fig.9 View FIGURE 9 )

- Pronotum sub-triangular, with one central black patch, the rest reddish; elytra with two subapical and two sub-basal reddish patches, the black stripes are 45º inclined toward internal margin forming a black “v” from the apex to the apical third of the elytra; small species (less than 7.5 mm)......................................... M. robustipes | [1], (Ap.2. Fig.10 View FIGURE 10 )

14 Large male mandibles; elytral puncturation disordered, not aligned; anterior margin of male clypeus straight; presence of a simple infra-ocular projection (species with distinct sexual dimorphism)......................................... 15

- Mandibles similar in both sexes; elytral puncturation arranged in several subparallel lines; anterior margin of male clypeus distinctly concave; without infra-ocular projection (species with only slight sexual dimorphism)........................ 16

15 Pronotum black; body length more than 15 mm; frons with submedial depressions; eye stalk normal.................................................................................................. M. gigas | [24], (Ap.2. Fig.11 View FIGURE 11 )

- Pronotum reddish; body length less than 15 mm; frons without submedial depressions; eye stalk hypertrophied........................................................................................ M. obesa | [12], (Ap.2. Fig.12 View FIGURE 12 )

16 With longitudinal carina in the inter-ocular area; frons glabrous; pronotum subconical; left tooth larger................. 17

- Without longitudinal carina in the inter-ocular area; frons with diffuse pilosity; pronotum subquadrate; opposing teeth similar in length.................................................................... M. querula | [4], (Ap.2. Fig.13 View FIGURE 13 )

17 Fourth antennomere serrate; frons with submedial depressions................................................. 18

- Fourth antennomere not serrate; frons without medial depressions.................... M. flavocincta | [7], (Ap.2. Fig.14 View FIGURE 14 ) 18 Elytra black with two straight transverse reddish bands; pronotum transverse and pilose.. M. anachoreta | [18], (Ap.2. Fig.15 View FIGURE 15 )

- Elytra orange, with one medial black band thicker in the median region of each elytron; pronotum wider at base and glabrous............................................................................ M. univittata [5], (Ap.2. Fig.16 View FIGURE 16 )

19 Elytra mostly black................................................................................... 20

- Elytra mostly brown or fulvous.......................................................................... 21

20 Clypeus distinctly transverse, with frontal furrow beside the eyes; last antennomere with two excavations.......................................................................................... M. luctuosa | [11], (Ap.2. Fig.17 View FIGURE 17 )

- Clypeus not distinctly transverse, without frontal furrow beside the eyes; last antennomere with one excavation..................................................................................... M. platyceros | [13], (Ap.2. Fig.18 View FIGURE 18 )

21 Margin of clypeus concave (sexual dimorphism reduced)..................................................... 22

- Margin of clypeus straight (strong sexual dimorphism)....................................................... 26

22 Eye stalk absent; scutellum pilosity complete............................................................... 23

- Eye stalk present; scutellum pilosity sparse usually limited to the margins........................................ 24

23 Fourth antennomere serrate; without frontal furrow beside the eyes; elytra entirely light brown (yellowish)........................................................................................ M. flavipennis | [19], (Ap.2. Fig.19 View FIGURE 19 )

- Fourth antennomere not serrate, frontal furrow beside the eyes present; elytra brown with its margins surrounded by a thin black line, thicker at the base................................................... M. basilaris | [9], (Ap.2. Fig.20 View FIGURE 20 )

24 Lateral margins of pronotum visible from above; clypeus not distinctly transverse; elytra light brown with two distinct black dots, one on the humeral callus and another in the median region of each elytron.... M. chalybeosoma | [20], (Ap.2. Fig.21 View FIGURE 21 )

- Lateral margins of pronotum not visible from above; clypeus distinctly transverse; elytra brown with other coloration pattern. ................................................................................................... 25

25 Frons glabrous; frontal furrow beside the eyes delimited by a slight carina; pronotal pubescence limited to the lateral margins; elytral base black, this color may be extended through the sutural margin of the elytra, forming a central patch................................................................................. M. sergius sp. nov. | [17], (Ap.2. Fig.22 View FIGURE 22 )

- Frons pilose; frontal furrow beside the eyes delimited by a strongly marked carina; pronotal pubescence absent; elytral mainly brown, with some isolated black small patches, not forming any particular pattern......... M. pardalis | [6], (Ap.2. Fig.23 View FIGURE 23 )

26 Frons and pronotum glabrous........................................................................... 27

- Frons with diffuse pilosity; pronotum pubescence limited to the lateral margins................................... 29

27 Pronotum black; without infra-ocular projection; elytra mostly unicolored or with isolated patches; last antennomere with two excavations; both teeth the same length................................................................... 28

- Pronotum reddish; with simple infra-ocular projection; elytra with two distinct transverse black bands, one at the base and another in the median region; last antennomere regular; left tooth larger........ M. interruptofasciata | [15], (Ap.2. Fig.24 View FIGURE 24 )

28 Elytra uniformly brown, with thin black margins; without pubescence; fourth antennomere not serrate; eye stalk absent.......................................................................... M. eiderae sp. nov. | [14], (Ap.2. Fig.25 View FIGURE 25 )

- Elytra with black dot in the median region and dispersed pilosity; fourth antennomere serrate; eye stalk hypertrophied.................................................................................. M. grandis | [21], (Ap.2. Fig.26 View FIGURE 26 )

29 Antennae not uniformly colored (first antennomeres brown); pronotum not uniformly colored........................ 30

- Antennae uniformly black; pronotum uniformly colored...................................................... 31

30 Pronotum fulvous with central black triangle-shaped patch; elytra mostly fulvous with black humeral spot.. M. monrosi | [41]

- Pronotum fulvous with basal and apical margins black; elytral base and sutural margin black, with black patch in the median region................................................................................. M. subnitida | [42]

31 Strong frontal carina beside the eyes; clypeus centrally protruded; scutellum pilose; elytra uniformly colored orange-brown........................................................................... M. dynamica | [25], (Ap.2. Fig.27 View FIGURE 27 )

- Slight frontal carina beside the eyes; clypeus not centrally protruded; scutellum glabrous; elytra not uniformly orange-brown. ................................................................................................... 32

32 Elytra with black band in the median region; pronotum black; eye stalk normal; left tooth larger................................................................................................. M. unicincta | [22], (Ap.2. Fig.28 View FIGURE 28 )

- Elytra uniformly colored; pronotum reddish; eye stalk hypertrophied; both teeth the same size M. placida | [23], (Ap.2. Fig.29 View FIGURE 29 )

33 Head slightly concealed inside pronotum (never beyond eye margin)............................................ 34

- Head strongly concealed inside pronotum (beyond eye margin)................................................ 38

34 Elytra glabrous, lustrous and with metallic green reflections.......................... M. pyropiga | [32], (Ap.2. Fig.33 View FIGURE 33 )

- Elytra opaque, pubescent and without metallic green reflections................................................ 35

35 Frons pilosity diffuse; fourth antennomere serrate; distance between the eyes wider than eye height; eyes rounded; pronotal disc completely pilose.......................................................... M. vianai | [35], (Ap.2. Fig.34 View FIGURE 34 )

- Frons pilosity mostly around the eyes; fourth antennomere not serrate; distance between the eyes narrower than eye maximum height; eyes distinctly ovoid (4x longer than wide), occupying the majority of the head; pronotal disc glabrous................................................................................... M. microcephala | [33], (Ap.2. Fig.35 View FIGURE 35 )

36 Hind femora with very large subapical tooth..................................... M. femorata | [38], (Ap.2. Fig.36 View FIGURE 36 )

- Hind femora without tooth-like projection................................................................. 37

37 Pygidium with robust tooth distinctly projecting posteriorly; sexes extremely dimorphic, males with huge jaws and a pronotum which is as wide apically as the elytra are basally.................................. M. notabilis | [40], (Ap.2. Fig.37 View FIGURE 37 )

- Pygidium midline thin (weakly developed), never distinctly projecting posteriorly................................. 42

40 Dorsum uniformly colored............................................................................. 41

- Dorsum with distinct transverse bands; base of elytra iridescent purple or bronze........ M. splendida | [34], (Ap.2. Fig.30 View FIGURE 30 )

41 Elytra metallic blue; all antennomeres black; eyes stalk absent; anterior margin of male clypeus almost straight............

.......................................................................... M. coerulea | [10], (Ap.2. Fig.31 View FIGURE 31 ) - Elytra metallic green; first four antennomeres brown, the rest black; eyes stalk present; anterior margin of male clypeus distinctly concave............................................................... M. viridana | [8], (Ap.2. Fig.32 View FIGURE 32 ) 42 Pygidium with large central diamond-shaped glabrous area........................... M. fulvipes | [39], (Ap.2. Fig.38 View FIGURE 38 ) - Pygidium with narrow glabrous midline (not raised distinctly)................................................. 43 43 Eyes rounded; shape of head in males as long as wide; body robust................... M. dimidiata | [37], (Ap.2. Fig.39 View FIGURE 39 ) - Eyes ovoid; shape of head in males longer than wide; body more cylindrical........... M. subfasciata | [36], (Ap.2. Fig.40 View FIGURE 40 )

Redescriptions

1 | Megalostomis robustipes Monrós 1953a | ( Fig. 5A–C View FIGURE 5 )

Megalostomis (Minturnia) robustipes Monrós 1953a: 67 .

Type locality. Argentina: Misiones : Concepción, Santa María, Dpto. San Javier .

Type material examined. Holotype (♂): (Mandibles dissected). [W-H]: ARGENT./ Misiones/ Sta. Maria/ Viana. // [R-P]: Type Nº/ 65237/ U.S. N.M. // [ RB-H]: Holotipo. // [Pk-H]: Megalostomis / ( Minturnia )/ robustipes/ mihi/ det. Monrós 1950. | USNM. Allotype (♀): ARGENTINA. Misiones: Concepción, Santa Maria, Dpto San Javier, Col. (Viana), Det. Monrós | USNM. Paratype (♀): ARGENTINA. Misiones: Posadas, Col. (Viana), Det. Monrós | USNM.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by: pronotum reddish, with anterior margin black, some specimens might have a black patch at median region; elytra with two subapical and two sub-basal reddish patches, the black stripes are 45º inclined toward internal margin forming a black “v” from the apex to the apical third of the elytra; small size (less than 7.5 mm); elytra subquadrate (approximately as long as wide); head strongly concealed inside pronotom; last antennomere with two excavations; male mandibles poorly developed, male mandibular teeth, of equal length; shape of head in males as long as wide; pronotal lateral margins visible from above; elytral pilosity diffuse, not concealing coloration pattern of cuticle; scutellum longer than wide.

Body length: 6.6–7.3 mm, width: 3.5–4.4 mm. Coloration pattern: head black; pronotum reddish, with anterior margin black, some specimens might have a black patch at median region; tibiae black, except at base (reddish); antennomeres 1–4 light brown, rest of antennae black; elytra with two subapical and two sub-basal reddish patches, the black stripes are 45º inclined toward internal margin forming a black “v” from the apex to the apical third of the elytra. Head: anterior surface smooth with longitudinal carina, dense pubescence distributed throughout anterior face formed by short reclined white setae; posterior side of eye without ocular protuberance; mandibles as long as wide, symmetrical, both short, tips hidden behind labrum, externally densely pubescent; clypeal margin concave, sculpture formed by small diffuse punctation. Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fourth antennomere, eleventh antennomere with one marginal excavation. Thorax: without constrictions; pronotum never wider than head (sub-triangular), anterior margin slightly curved convexly, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; punctation fine, scattered and weaker than on elytra; dense, reclined short white pubescence only at margins; scutellum with posterior margins curved, with white dense pubescence. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide; elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Female genitalia: no specimens were available for dissection. Male genitalia: apex of dorsal plate of median lobe narrower than its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe short, without setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) not visible in a relaxed position.

Ecoregions: Alto Paraná Atlantic forests (2), Southern Cone Mesopotamian savanna (1).

2 | Megalostomis analis ( Forsberg 1821) | ( Fig. 6A–I View FIGURE 6 )

Clythra analis Forsberg 1821: 269 , 289.

Clythra bicincta Germar 1824: 549 , 746.

Megalostomis bicincta Germar in Dejean 1836: 416; Lacordaire 1848: 556; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3294; Clavareau 1913: 76; Guérin 1943b: 27; Blackwelder 1944: 636.

Megalostomis (Heterostomis) analis: Lacordaire 1848: 556 ; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3294; Clavareau 1913: 75; Achard 1926: 153; Guérin 1943b: 28; Blackwelder 1944: 636; Monrós 1947: 172; Monrós 1953a: 80.

Megalostomis (Heterostomis) analis var seminigra Achard 1926: 153 ; Blackwelder 1944: 637; Monrós 1953a: 80 (SYN).

Megalostomis (Heterostomis) analis var lateralis Achard 1926: 153 ; Blackwelder 1944: 636; Monrós 1953a: 80 (SYN).

Type locality. Forsberg (1821) did not indicate any locality, later Lacordaire (1848: 558) indicated Brazil: Minas Gerais and Bolivia.

Type material. The type series was not available for this study; species determination relies on keys, redescriptions, and drawings by Guérin (1943b), and Monrós (1953a), as well as previously determined material, including specimens from the type locality.

Remarks. This species was originally described by Forsberg within Clytra, Lacordaire (1848) moved it to Megalostomis , and synonymized M. bicincta with M. analis . As mentioned by Monrós 1953a, this species is easily separated from M. lacordairei by the distinct morphology of the male mandibles; seminigra and lateralis were considered by Monrós (1953a) as intra-specific varieties, and therefore he synonymized them with M. analis .

Diagnosis. This species can be easily distinguished from M. lacordairei by the pronotum almost completely reddish delimited by a narrow black anterior and posterior margin, lateral margins of pronotum pubescent; scutellum shape longer than wide; legs reddish; in this species male mandibles are typical of the genus unlike the hypertrophied male mandibles of M. lacordairei . Females: apex of spermathecal capsule, round and short (capsule J-shaped).

Body length: 7–10 mm, width: 4–5.5 mm. Coloration pattern: head black; pronotum almost completely reddish delimited by a narrow black anterior and posterior margin; tibiae (except at base) reddish; elytra with two bands, varying in color from dark reddish to yellow; basal reddish band reaches lateral margins, apical band can be extended to edge of elytral apex. Head: anterior surface smooth, with longitudinal carina, on each side of this carina there is a slightly depressed and pubescent area; sparse pubescence distributed throughout anterior face formed by short reclined white setae, distributed along internal margin of the eye; posterior side of eye with salient ocular protuberance; mandibles much longer than wide, very asymmetric; left mandible well-developed, with strong rectangular base and an apical (90º in-curved) sharp tooth; right mandible curved, much shorter, and hidden inside the left mandible concavity upon mandibular occlusion; external side of mandibles densely pubescent; clypeal margin concave, sculpture formed by thin punctation, same size as those of pronotum. Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fourth antennomere, eleventh antennomere with one marginal excavation. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation weaker than elytral punctation, uniformely distributed; disk without pubescence; scutellum with posterior margins curved, with white dense pubescence. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Female genitalia: eighth sternite with central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 6D View FIGURE 6 ) J-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule nearly 45º; apex of spermathecal capsule short, with round tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 6E–F View FIGURE 6 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (straight) apodemes, and central dorsal plate, central dorsal plate rectangular; ventral rectal sclerites with very short apodemes; with lateral sclerites. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 6G–I View FIGURE 6 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe narrower than its base, with anterior margin convex; lateral arms of median lobe short, without setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) not visible in fixed position; ejaculatory guide with ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Alto Paraná Atlantic forests (4), Araucaria moist forests (2), Bahia interior forests (1), Bolivian montane dry forests (1), Bolivian Yungas (2), Caatinga (1), Central Andean wet Puna (needs confirmation) (1), Cerrado (2), Chiquitano dry forests (2), Dry Chaco (2), Humid Chaco (4), Paraná flooded savanna (1), Serra do Mar coastal forests (6), Southern Cone Mesopotamian savanna (1), Southwest Amazon moist forests (2).

Material examined. ARGENTINA. Córdoba: Bialet Maasé , Col. (Willink) | IADIZA ; Corrientes: Isla Apipe , (11/1/1945), Col. (Martinez) | USNM ; Formosa: Laguna Oca , Col. (Denier) | IADIZA , Misión Laishi, Col. (Willink, Monrós) | IADIZA ; Misiones: San José , (10/1/1952), Col. (Waiz) | USNM ; Santiago del Estero: Rio Salado | KBIN, (2) | KBIN . BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: Chapare | USNM ; La Paz: Coroico , (12/27/1948), Col. (Martinez) | USNM | ZMHB ; Santa Cruz: Ichilo, Buena Vista , (3/12/1951), Col. (Martinez) | USNM , Los Arroyos | USNM , Nueva Mocha , (3/15/1951), Col. (Martinez) | USNM ; Other: Sara , Col. (Steinbach) | ZMHB . BRAZIL.

Bahia: Sello , (4) | ZMHB; Goias: | USNM , Goias?: 20 Km. N Sao Joao de Alianca , (4/14/1956), Col. (Truxal), [MACRIS BRAZILIAN EXPEDITION 1956 LACM], (2) | LACM ; Mato Grosso: 200 engl Meilen v. Guyaba, Col. (Heller), (4) | ZMHB , Chapada | USNM ; Minas Gerais: Pocinhos do Rio Verde , (10/8/1955) | USNM, (12/19/ 1926) | USNM; P arana: Curitiva | USNM ; Santa Catarina: Cauna , Col. (Cath) | AMNH ; São Paulo: Brg. Tobias , (11/13/1960) | USNM , Camphinas , Col. (Bratz) | ZMHB , Campinas | USNM , Cantareira | USNM , Cumbica | USNM, (5) | ZMHB ; Other: Judiahy , (25/3/1898), Col. (Schrotthy), Det. Monrós | HNHM , Sao Joao del Rey , Col. (Van Voixem) | KBIN , Villa Rica | AMNH, (2) | KBIN, (2) | ZMHB, [23374] | ZMHB, Col. (Chapuis), (7) | KBIN , Col. (Duvivier), (3) | KBIN | USNM, (9) | ZMHB, Col. (Chapuis) | KBIN , Col. (Chapuis), (3) | KBIN . PARAGUAY. Paraguari: Sapucay , (2/1/1950 - 3/1/1950) | USNM ; Other: San Estanislao , Col. (Willink) | USNM , Santa Trinidad , (10/1/1914) | USNM . PERÚ. Cusco: (1975), Col. (Boerge), [Collection Nihevis] | ZMHB .

3 | Megalostomis lacordairei Lacordaire 1848 | ( Fig. 7A–I View FIGURE 7 )

Megalostomis lacordairei Dejean 1836: 416 (nomen nudum).

Megalostomis (Heterostomis) lacordairei Lacordaire 1848: 555 ; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Burmeister 1877: 61; Clavareau 1913: 76; Bruch 1914: 349; Achard 1926: 152; Guérin 1943b: 28; Blackwelder 1944: 637; Monrós 1953a: 83; Agrain and Marvaldi 2009: 62 View Cited Treatment (eggs and larvae descriptions).

Megalostomis (Heterostomis) histrionica Harold 1875: 95 ; Burmeister 1977: 61 (SYN); Bruch 1914: 349; Blackwelder 1944: 637; Furth et al. 1994: 26 [Lectotype designation].

Megalostomis (Heterostomis) lacordairei var. seminigra Achard 1926: 153 ; Guérin 1943b: 28 (SYN)

Megalostomis lacordairei var basalis Achard 1926: 153 ; Blackwelder 1944: 637; Monrós 1953a: 83 (SYN).

Megalostomis lacordairei var collaris Achard 1926: 153 ; Blackwelder 1944: 637; Monrós 1953a: 83 (SYN).

Megalostomis lacordairei var conjuncta Achard 1926: 152 ; Blackwelder 1944: 637; Monrós 1953a: 83 (SYN).

Megalostomis lacordairei var consimilis Achard 1926: 153 ; Blackwelder 1944: 637; Monrós 1953a: 83 (SYN).

Megalostomis lacordairei var histrionica Achard 1926: 153 ; Monrós 1953a: 83 (SYN).

Megalostomis lacordairei var interrrupta Achard 1926: 152 ; Blackwelder 1944: 637; Monrós 1953a: 83 (SYN).

Megalostomis lacordairei var reducta Achard 1926: 152 ; Blackwelder 1944: 637; Monrós 1953a: 83 (SYN).

Type locality. Lacordaire (1848:555) indicated: Argentina: Tucumán .

Type material examined. Megalostomis lacordairei type series was not available for this study; species determination relies on keys, redescriptions, and drawings by Guérin 1943b, and Monrós (1953a), as well as previously determined material. I was not able to study specimens from the type locality (Tucumán). Monrós (1953a) included several specimens collected by Prosen, and Bruch in Choromoro, Vipos, and Chuscha localities in Tucumán, and from other provinces of northern Argentina (Formosa, Santa Fé, and Chaco). Moldenke 1970 added Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia to the distribution of this widespread species. Megalostomis histrionica : Lectotype: [W-P]: Argent./ Cord. Davis. // [R-P]: MCZ / Lectotype / 33636. // [W-H]: Megalostomis / histrionica/ 88 Harold/ n. sp. | MCZ, url: http:// insects.oeb.harvard.edu; Paralectotype: [W-P]: 860. // [G-H]: Cordova/ Dohrn. // [W-P]: Zool. Mus./ Berlin. // [W-H]: Megalostomis / histrionica/ Har. Type. // [R-H]: Paralectotype / designated 1994/ Furth, Askevold,+/ Duckett. Psyche 101. | ZMHB.

Remarks. This species was mentioned by Dejean in his 1836 “ Catalogue des Coléoptères ”, but, since the name was not accompanied by a description, the authorship belongs to Lacordaire (1848), who described it for the first time. As many as eight varieties were described by Achard for this species, Guérin 1943b synonymized seminigra, and then Monrós (1953a) synonymized the remaining varieties with their senior species, by considering these forms only as small intra-specific color variations. Furthermore Monrós (1953a), and later myself in the field, observed that different color forms inhabit the same regions and copulate. As mentioned by Monrós (1953a), Burmeister (1877) included M. histrionica as a synonym of M. lacordairei , but Bruch (1914), and Blackwelder (1944) kept the name as valid, probably unaware of Burmeister’s work.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished form M. analis by the pronotum black with an apical reddish band, which can be entire or interrupted in the middle; legs black. Females: apodemes of ventral sclerites of the kotpresse absent (ventral sclerites with round margins).

Body length: 7.7–12 mm, width: 4.5–7.2 mm. Coloration pattern: head black; pronotum black with an apical reddish band which can be entire or interrupted in the middle; tibiae black; elytra with two (apical and basal) lateral patches varying in color from dark reddish to yellow, basal and apical patches can be connected by a marginal line, and both can be divided in two in some specimens. Head: anterior surface smooth; with slightly depressed area in inter-ocular region; short reclined white setae distributed mainly around the eyes; posterior side of eye with ocular protuberance; mandibles much longer than wide and very asymmetric; left mandible concave, with two apical teeth, receiving the right mandible upon mandibular occlusion; right mandible larger with one apical tooth; external side of mandibles densely pubescent; clypeal margin concave. Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fifth antennomere, eleventh antennomere with one marginal excavation. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation weaker than elytral punctuation; sparse, short, and reclined white pubescence denser at margins; scutellum with white dense pubescence. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Female genitalia: eighth sternite with central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 7D View FIGURE 7 ) U-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule nearly 45º; apex of spermathecal capsule long with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 7E–F View FIGURE 7 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (straight) apodemes, and central dorsal plate, central dorsal plate rectangular; ventral rectal sclerites without apodemes; with lateral sclerites. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 7G–I View FIGURE 7 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe narrower than its base, with anterior margin convex; lateral arms of median lobe short, with setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) not visible in retracted position; ejaculatory guide with ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Alto Paraná Atlantic forests (3), Central Andean Puna (needs confirmation) (1), Cerrado (2), Dry Chaco (14), Espinal (5), High Monte (5), Humid Chaco (6), Low Monte (1), Madeira-Tapajós moist forests (1), Southern Andean Yungas (2). Note: As noted by Moldenke (1970), M. histrionica Harold (1875) was listed incorrectly by both Jacoby and Blackwelder from Cordova, Veracruz; the corrected locality is Córdoba province in Argentina.

Host plants: Fabaceae : Monrós 1953a: Cercidium praecox (Ruiz et Pavon) (Brea) , Prosopis sp. , Geoffroea decorticans (Hook. et Arn.) (Chañar) . Viana and Williner (1974): Acacia caven (Mol.) Mol. Viana and Williner (1974) : Senna aphylla (Cav.) , Agrain and Marvaldi (2009): Prosopis sp. Verbenaceae : Cordo and Loach (1995): Aloysia gratissima (Gil et Hook) . Zygophyllaceae : Bulnesia retama Gill ex Griseb (Common name in Argentina: Retamo, in Peru: Calato), it is interesting to remark that Bulnesia retama has been said to represent a convergence with Cercidium . This ecological similarity has not been evaluated in a phylogenetic context.

Additional material examined. ARGENTINA. Catamarca: Andalgala, Col. (Sergio Roig) | IADIZA , Ciudad , (1/1/1942), Col. (Shaeffter) | USNM , El Rodeo, 1.500 mts, Col. (Golbach) | IMLA , Mutquin , Col. (Roig) | IADIZA , Villa Vil , (2/13/1972) | USNM , Col. (Bruxh) | MLPA ; Córdoba: Capilla del Monte , (01/1888-02/1888), Col. (Frenzel), (7) | ZMHB , Monte Cristo , (12/1/1944), Col. (Monrós) | USNM , Soto , (1/1/1946), Col. (Monrós) | USNM , Tulumba | MLPA | USNM, (3) | ZMHB, Col. (Davis) | ZMHB , Col. (Frenzel) | ZMHB ; La Rioja: Los Molinos, Anillaco subandean desert, (7/1/2001), Col. (Porter), (5) | FSCA , Mascasin , (2/1964), Det. Medvedev, (3) | ZMHB ; Mendoza: Pedregal | AMNH | ZMHB ; Misiones: Col. (Dallas) | USNM ; Salta: Guemes , (2/1/1944), Col. (Martinez) | USNM , Col. (Haynes) | USNM , Tartagal | USNM | USNM ; San Juan: Arroyo Las Tumanas | IADIZA ; San Luis: San Geronimo , (11/1971), Col. (Viana), (20) | FSCA | MLPA ; Santa Fé: Villa Ana , (2/1/1946), Col. (Hayward, WillinkKolalei) | USNM ; Santiago del Estero: Añatuya , (1/1/1944), Col. (Monrós) | USNM , El Charco , (1964), Det. Erber, [as M. histrionica ], (3) | ZMHB , Rio Saladillo , Col. (Wagner) | USNM , Sumampa , (2) |

IADIZA | USNM, (2) | CZAA, (2) | ZMHB; Other ; (2) | ZMHB. BRAZIL. Matto Grosso: | ZMHB; Rondônia: Fz Rancho Grande, 62 Km SW Ariquemes , (11/8/1994 - 8/20/1994), Col. (Eger) | FSCA; Other: | USNM . PARAGUAY. Cordillera: San Bernardino , Col. (Fiebrig) | USNM; Other: Kanindeyu, Curuguaty , (3/17/1991), Col. (Drescher), Det. Erber | ZMHB, Villa Rica | ZMHB. NO DATA. Col. ( Chapuis ) | KBIN.

4 | Megalostomis querula Lacordaire 1848 | ( Fig. 8A–C View FIGURE 8 )

Megalostomis (Minturnia) querula Lacordaire 1848: 530 ; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Guérin 1943b: 13; Blackwelder 1944: 637.

Megalostomis (Minturnia) propinqua Lacordaire 1848: 529 ; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Clavareau 1913: 76; Guérin 1943b: 13; Blackwelder 1944: 637. SYN. NOV.

Megalostomis (Minturnia) univittata pacifica Monrós 1953a: 66 . SYN. NOV.

Type locality. Lacordaire (1848: 530) did not provide a country name for the type locality, but since it was from Dupont collection then it was probably from Brazil. Actually, the holotype has a small label indicating “ Bresil ” in Lacordaire’s handwriting.

Type material examined. Megalostomis querula : Holotype: [W-H]: Bresil. // [W-H]: Querula / Lac. Type. // [Pk-H]: Minturnia querula Lac. Lacordaire det. // [ RB-H]: Holotipo. // [W-P]: Ex. Musaeo Miniszech. This is evidently a syntype acquired by Monrós from Miniszech collection (most likely from MNHN) and added it to his personal collection presently at USNM. Paratype: PARAGUAY. San Bernardino, [Sobre Caesaria silvestris ] | USNM. Megalostomis (Minturnia) univittata pacifica : Paratype: [W-H]: Paraguay / S. Benardino/ K. Fiebrig. // [Pk-H]: M. (M.) univittata / ssp. pacifica / mihi/ F. Monrós det. 1952. // [ RB-H]: Paratipo (♂). // [W-H]: s/ Caesaria / silvestris / leg. Fiebrig. // [W-H]: Minturnia / querula/ Lac (anonymous determiner). | USNM.

Remarks. I have synonymized M. propinqua based on one specimen of this species clearly identified as M. propinqua by Guérin (borrowed from Frey’s collection) (NMBA), this specimen is from Brazil, the type locality of M. querula (according to Lacordaire). Thus, this synonym is based on the later specimen and on the comparison of Lacordaire’s original description and Guérin (1943b) redescription, including the study of the holotype, and one paratype of M. querula held in the Monrós collection at USNM. As a result of these comparisons, I could not find any differences between these taxa. Both authors mentioned the similarity with Babia cruentata Lacordaire in their descriptions, and the presence of a triangular callus on the frons and subrectangular pronotal disc. Risk of such nomenclatural act is negligible because these are easily recognizable taxa. After compairing the type material of M. querula and M. univittata pacifica I did not find any morphological differences, and the paratype of M. univittata pacifica in Monrós collection at USNM has an anonymous identification label indicating M. querula .

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the frons with diffuse pilosity; subquadrate pronotum; both male teeth same length; fourth antennomere not serrated (round shape); shape of head in males as long as wide; pronotal disc shape in males subrectangular.

Body length: 8.9 mm, width: 3.9 mm. Coloration pattern: head and pronotum black; tibiae (except at base) reddish; elytra reddish from base, with an irregular black band (medially expanded) and a reddish patch at apical region, elytral apex black. Head: anterior surface strongly sculptured with longitudinal carina, with a pair of subadjacent slightly depressed areas; sparse pubescence distributed throughout anterior face formed by short reclined white setae; posterior side of eye with ocular protuberance; mandibles as long as wide, mostly symmetric; left mandible with an apical tooth; right mandible denticulate; external side of mandibles sparsely pubescent; clypeal margin concave, sculpture formed by small diffuse punctation. Antennae: scape robust; fourth antennomere not serrate; eleventh antennomere with one marginal excavation. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation diffuse, weaker than elytral punctation; disk without pubescence; scutellum with posterior margins curved, without pubescence. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Genitalia: no specimens were available for dissection.

Ecoregions: Humid Chaco (1).

Host plants: Salicaceae : Caesaria sylvestris (Guacatonga or wild coffee) (from specimen label).

5 | Megalostomis univittata Lacordaire 1848 | ( Fig. 9A–I View FIGURE 9 )

Megalostomis (Minturnia) univittata univittata Lacordaire 1848: 528 ; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Clavareau 1913: 76; Guérin 1943b: 12; Blackwelder 1944: 637; Monrós 1953a: 63. ( Fig. 9A–C View FIGURE 9 )

Megalostomis (Minturnia) univittata oblita Monrós 1953a: 64 . SYN. NOV.

Type locality. Brazil .

Type material examined. Megalostomis univittata univittata : Lectotype (present designation): [W-H]: Megalostomis / unifasciata-vittata Lac.*. // [W-P]: 23371. // [G-H]: unifasciata/ N/ Brasil Sello. // [R-P]: SYNTYPUS / Megalostomis univittata / Lacordaire 1848 / Labelled by MNHUB. | ZMHB. Remaing specimens as paralectotypes (by present designation): [G-P]: Hist.-Coll. ( Coleoptera )/ Nr. 23371/ Megalostomis / univittata Lac / Brasil, Sello/ Zool. Mus. Berlin. // [R-P]: SYNTYPUS / Megalostomis univittata / Lacordaire 1848 / Labelled by MNHUB. | (3), ZMHB. Megalostomis univittata oblita : Holotype: [W-H]: R. A. Misiones/ Santa Ana/ 1.952/ leg. Manter. // [R-P]: Type Nº/65236/ U.S. N.M. // [Pk-H]: M. (M.) univittata / ssp. oblita / mihi/ F. Monrós det. 1952. // [ RB-H]: Holotipo (♂)/ Ilustrado. | USNM.

Remarks. Three subspecies were recognized by Monrós (1953a), one of them ( M. univittata pacifica ) is synonymized here with M. querula . Monrós (1953a: 67), considered M. univittata pacifica very different from its nominotypic species but he linked to it by the existence of M. univittata oblita . Now that pacifica is synonimized with another species, M. univittata oblita can be easily recognized as a intraspecific form, and that is why I have synonymized it.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by legs, unicolored black; elytra reddish, distinctly punctured, with sutural and median (transverse) black band; pronotal disc with flattened lateral margins, visible from above; tip of lateral arms of median lobe straight. Females: kotpresse ventral sclerites external margin fan-shaped.

Body length: 9–11.5 mm, width: 5–5.7 mm. Coloration pattern: head black; pronotum black, in some specimens it can be completely orange with an apical black margin; tibiae black; elytra orange with one black transverse band at the median region, this black band reaches the external margin in some specimens, also it can be extended to the apex along the internal margin. Head: anterior surface strongly sculptured with longitudinal carina, with a pair of subadjacent slightly depressed areas; with lateral carina at internal eye margin; posterior side of eye with ocular protuberance; mandibles as long as wide, asymmetric; left mandible slightly larger with two teeth; right mandible more compact, teeth smaller; external side of mandibles with sparse pubescence; clypeal margin concave; clypeus with marked transverse carina. Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fourth antennomere, eleventh antennomere with one marginal excavation. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation diffuse, usually weaker than elytral punctation; disk without pubescence; scutellum with posterior margins curved, without pubescence. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Female genitalia: eighth sternite without a central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 9D View FIGURE 9 ) U-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule nearly 45º; apex of spermathecal capsule long, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 9E–F View FIGURE 9 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (straight) apodemes, and central dorsal plate, central dorsal plate rectangular; ventral rectal sclerites with very short apodemes. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 9G–I View FIGURE 9 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe as wide as its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe short, with setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) not visible in fixed position; ejaculatory guide with ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Alto Paraná Atlantic forests (10), Araucaria moist forests (3), Caatinga (1), Central Andean dry Puna (needs confirmation) (2), Magdalena Valley dry forests (1), Southern Cone Mesopotamian savanna (1), Uruguayan savanna (2).

Additional material examined. ARGENTINA. M. univittata univittata : BRAZIL. Parana: Campinhina Deodoro , (3/1941), Col. (Hatzbach) | USNM , Col. (Hatzbach) | USNM ; Río Grande Do Sul: Porto Alegre, (2) | IADIZA, (2) | USNM , San Francisco da Paulo , (2/15/1944), Col. (Buck) | USNM ; Santa Catarina: Lages , Col. (Fruestorpher), (2) | ZMHB , Col. (Fruhsterfer) | MACN ; Other: | ZMHB , Col. (Deoclero), Det. Monrós | MLPA . Rio Jari , Col. Fry, 1905-100, Det. Monrós, [11529] | BMNH .

M. univittata oblita : ARGENTINA. Misiones: Loreto, (9/1954), Col. (Walz), (5) | USNM, Col. (Watz) | USNM, Pastoreo Grande, (2/1954), Col. (Watz), Det. Monrós | NMBA, Posadas, Det. Monrós, (2) | MACN, Santa Ana, (1/1952), Col. (Montes), (5) | USNM, Col. (Montes), (2) | USNM; Salta: Pocitos , (9/1957), Col. (Martinez) | USNM, Col. (Martinez) | USNM. PARAGUAY. Honenau, (3/1953), Col. (Walz), (18) | USNM, Col. (Watz) | USNM. Sapucay, Col. W. Foster, 1903-138, Det. Monrós | BMNH. NO DATA. Campim? | ZMHB.

6 | Megalostomis pardalis Guérin 1949 | ( Fig. 10A–I View FIGURE 10 )

Megalostomis (Minturnia) pardalis Guérin 1949: 229 .

Type locality. Bolivia: Chapare Guérin 1949: 229 .

Type material examined. Guérin (1949: 229) indicated that the Holotype was in his personal collection (currently at MZSP), with the following data: N. 16834 Chaparé, Bolivia, R. Zischka leg.).

Remarks. Species determination relies in this case on one specimen from the type locality, determined by Guérin (most likely a syntype): BOLIVIA. Chapare, Zischka leg., Det. Guérin | MZSP. According to Guérin this species resembles M. flavipennis .

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the elytra being mainly brown, ocassionaly having some isolated small black patches, not forming any particular pattern; distribution of frons pilosity diffuse; distance between the eyes as wide as eye maximum height; clypeus centrally protruded with frontoclypeal suture visible.

Body length: 13.7 mm, width: 6.8 mm. Coloration pattern: head and pronotum, black; tibiae dark brown; elytra almost unicolored dark brown, with some isolated small black patches at basal third, humeral fold, lateral margins and apex. Head: anterior surface strongly sculptured with marked longitudinal carina, with a pair of subadjacent slightly depressed areas; sparse pubescence distributed throughout anterior face formed by short reclined white setae; mandibles much longer than wide, asymmetric; left mandible larger, with long sharp tooth; right mandible smaller denticulate; external side of mandibles glabrous; clypeal margin concave, sculpture formed by small punctation, clypeus with central protuberance; eyes normally stalked; auricular appendix with simple lamina. Antennae: scape robust; fourth antennomere serrate. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation weaker than elytral punctuation; sparse, short, and reclined white pubescence denser at margins; scutellum with posterior margins curved, without pubescence. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded; elytral punctation diffuse, but forming some ordered striae. Female genitalia: eighth sternite with central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 10D View FIGURE 10 ) U-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule nearly 45º; apex of spermathecal capsule long, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 10E– F View FIGURE 10 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (straight) apodemes, and central dorsal plate, central dorsal plate subquadrate, apically excavated; ventral rectal sclerites with short apodemes. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 10G–I View FIGURE 10 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe as wide as its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe short, with setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) not visible in fixed position; ejaculatory guide with ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Southwest Amazon moist forests (1).

7 | Megalostomis flavocincta Lacordaire 1848 | ( Fig. 11A–I View FIGURE 11 )

Megalostomis (Minturnia) flavocincta Lacordaire 1848: 531 ; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Guérin 1943b: 14; Blackwelder 1944: 636.

Megalostomis (Minturnia) flavomaculata Lacordaire 1848: 521 ; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Guérin 1943b: 14; Blackwelder 1944: 636. SYN. NOV.

Type locality. French Guiana (Cayenne) .

Type material examined. Lectotype (present designation): [W-H]: Megalostomis / Cayenne. // [W-H]: M. ( Minturnia )/ flavocincta Lac. // [G-P]: Cayenne. // [W-P]: Coll. Ogier de Baulny. // [Pu-P]: Col. R. I. Sc. N. B. | KBIN. A nother specimen as Paralectotype (present designation): [W-H]: Colec./ Dudivier. // [G-H]: Cayenne. // [Pu-P]: Col. R. I. Sc. N. B. | KBIN.

Remarks. According to Horn et al. (1990), Lacordaire`s material went to Brussels (KBIN) via Baulny collection, I had the opportunity to study two specimens standing as M. flavicinta from that collection, that I designate as Lectotype and paralectotype. I compared these with two other specimens identified as M. flavomaculata both from Thompson’s 1856–1867 collection (ex Hamlet-Clark), loaned by BMNH, one of them is clearly identified by Lacordaire (the author of the species). When comparing these with M. flavocincta , the only appreciable difference between them is that M. flavomaculata has lighter color on the elytra. Regrettably, no data on distribution was indicated, but considering the morphological analysis, and in accordance with the species concept used in this contribution, M. flavomaculata is here synonymized. On the other hand, Achard (1926) described Megalostomis (Minturnia) flavopicta var. lunulata (misspelling of flavocincta), on the basis of a small variation in the elytral coloration pattern. Achard mentioned Brazil and two localities in French Guiana in his description, therefore both are sympatric (country level) with M. flavocincta . It is likely that this subspecies is a junior synonym of the nominotypic species; subsequent study of Achard’s collection in Prague should clear up this situation.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the fourth antennomere not serrate, face without medial depressions; distance between the eyes as wide as eye maximum height; lateral arms of the median lobe large (reaching the mid-point of the dorsal plate); dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) upward-directed forming wing-shaped structure in dorsal view. Females: kotpresse dorsal apodemes longer than wide, curved; eigth sternite without central tooth.

Body length: 10.1–10.25 mm, width: 6.2–7 mm. Coloration pattern: head black; pronotum black, in some specimens dark brown red; tibiae dark brown; elytra black, with two yellowish bands, one near apex and another near base, these yellowish bands can be narrower in some specimens; elytral apex brown. Head: anterior surface strongly sculptured with longitudinal carina, with a pair of subadjacent slightly depressed areas; posterior side of eye with small post-ocular protuberance; mandibles as long as wide, asymmetric; left mandible slightly larger with single sharp apical tooth, right mandible smaller, hidden behind left mandible upon occlusion; external side of mandibles glabrous; clypeal margin concave, sculpture formed by diffuse punctuation; frons without puncturation.

Antennae: scape robust, serrated beyond fifth antennomere, eleventh antennomere with one marginal excavation.

Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation diffuse, weaker than elytral punctation; dense, reclined short white pubescence only at margins; scutellum with posterior margins curved, without pubescence.

Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Female genitalia: eighth sternite without a central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 11D View FIGURE 11 ) U-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule nearly 45º; apex of spermathecal capsule long, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 11E–F View FIGURE 11 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (curved) apodemes, and central dorsal plate, central dorsal plate subquadrate; ventral rectal sclerites with very short apodemes. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 11G–I View FIGURE 11 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe as wide as its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe long, with setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) up-directed forming wing-shaped structure in dorsal view; ejaculatory guide with ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Amazon-Orinoco-Southern Caribbean mangroves (1), Guianan moist forests (1), Japurá Solimoes-Negro moist forests (2).

Additional material examined. M. flavocincta : BRAZIL. Sao Gabriel, Amazonas, Rio Negro, (11/22/1927), Col. (Zischka), Det. Guérin | MZSP, (8/26/1929), Col. (Zischka), Det. Guérin | MZSP; Other: Det. Monrós | IADIZA. GUYANA. St. Laurent: Det. Guérin | NMBA. M. flavomaculata: NO DATA. Coll Thompson 1856 – 1867, Ex Hamlet - Clark], (2) | BMNH.

8 | Megalostomis viridana Lacordaire, 1848 | ( Fig. 12A–J View FIGURE 12 )

Megalostomis (Minturnia) viridana Lacordaire 1848: 522 ; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Guérin 1943b: 14; Blackwelder 1944: 637.

Megalostomis (Minturnia) metallica Jacoby 1888: 69 ; Jacoby and Clavareau 1906: 61; Clavareau 1913: 76; Blackwelder 1944: 637; Moldenke 1970: 25. SYN. NOV.

Type locality. French Guiana (Cayenne) .

Type material examined. Megalostomis viridana : Lectotype (present designation): [W-P]: E. Coll Thompson. // [W-P]: Ex Hamlet-Clark/ collecttion/ BM( NH). // [W-P]: Standing as/ Megalostomis (Minturnia) viridana Lac / BM( NH). // [W-P]: 67–56 | BMNH. Megalostomis metallica : Lectotype (present designation): [W- P]: V. de Chiriqui,/ 25–4000 ft. / Champion. // [W-P]: Sp. figured. // [W-P]: B.C.A., Col. VI, I./ Suppl./ Megalostomis / metallica/ Jac. // [ RB-P]: Type/ H.T. // [Pu-H]: M. metallica / Jac. | BMNH. Remaining specimens as Paralectotypes (by present designation): [W-P]: V. de Chiriqui,/ 25–4000 ft. / Champion. // [W-P]: B.C.A., Col. VI, I./ Suppl./ Megalostomis / metallica/ Jac. // [Pu-H]: M. metallica / Jac. | BMNH. [R-P]: Type/ 8627. // [W-H]: Megalostomis / metallica/ Jac. // [W-P]: V. Chiriqui / 25–4000 ft. / Champion | MCZ, url: http:// insects.oeb.harvard.edu.

Remarks. The only known specimen of M. viridana among the material used for this contribution, loaned from BMNH corresponding to Thompson’s 1856–1867 collection (Ex Hamlet-Clark), shows that the only noticeable difference between M. viridana and M. metallica specimens, is that M. viridana is larger, also a brown thin mark along the lateral margin of pronotum is more easily visible, surely due to its larger size. Neither the description, nor the illustration in Jacoby (1888) presented any morphological differences when compared with Lacordaire’s description of M. viridana . Regrettably, no data on distribution is given in the label. Although Lacordaire described M. viridana from French Guiana, and M. metallica was described from Panama, specimens identified as M. metallica are known from Costa Rica, and northern Brazil, the latter in Para state (bordering French Guiana). Too few specimens are known to separate them confidently into realistic infra-specific entities. Identification of M. viridana relies on Lacordaire (1848), and Guérin (1943b) descriptions.

Diagnosis. This species can be easily distinguished by the its uniform metallic green dorsal surface; antennal coloration with the four first antennomeres brown, the rest black; pronotal disc lateral margins visible from above; epipleural fold slightly rounded; long setae at tip of the lateral arms of median lobe absent. Females: kotpresse (apodemes of ventral sclerites) long.

Body length: 7.6–8.4 mm, width: 4.9–5.1 mm. Coloration pattern: all body metallic dark-green, with small brown patch at lateral margin of pronotum; antennae black, antennomeres 1–4 light brown; as for coloration and body shape this species resembles Themesia auricapilla (Germar) . Head: anterior surface strongly sculptured with longitudinal carina, on each side of this carina there is a slightly depressed glabrous area; posterior side of eye without ocular protuberance; mandibles as long as wide, asymmetric; left mandible larger, with single sharp tooth; right mandible hidden behind left mandible upon mandibular occlusion; external side of mandibles glabrous; clypeal margin straight, with median protuberance, sculpture formed by small diffuse punctation. Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fifth antennomere, eleventh antennomere with two marginal excavations that delimit central lobe. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation diffuse, weaker than elytral punctation; disk without pubescence; scutellum with posterior margins curved, without pubescence. Elytra: subrectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Female genitalia: eighth sternite with central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 12D View FIGURE 12 ) U-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule nearly 45º; apex of spermathecal capsule long, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 12E–F View FIGURE 12 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (straight) apodemes, and central dorsal plate, central dorsal plate subquadrate; ventral rectal sclerites with long apodemes. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 12G–J View FIGURE 12 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe as wide as its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe short, without setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) not visible in fixed position; ejaculatory guide with ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Caatinga (1), Isthmian-Pacific moist forests (1), Talamancan montane forests (1).

Additional material examined. BRAZIL. Amazonas | USNM , Santarem, Det. Moldenke | IADIZA. COSTA RICA. Puntarenas: Coto Brus, Zona Protectora Tablas de la Escuela Progreso 3 Km E., (1/24/1996 - 1/26/1996) | INBC . PANAMA. Chiriqui: Volcan de Chiriqui , Col. (Champion) | USNM .

9 | Megalostomis basilaris Jacoby 1876 | ( Fig. 13A–C View FIGURE 13 )

Megalostomis basilaris Jacoby 1876: 809 ; Blackwelder 1944: 636.

Megalostomis (Coleobyersa) basilaris: Moldenke 1981: 101 .

Megalostomis (Megalostomis) runa Monrós 1951a: 1158 (incorrectly cited as M. ( Minturnia ); Monrós 1952: 351 (as M. ( Megalostomis View in CoL ) correction of 1951a) SYN. NOV.

Type locality. Perú .

Type material examined. Megalostomis basilaris: Monotype : [R-P]: Type / 8624. // [W-P]: 1 st Jacoby/ Coll. / / [W-P]: Peru. | MCZ, url: http:// insects.oeb.harvard.edu. Jacoby (1876: 809) indicated he had a single specimen in his collection. Megalostomis runa: Monotype : [W-H]: Equator / Quito. // [ RB-P]: Type. // [Pk-H]: Megalostomis / ( Megalostomis )/ runa mihi/ F. Monrós Det. 1951. // [ RB-H]: Holotipo/ (♀). // [W-H]: Ex Mus/ Murray. // [W-P]: Fry coll./ 1900. 100. // [W-H]: 49801 | BMNH.

Remarks. Monrós (1951a) mentioned the similarity of M. runa with M. basilaris . Furthermore, all the characters that he used for the diagnosis of M. runa pertain only to coloration and pubescence variation. He included in the diagnosis the black color of the head, pronotum, and ventral surface; and brick-red elytra with sparse dorsal pilosity, however, all these characters are to be found in M. basilaris . After a comparison of the holotypes of M. runa and M. basilaris , I concluded that there are no significant morphological differences between them, but only infra-specific variation in polymorphic characters. Regarding their geographical distribution M. runa was described from Ecuador (Quito), whereas specimens of M. basilaris are known from northern Peru and Lower Amazonas. This species seems to be widely distributed in northwestern South America, but too few specimens are known to carry out an appropriate distribution analysis. Since both species were described on the basis of a single specimen each, I was not able to dissect them, thus this synonymization relies on description and external morphogy comparisons.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the fourth antennomere not serrate, frontal furrow beside the eyes present, elytra brown with its margins surrounded by a thin black line, thicker at the base; frontoclypeal suture visible; pronotal disc pubescence limited or denser at its margins.

Body length: 12 mm, width: 5.8 mm. Coloration pattern: head pronotum and tibiae black; elytra uniformly light brown to yellow, punctation black; humeral callus black. Head: anterior surface smooth with longitudinal carina, on each side of this carina there is a slightly depressed glabrous area; posterior side of eye with ocular protuberance; mandibles as long as wide, asymmetric; left mandible larger; external side of mandibles glabrous; clypeal margin concave, sculpture formed by small diffuse punctation. Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fourth antennomere, eleventh antennomere with two marginal excavations that delimit central lobe. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation diffuse, weaker than elytral punctation; disk without pubescence; scutellum with posterior margins curved, without pubescence. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Genitalia: no specimens were available for dissection.

Ecoregions: Eastern Cordillera real montane forests (1), Northwestern Andean montane forests (1).

Additional material examined. PERÚ. Cajamarca: Muyaca, Col. (Fry) | BMNH; Other: | ZMHB .

10 | Megalostomis coerulea Baly 1877a | ( Fig. 14A–C View FIGURE 14 )

Megalostomis coerulea Baly 1877a: 183 ; Clavareau 1913: 75.

Megalostomis (Megalostomis) coerulea Baly 1877a : Guérin 1943b: 20; Blackwelder 1944: 636.

Type locality. Amazonas .

Type material examined. Lectotype (present designation): [W-P]: SYNTYPE / Megalostomis / coerulea Baly / BM( NH). // [W-P]: Baly Coll. // [G-H]: Megalostomis / coerulea/ Baly/ Amazonas. // [ RB-P]: Type/ H.T. // [G-H]: Type. // [G-H]: Ega. | BMNH. Remaining specimens as paralectotypes (by present designation): [W-P]: SYNTYPE / Megalostomis / coerulea Baly / BM( NH). // [W-P]: Baly Coll. // [G-H]: Type. // [G-H]: Ega. | BMNH, (3). [W-P]: SYNTYPE / Megalostomis / coerulea Baly / BM( NH). // [W-P]: Baly Coll. // [G-H]: Type. // [W-H]: 1854:25/ MEXICO / Cunning. // [W-H]: 54/ 25. | BMNH. [W-H]: Ega | BMNH, (4). [W-H]: Ega. // [W-H]: Amazon/ Bates | BMNH, (3).

Diagnosis. The most distinctive character of this species is the uniformely metallic blue dorsal surface (with shiny reflections); anterior margin of male clypeus almost straight. Females: pygidium anterior border with median ventral excavation (egg dimple).

Body length: 6.8 mm, width: 4.5 mm. Coloration pattern: entire body metallic blue, tibiae also metallic blue but darker. Head: anterior surface smooth with longitudinal carina, on each side of carina with slightly depressed area; head mostly glabrous; posterior side of eye with slight post-ocular protuberance; mandibles as long as wide, slightly asymmetric; external side of mandibles glabrous; labrum subquadrate; clypeal margin straight; clypeus slightly punctured. Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fourth antennomere. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation diffuse, weaker than elytral punctuation; with sparse pubescence; scutellum with posterior margins curved, glabrous. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Genitalia: no specimens were available for dissection.

Additional material examined. BRAZIL. Amazonas, Det. Monrós | USNM.

11 | Megalostomis luctuosa Lacordaire 1848 | ( Fig. 15A–I View FIGURE 15 )

Megalostomis luctuosa Dejean 1836: 441 (nomen nudum).

Megalostomis (Megalostomis) luctuosa Lacordaire 1848: 545 ; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Clavareau 1913: 75; Achard 1926:146; Guérin 1943b: 23 (Dejean as author); Blackwelder 1944: 637.

Megalostomis (Megalostomis) iracunda Lacordaire 1848: 546 ; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Guérin 1943b: 24; Blackwelder 1944: 637. SYN. NOV.

Type locality. French Guiana (Cayenne) .

Megalostomis luctuosa : Lectotype (present designation): [W-H]: Megalostomis / luctuosa/ Cayenne/ Lac. // [W-H]: Megalostomis / luctuosa Lac. // [Pk-H]: Lectotype. // [W-P]: Coll. Chapuis. // [Pu-P]: Col. R. I. Sc. N. B. | KBIN. The following specimens as paralectotypes (by present designation): [W-H]: Cayenne. // [Pk-P]: Paratype. / / [W-P]: Coll. F. Chapuis. // [Pu-P]: Col. R. I. Sc. N. B. | KBIN. [W-H]: Megalostomis / luctuosa LacCayenne. // [G- H]: Bahia. // [W-P]: Colect. Dudivier. // [Pu-P]: Col. R. I. Sc. N. B. | KBIN. [W-H]: Megalostomis / luctuosa LacCayenne. // [G-H]: Cayenne. // [W-P]: Colect. Dudivier. // [Pu-P]: Col. R. I. Sc. N. B. | KBIN. [W-H]: Megalostomis / (S. str.) luctuosa Lacord. / Th. Lacordaire det. // [W-H]: CAYENNE/ Ex. Inst. Sci./ Belgique. // [RB- H]: Paratipo. // [Pk-P]: Para-/type. | USNM. Megalostomis iracunda: Monotype : [W-H]: Iracunda/ Lac/ Type. // [ RB-H]: Holotipo. // [W-P]: Ex. Musaeo/ Miniszech. // [W-H], (probably added by Moldenke): Placed by/ Monrós under/ Megalostomis / luctuosa/ Lac. | USNM. The latter is evidently the Holotype (by monotypy), acquired by Monrós from Miniszech collection (most likely from MNHN) and added it to his personal collection presently at USNM. It seems that Monrós also considered it a junior synonym of M. luctuosa .

Remarks. M. iracunda was described by Lacordaire (1848) on the basis of only one specimen that he indicated to be slightly affected by its conservation in alcohol. When comparing this specimen with M. luctuosa , the author only remarked that M. iracunda is slightly larger than M. luctuosa , he also contemplated the idea that this specimen might be a “variety” of a species where the elytral design might be distinct. After examining the sole Lacordaire type of M. iracunda (held in Monrós collection at USNM), which is now darkened due to its bad conservation, and comparing it with M. luctuosa type material, I did not find any character leading to consider M. iracunda as a separate species. As first reviser and following the ICZN (1999: Art. 24), I preferred the name “luctuosa” because it better describes the aspect of this species. Although the collector of M. iracunda (M. Dupont) did not mention the locality for this specimen, Lacordaire (1848: 547) thought that it had been collected in French Guiana. Specimens of M. luctuosa are known from French Guiana, Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela. Achard (1926) described two varieties: spilota from French Guiana, and tetraspilota from Brazil. As mentioned before, in general these small color variations are not to be considered of taxonomic value, thus these infraspecific taxa might be junior synonyms of the nominotypic species, future study of Achard’s collection in Prague should clear up this situation.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from M. platyceros by the frontal furrow beside the eyes delimited by strongly marked carina; last antennomere with two excavations; lateral arms of the median lobe straight and large (reaching the mid-point of the dorsal plate); elytra dark brown hiding the coloration pattern.

Body length: 9.9–11 mm, width: 5.2–6 mm. Coloration pattern: head pronotum and tibiae black; elytra dark brown hiding the coloration pattern, sometimes with two sub-basal fulvous patches. Head: anterior surface smooth, without longitudinal carina; anterior face glabrous; posterior side of eye with salient post-ocular protuberance, next to a marked furrow as is in Megalostomis grossa ; mandibles longer than wide, asymmetric; left mandible shorter, bifurcated at apex; right mandible thicker without teeth; external side of mandibles glabrous; labrum subquadrate; clypeal margin straight, sculpture formed by small punctation, same as head. Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fourth antennomere, eleventh antennomere with two marginal excavations that delimit central lobe. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation diffuse, weaker than elytral punctuation; with reclined short white pubescence concentrated at margins; scutellum with posterior margins curved, without pubescence. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Female genitalia: eighth sternite with central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 15D View FIGURE 15 ) U-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule nearly 45º; apex of spermathecal capsule long, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 15E–F View FIGURE 15 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (curved) apodemes, and central dorsal plate, central dorsal plate quadrangular, apically excavated; ventral rectal sclerites with short apodemes. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 15G–I View FIGURE 15 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe as wide as its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe long, with setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) not visible in fixed position; ejaculatory guide with ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Amazon-Orinoco-Southern Caribbean mangroves (2), Araucaria moist forests (1), Bahia coastal forests (3), Caatinga (1), Cerrado (1), Guianan moist forests (6), Guianan piedmont and lowland moist forests (1), Llanos (1), Madeira-Tapajós moist forests (1), Monte Alegre varzeá (1), Serra do Mar coastal forests (1), Tocantins /Pindare moist forests (2).

Additional material examined. BRAZIL. Bahia: Rio Vermelho , Det. Flowers | INBC, Sello | ZMHB | USNM, Col. (Duvivier) | KBIN; Minas Gerais: Det. Monrós | NMBA; Rio de Janeiro: (2) | IADIZA; Rondônia: Fz Rancho Grande, 62 Km SW Ariquemes, (10/20/1997 - 7/31/1997), Col. (Dozier), (2) | FSCA, Porto Velho, Col. (Mann, Baker), Det. Bowdicht | USNM; Other: Para, Belem, Mocamo Forrest, (7/2/1981), Col. (Fairchild) | FSCA, Para | ZMHB, Virmond, [23385], (3) | ZMHB. BRITISH GUYANA. | ZMHB. FRENCH GUYANA.

Cayenne: | USNM, (2) | ZMHB, Col. (Duvivier) | KBIN, Det. Lacordaire | USNM, 33 Km s Roura on Kaw Rd, (6/ 2/2005), Col. (Eger) | FSCA. VENEZUELA. Orinoco , Caura River | IADIZA; Other : Suapure, Caura River, (2/8/ 1899), Col. (Kiages), Det. Monrós | NMBA. NO DATA. (3) | ZMHB, [23384] | ZMHB.

12 | Megalostomis obesa Lacordaire 1848 | ( Fig. 16A–I View FIGURE 16 )

Megalostomis obesa Dejean 1836: 416 (nomen nudum).

Megalostomis (Megalostomis) obesa Lacordaire 1848: 540 ; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Clavareau 1913: 75; Guérin 1943b: 18 Blackwelder 1944: 637.

Type locality. Brazil .

Type material examined. Lectotype (present designation): [G-H]: Chlytra Megalostomis / gigas mihi./ h. in Brasilia D. Falderman. // [G-H]: Brasilia / unreadable line. // [G-H]: ♀. | MIZT (De Breme Collection ).

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from M. gigas by its smaller size (less than 15 mm); reddish pronotum. Other diagnostic characters are: eyes stalk hypertrophied; infraocular projection with simple lamina; shape of head in males as long as wide; elytral pilosity diffuse, not concealing coloration pattern of cuticle; elytral puncturation diffuse; length of dorsal plate of aedeagus less than 2x the length of the lateral arms. Females: pygidium anterior border with median ventral excavation (egg dimple).

Body length: 9.8–13.8 mm, width: 5–7 mm. Coloration pattern: head and pronotum dark reddish (almost black in some regions), tibiae reddish, femora black; elytra with three reddish wavy sub-parallel bands, and three black bands, elytral base black, apex reddish. Head: anterior surface strongly sculptured with longitudinal carina, with a pair of subadjacent slightly depressed areas; dense pubescence distributed throughout anterior face formed by short reclined white setae; posterior side of eye with ocular protuberance; mandibles longer than wide, asymmetric; left mandible slightly larger; both mandibles very similar, right mandible shorter; external side of mandibles pubescent; labrum subquadrate; clypeal margin straight, sculpture formed by small punctation. Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fourth antennomere, eleventh antennomere with two marginal excavations that delimit central lobe. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation diffuse, weaker than elytral punctuation; entire pronotal surface with white, short and reclined pubescence, denser at margins; scutellum with posterior margins curved, with white dense pubescence. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Female genitalia: eighth sternite with central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 16D View FIGURE 16 ) U-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule nearly 45º; apex of spermathecal capsule long, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 16E–F View FIGURE 16 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (curved) apodemes, and central dorsal plate, central dorsal plate subquadrate, apically excavated; ventral rectal sclerites with short apodemes. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 16G–I View FIGURE 16 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe as wide as its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe short, with setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) not visible in fixed position; ejaculatory guide with ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Bahia interior forests (1), Cerrado (14), Cuban moist forests (1), Humid Chaco (2), Serra do Mar coastal forests (3).

Additional material examined. BRAZIL. Goias: Bananeiras, Det. Guérin, (2) | MZSP , Bulhoes, Det. Guérin | MZSP | USNM , Det. Guérin | MZSP; Mato Grosso: Chapada | USNM, (11/1/1902) , Col. (Robert), Det. Moldenke, (2) | BMNH, (3) | IADIZA, (2) | ZMHB; Minas Gerais: Uberaba, Le moult vendit, Det. Monrós, (3) | KBIN , Uberaba | USNM , Det. Monrós | NMBA; Rio de Janeiro: | IADIZA, | USNM ; São Paulo: Brasilia | HNHM , San Jose dos Campos, (10/19/1960 - 10/22/1960), Col. ( Tieman ) | LACM | ZMHB ; Other: Jatahy, (2) | ZMHB | USNM | ZMHB, Col. (Baly), (4) | BMNH , Col. (Duvivier), Det. Monrós | KBIN . CUBA. Trinidad, Col. (Fry) | BMNH (first and only record of a megalostomine in Cuba ) . PARAGUAY. Asunción, (11/1/1922 - 1/11/ 1923), Col. ( Kent ), (2) | BMNH . NO DATA. | IADIZA, [23387], (2) | ZMHB , Col. (Chapuis), Det. Lacordaire | KBIN , Col. (Chapuis), Det. Monrós | KBIN , Det. Monrós | KBIN .

13 | Megalostomis platyceros Monrós 1951a | ( Fig. 17A–I View FIGURE 17 )

Megalostomis (Megalostomis) platyceros Monrós 1951a: 1156 .

Megalostomis (Snellingia) platyceros ; Moldenke 1981: 101.

Type locality. Lower Amazon .

Type material examined. Paratype: [W-H]: BRASIL / Col. Baly. // [Pk-H]: Megalostomis / ( Megalostomis )/ platyceros/ mihi/ F. Monrós det. 1951. // [ RB-H]: Paratipo (♂) | USNM. Holotype, Allotype and 4 Paratypes at BMNH.

Remarks. The subgenus Megalostomis (Snellingia) was created by Moldenke (1981) for two species that do not share any significant characters in common: Megalostomis platyceros and Megalostomis tosta (= microcephala ), perhaps this was due to misidentification of specimens. From the study of seven syntypes of M. microcephala ( Colombia) borrowed from ZMHB, and a paratype of M. platyceros ( Brazil) borrowed from USNM, and other specimens of M. platyceros from Brazil, Paraguay and Venezuela, M. platyceros is not sufficiently different from the remaining species of Megalostomis . As mentioned by Monrós (1952) in the original description, it is very similar to M. basilaris and M. flavipennis . However, in the cladistic analyses performed by Agrain and Roig-Juñent (2011) it appears closely related to other species of the M. grossa group such as M. obesa and M. luctuosa , and clearly separated from M. microcephala , which is in the M. dimidiata species group.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the last antennomere with one excavation; basal hood structure not forming any particular structure; without frontal furrow beside the eyes. Females: apex of spermathecal capsule short (capsule J-shaped).

Body length: 10.3–11 mm, width: 5.1–5.9 mm. Coloration pattern: head dark brown; brown pronotum; tibiae light brown; elytra almost unicolored brown, with black dot at humeral callus. Head: anterior surface smooth with longitudinal carina at inter-ocular area; frons glabrous; posterior side of eye with ocular protuberance; mandibles as long as wide, slightly asymmetric; left mandible larger with an apical sharp tooth; right mandible with its tip hidden behind left mandible upon mandibular occlusion; external side of mandibles glabrous; clypeus punctured as rest of head surface. Antennae: scape robust, serrated beyond fifth antennomere, eleventh antennomere with one marginal excavation. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; punctation small and uniform, much weaker than on the elytra; disk without pubescence; scutellum with posterior margins almost straight, without pubescence. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Female genitalia: eighth sternite with central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 17D View FIGURE 17 ) J-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule nearly 45º; apex of spermathecal capsule short, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 17E–F View FIGURE 17 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (curved) apodemes, and central dorsal plate, central dorsal plate subquadrate, apically excavated; ventral rectal sclerites with short apodemes. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 17G–I View FIGURE 17 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe as wide as its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe short, with setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) not visible in fixed position; ejaculatory guide without ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Llanos (2), Alto Paraná Atlantic forests (1).

Additional material examined. BRAZIL. Rondônia: Fz Rancho Grande , 62 Km SW Ariquemes, (11/4/1997 - 11/16/1997), Col. (Eger) | FSCA . PARAGUAY. Río Acaray , (1930), Col. (Horvat), Det. Monrós | HNHM . VENEZUELA. Bolivar: Ciudad Bolivar , (7/3/1998), Col. (Kiages) | USNM , Orinoco, Caura River , Col. (Kiages) | USNM .

14 | Megalostomis eiderae sp. nov. | ( Fig. 18A–J View FIGURE 18 )

Etymology: This species name is affectionately dedicated to the memory of Eider Ruiz Manzanos, a very dear friend and colleague.

Types designation. Holotype (♂): ECUADOR: Orellana, Tiputini Biodiversity Station near Yasuni National Park , 22-Oct-1998. 00 37' 55"S, 076 08' 39"W. T.L. Erwin et al. CRPC # 116, LOT # 1961 | USNM GoogleMaps *; Allotype (♀): ECUADOR: Orellana, Transect Ent. 1 km S. Onkone Gare Camp. Reserva Etnica Waorani. 216.3m. 23-Jun- 1996. 00° 39' 25.7"S, 076° 27' 10.8"W. T.L. Erwin et al. CRPC # 064, LOT # 1616 | USNM GoogleMaps *; Paratypes (4♀ ♀): ECUADOR: Orellana, Tiputini Biodiversity Station near Yasuni National Park . 220– 250m. 21-Oct-1998. 00 37' 55"S, 076 08' 39"W. T.L. Erwin et al. CRPC # 064, LOT # 1984 | USNM GoogleMaps *, 22-Oct-1998. 00 37' 55"S, 076 08' 39"W. T.L. Erwin et al. CRPC # 116, LOT # 1960 | USNM GoogleMaps *, 30-Jun-1998. 00 37' 55"S, 076 08' 39"W. T.L. Erwin et al. (2), CRPC # 064, LOT # 1822, LOT # 1837 | USNM GoogleMaps *; Paratype (♀): ECUADOR: Onkone Gare Camp. CRPC # 064, LOT # 1717 | USNM *; Paratype (♀): ECUADOR: Napo, Limoncocha. 16-Jun-1977. W. E. Steiner / IADIZA. (*) Held in trust for Ecuador at the USNM, Smithsonian Institution .

Remarks. Although males of this species are quite easy to identify, the female specimens might be confused with M. basilaris . When comparing the females of M. eiderae with any specimen of M. basilaris (male or female), there are subtle but numerous morphological differences and also secondary coloration differences. Diagnostic characters to differentiate these taxa are pointed out below in Table 2 to avoid any confusion. There is only one male specimen for this species, which is about half the size of female specimens, more male specimens are needed to confirm size to be a dimorphic characteristic

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the elytra uniformly brown, with thin black margins; without pubescence; fourth antennomere not serrated (round shape); male with both teeth the same length; frontoclypeal suture visible; scutellum shape longer than wide; without long setae at tip of the lateral arms of median lobe; pygidium sculpture with londitudinally marked carina; pygidial pubescence with apical glabrous areas. Females: spermathecal capsule basal region, with expansions.

Body length: 7–11 mm, width: 4–6 mm. Coloration pattern: head, pronotum and tibiae black; elytra almost unicolored light brown, lateral margins black, with black dot at humeral region, black punctation. Head: anterior surface smooth with longitudinal carina, on each side of this carina there is a slightly depressed glabrous area; posterior side of eye with salient ocular protuberance; mandibles as long as wide, almost symmetric; both mandibles curved (forceps-like), left mandible with single sharp tooth, right mandible broader, with denticules; external side of mandibles glabrous; clypeal margin, almost straight, sculpture with smooth punctation. Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fifth antennomere, eleventh antennomere with one marginal excavation. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation diffuse, weaker than elytral punctation; disk without pubescence; scutellum with posterior margins curved, with white dense pubescence. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Female genitalia: eighth sternite with central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 18E View FIGURE 18 ) U-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule nearly 45º; apex of spermathecal capsule long, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 18F–G View FIGURE 18 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (straight) apodemes, and central dorsal plate, central dorsal plate subquadrate, apically excavated; ventral rectal sclerites with very short apodemes. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 18H–J View FIGURE 18 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe narrower than its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe short, without setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) up-directed forming wing-shaped structure in dorsal view; ejaculatory guide with ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Napo moist forests (8).

Potential Host plants: From field notes: Trees in fog column: Arecaceae : Iriartea deltoidea ; Fabaceae : Browneopsis ucayalina ; Lecythidaceae : Gustavia longifolia . Closest Trees: Arecaceae : Iriartea deltoidea ; Fabaceae : Inga cordatoalata ; Euphorbiaceae : Senefeldera inclinata cf. (3.2 mt.); Myrtaceae : "sovran". Trees within 2 mt.: Arecaceae : Iriartea deltoidea ; Fabaceae : Inga cordatoalata ; Moraceae : Pseudolmedia laevigata cf. Trees within 3 mt.: Arecaceae : Iriartea deltoidea ; Euphorbiaceae : Senefeldera inclinata cf.; Fabaceae : Macrolobium ischnocalyx cf.; Moraceae : "leggy", Maquira calophylla ; Myrtaceae : "sovran"; Lauraceae : "serrate".

15 | Megalostomis interruptofasciata Baly 1877a | ( Fig. 19A–C View FIGURE 19 )

Megalostomis (Megalostomis) interruptofasciata Baly 1877a: 182 ; Clavareau 1913: 75; Guérin 1943b: 21; Blackwelder 1944: 637.

Type locality. Amazonas: Ega .

Material examined. Lectotype (by present designation): (♂): [W-H]: Amaz. // [ RB-P]: Type / H.T. // [G-H]: Megalostomis / interruptofasciata / Baly / Ega. // [W-P]: Baly coll. | BMNH. Another specimen as paralectotype: [G-H]: Ega. // [G-H]: Type. // [W-P]: Baly coll. | BMNH.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the pronotum reddish; with simple infra-ocular projection; elytra with two distinct transverse black bands, one at the base and another in the median region; last antennomere regular in shape; pronotal disc lateral margins visible from above.

Body length: 9 mm, width: 5.1 mm. Coloration pattern: head dark brown; reddish pronotum; tibiae reddish; elytra reddish, with two thin horizontal black bands, one basal and another at median region. Head: anterior surface smooth with longitudinal carina, with a pair of subadjacent glabrous slightly depressed areas; eyes widely separated, posterior side of eye with ocular protuberance; mandibles as long as wide, symmetric; both mandibles very short; left mandible larger; external side of mandibles glabrous; clypeal margin straight, or only slightly excavated at middle, sculpture smooth. Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fourth antennomere, eleventh antennomere with two marginal excavations that delimit central lobe. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; punctation small, almost absent, diffuse and weaker than on the elytra; disk without pubescence; scutellum with posterior margins curved, without pubescence. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Genitalia: no specimens were available for dissection.

16 | Megalostomis grossa ( Forsberg 1821) | ( Fig. 20A–I View FIGURE 20 )

Clythra grossa Forsberg 1821: 269 , 290.

Clythra boopis Germar 1824: 551 .

Megalostomis boopis: Dejean 1836: 416 ; Blackwelder 1944: 637.

Megalostomis interrupta Dejean 1836: 416 (nomen nudum).

Megalostomis (Megalostomis) grossa Lacordaire 1848: 543 ; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Burmeister 1877: 61; Clavareau 1913: 75; Bruch 1914: 348; Achard 1926: 146; Guérin 1943b: 19; Blackwelder 1944: 637; Guérin 1953: 161; Monrós 1953a: 72.

Megalostomis (Megalostomis) grossa brasiliana Achard 1926: 147 ; Guérin 1943b: 19 (SYN and status change); Blackwelder 1944: 636.

Megalostomis (Megalostomis) grossa cinctipennis Achard 1926: 146 ; Guérin 1943b: 19 (SYN); Blackwelder 1944: 636.

Megalostomis grossa var. boopis Achard 1926: 146 ; Monrós 1953a: 72 (SYN); also a junior homonym of Clythra boopis Germar.

Megalostomis grossa var. quadrimaculata Achard 1926: 147 ; Blackwelder 1944: 637; Monrós 1953a: 72 (SYN).

Type locality. Forsberg (1821) did not indicate any locality; later Lacordaire (1848: 544) indicated Brazil and Bolivia.

Type material. The type series was not available for this study; species determination relies on keys, redescriptions, and drawings by Guérin 1943b, 1953:161 (photo), and Monrós (1953a), as well as previously determined material, including specimens from the type locality.

Remarks. Monrós (1953a: 81, Fig. 78) described the coloration pattern variation in this species and synonymized Achard’s (1926) varieties boopis and quadrimaculata by considering them of no taxonomic significance. Megalostomis brasiliana was described by Achard (1926) as a new species within Megalostomis . Guérin 1943b: 19 listed M. (str.) grossa brasiliana Achard in what I have interpreted as a synonymization and status change nomenclatural act. As mentioned by Monrós, Guérin did not give any explanation of why he synonymized M. grossa cinctipennis and M. brasiliana . Subsequent study of Achard’s collection in Prague is necessary to confirm Guérin`s decision.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the sub-rectangular pronotum, with two straight apical reddish patches that may be fused, elytra with two sub-apical and two sub-basal reddish patches, and large size (usually larger than 10 mm); both male teeth are the same length; shape of head in males wider than long.

Body length: 9–15 mm, width: 5–7.4 mm. Coloration pattern: head black; pronotum black, with two lateral reddish patches at base that can join together at median region, covering almost entire pronotum in some specimens; tibiae black; elytra black, with two reddish patches, one sub-basal and another sub-apical, both reaching lateral margins, on each elytron patches can reach basal and apical regions, their color can vary from dark reddish to yellow in some specimens. Head: anterior surface smooth, with central protuberance at upper region of clypeus; head surface mostly glabrous; posterior side of eye with salient post-ocular protuberance, next to a marked furrow; mandibles short, as long as wide, asymmetric; left mandible larger, with sharp tip that covers the right mandible during occlusion; external side of mandibles pubescent; labrum subquadrate, glabrous; clypeal margin straight, sculpture formed by small punctation similar to that of the pronotum. Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fourth antennomere, eleventh antennomere with two marginal excavations that delimit central lobe. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation weaker than elytral punctation; scutellum with posterior margins curved, without pubescence. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Female genitalia: eighth sternite with central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 20D View FIGURE 20 ) U-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule nearly 45º; apex of spermathecal capsule long, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 20E– F View FIGURE 20 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (straight) apodemes, and central dorsal plate, central dorsal plate subquadrate; ventral rectal sclerites with very short apodemes. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 20G–I View FIGURE 20 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe narrower than its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe long, with setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) up-directed forming wing-shaped structure in dorsal view; ejaculatory guide without ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Alto Paraná Atlantic forests (12), Bahia interior forests (2), Caatinga (1), Central Andean Puna (needs confirmation) (1), Cerrado (5), Chiquitano dry forests (5), Humid Chaco (6), Serra do Mar coastal forests (3).

Material examined: ARGENTINA. Corrientes: Isla Apipe, Col. (Martinez) | IADIZA ; Misiones: San Ignacio | MLPA , Col. (Baden) | IADIZA , Col. (Baden) | USNM , Col. (Montes) | MLPA , Santa Ana , Col. (Monrós) | USNM . BOLIVIA. Chuquisaca: Chuquisaca , (4/4/1924), Col. (Harrington) | IADIZA ; Santa Cruz: Al Guacay | IADIZA , Col. (Pinckert) | IADIZA , Cuatro Ojos , Col. (Pinckert) | IADIZA , Loma Alta , Col. (Pinckert) | IADIZA . BRAZIL. Bahia: Sello , (2) | ZMHB ; Goias: Araçu , (10/1998-11/1998), Col. (Farias) | HNHM , Bananeiras | IADIZA , Jataby | IADIZA , Jathay , (11/1972), Col. (Oliveira) | ZMHB, (10/1/1938) | USNM; Minas Gerais: | USNM | ZMHB ; São Paulo: Brotas, Rio Claro , [Baetge] | ZMHB | IADIZA, (2) | ZMHB; Other: Jatahy, (2) | ZMHB , V. Olf, (2) | ZMHB, Villa Rica | AMNH, (3) | ZMHB , [23373 /as C. boopis ] | ZMHB, Col. (Duvivier) | KBIN , Col. (Reinhart), Det. Monrós | NMBA. FRENCH GUYANA. Cayenne: | USNM . PARAGUAY. Alto Parana: Puerto Bertoni | USNM ; Caaguazú: Paso yobai, (1/15/1951), Col. (Föerster) | USNM, (11/26/1951) , Det. Monrós | NMBA; Cordillera: San Bernardino | USNM ; Paraguari: Sapucay | USNM | ZMHB ; Other: Asunción, Col. (Vezenyi), Det. Monrós, (2) | HNHM , Santa Trinidad | MLPA, Villa Rica | ZMHB | ZMHB . NO DATA. (5) | ZMHB, Col. (Chapuis), (2) | KBIN .

17 | Megalostomis sergius sp. nov. | ( Fig. 21A–I View FIGURE 21 )

Etymology: This specific name is treated as a noun in apposition ( ICZN, 1999, Art. 34.2.1), it pertains to Dr Sergio Roig-Juñent, a prominent entomologist who introduced me to the study of this wonderful group of beetles.

Types designation. Holotype: Orellana Transect. Reserva Etnica Waorani, 216m. 9-Feb-1996. 00º 39' 25.7''S, 076º 27' 10.8''W. / Legs sent to BTOL for DNA. T.L. Erwin et al. | USNM GoogleMaps *; Allotype (♀): ECUADOR: Orellana, Tiputini Biodiversity Station near Yasuni National Park , 08-Feb-1999. 00 37' 55"S, 076 08' 39"W. T.L. Erwin et al. CRPC # 134, LOT # 2027 | USNM GoogleMaps *; Paratype: 05-Feb-1999. 00º 37' 55"S, 076 08' 39"W. T.L. Erwin et al. CRPC # 134, LOT # 2090 | USNM GoogleMaps *; Paratype: ECUADOR: OrellanaTransect Ent. 1 km S. Onkone Gare Camp. Reserva Etnica Waorani. 216.3m. 04-Feb-1996. 00° 39' 25.7"S, 076° 27' 10.8"W. T.L. Erwin et al. CRPC # 064, LOT # 1417 | USNM GoogleMaps *, Paratype (♂): ECUADOR: Orellana, Transect Ent. 1 km S. Onkone Gare Camp. Reserva Etnica Waorani. 216.3m. 05-Feb-1996, 00° 39' 25.7"S, 076° 27' 10.8"W. T.L. Erwin et al. CRPC # 064, LOT # 1427 | USNM GoogleMaps *; Paratype: BOLIVIA: Cavinas, Río Beni. Feb-1922. Mudford Rio Expl. 1921-22. Mann. | IADIZA. (*) Held in trust for Ecuador at the USNM, Smithsonian Institution .

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the glabrous frons; frontal furrow beside the eyes delimited by a slight carina; elytral base black, it may be extended through the inner margin of the elytra, forming a central patch; pygidial pubescence with apical glabrous areas. Females: kotpresse ventral sclerites external margin fanshaped.

Body length: 11–12 mm, width: 6–6.7 mm. Coloration pattern: head, pronotum and tibiae black; elytra brick red with base and external margins black, in some specimens black color is extended to margins invading the central region. Head: anterior surface strongly sculptured, with longitudinal carina; internal margin of eyes with strongly marked carina, with a pair of subadjacent slightly depressed areas; posterior side of eye with ocular protuberance; mandibles as long as wide, asymmetric; left mandible larger, with single sharp tooth; right mandible hidden behind left mandible upon mandibular occlusion; external side of mandibles glabrous; clypeal margin concave. Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fourth antennomere, eleventh antennomere with one marginal excavation. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation diffuse, weaker than elytral punctation; disk without pubescence; scutellum with posterior margins curved, without pubescence. Elytra: subrectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Female genitalia: eighth sternite with central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 21D View FIGURE 21 ) U-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule nearly 45º; apex of spermathecal capsule long, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 21E–F View FIGURE 21 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (straight) apodemes, and central dorsal plate, central dorsal plate subquadrate (apically excavated); ventral rectal sclerites with very short apodemes. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 21G–I View FIGURE 21 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe narrower than its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe short, with setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) up-directed forming wing-shaped structure in dorsal view; ejaculatory guide without ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Napo moist forests (5).

Potential Host plants: From field notes: Trees in fog column: Bombacaceae : Matisia malacocalyx cf.; Lecythidaceae : Eschweilera coriacea cf.; Moraceae : Batocarpus orinocensis cf.; Rutaceae : Zanthoxylum riedelianum ssp. kellermanii cf. Closest Trees: Burseraceae : Crepidospermum rhoifolium ; Moraceae : Sorocea steinbachii cf. Trees within 3 mt.: Fabaceae : Zygia coccinea cf.; Moraceae : Sorocea steinbachii cf.; Sapotaceae : Pouteria gracilis cf.

18 | Megalostomis anachoreta Lacordaire 1848 | ( Fig. 22A–I View FIGURE 22 )

Megalostomis (Minturnia) anachoreta Lacordaire 1848: 537 ; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3294; Jacoby 1888: 73; Jacoby and Clavareau 1906: 59; Clavareau 1913: 75; Blackwelder 1944: 636; Moldenke 1970: 20 (Dejean as author).

Megalostomis (Megalostomis) anachoreta: Monrós 1953c: 149 .

Megalostomis (Coleobyersa) anachoreta: Moldenke 1981: 101 (Dejean as author).

Megalostomis gratiosa Lacordaire 1848: 533 ; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Blackwelder 1944: 637; Moldenke 1970: 22 SYN. NOV.

Megalostomis (Minturnia) amazona Jacoby 1876: 809 ; Jacoby 1888: 73; Clavareau 1913: 75; Blackwelder 1944: 636; Monrós 1953c: 149 (as M. ( Megalostomis View in CoL ); Guérin 1943b: 21; Moldenke 1970: 19; Moldenke 1981: 101 [as M. (Coleobyersa)]. SYN. NOV.

Megalostomis generosa Baly 1877a: 181 ; Clavareau 1913: 75; Blackwelder 1944: 636; Monrós 1953c: 149 (as junior synonym M. amazona ); Moldenke 1981: 100 junior synonym of M. (Minturnia) amazona ). SYN. NOV.

Megalostomis (Minturnia) chuncho Monrós 1951a: 1146, 1151 ; 1953c: 148, 149 (places in synonymy with M. anachoreta ).

Megalostomis (Minturnia) mariae Monrós 1951a: 1154 ; 1953c: 149 (place in synonymy with M. amazona ); Moldenke 1981: 101 (reversed synonymy with M. amazona ) (new status syn.)

Megalostomis balyi Monrós 1951a: 1152 SYN. NOV.

Megalostomis (Minturnia) weyrauchi Monrós 1952: 350 ; 1953c: 148 (junior synonym of M. anachoreta ).

Megalostomis (Minturnia) hespenheidi Moldenke 1981: 100 SYN. NOV.

Type locality. Colombia .

Type material examined. Megalostomis anachoreta : Lectotype (present designation): [G-P]: Hist.-Coll. ( Coleoptera )/ Nr. 23380/ Megalostomis / Anachoreta Lac./ Bogota, Dej./ Zool. Mus. Berlin. // [R-P]: SYNTYPUS / Megalostomis anacho-/ reta Lacordaire, 1848 / Labelled by MNHUB 2008. | ZMHB. Megalostomis amazona : Lectotype (present designation): [R-P]: Type/ 8625. // [W-H]: R. Mauré/ Amazon/ Handing. // [W-P]: 1 st Jacoby/ Coll. | MCZ, url: http:// insects.oeb.harvard.edu. Megalostomis balyi: Allotype : [W-H]: BRAZIL /Amazonas/ Ega/ Col. Baly/ Ex. Brit. Museum. // [Pk-H]: Megalostomis / ( Minturnia )/ balyi/ mihi/ F. Monrós det. 1951. // [ RB-H]: Alotipo (♀) | USNM. Megalostomis generosa : Lectotype (present designation): [G-H]: Megalostomis / generosa / Baly / Ega. Upper Amazonas. // [ RB-P]: Type/ H.T. // [G-H]: Type. // [G-H]: Ega. // [W-P]: Baly Coll. | BMNH. Remaining specimens as paralectotypes (by present designation): [G-H]: Type. // [G-H]: Ega. // [W-P]: Baly Coll. | BMNH, (3). Megalostomis gratiosa : Lectotype (present designation): [W-H]: Colomb. // [Pk-H]: Minturnia / gratiosa/ Lac./ Lacordaire det. // [ RB-H]: Holotipo. // [W-H]: Type. // [W-H]: Gratiosa/ Lac. // [W-P]: Ex-Musaeo/ Miniszech. | USNM. The latter is evidently a syntype acquired by Monrós from Miniszech collection (most likely from MNHN) and added it to his personal collection presently at USNM. Megalostomis hespenheidi : Holotype: [W-H]: Costa Rica/ Paz. H. Roble. // [W-P]: California Academy/ of Sciences/ Type Nº. 13693. // [Pk-H]: HOLOTYPE:/ Megalostomis / hespenheidi (♀)/ det. Moldenke’ 1980. | Studied from California Academy of Sciences Digital image by Vic. Smith. Megalostomis mariae : Holotype: ECUADOR: Balzar III., Ex. Coll Fry. | BMNH. Megalostomis weyrauchi : Holotype: [W-H]: PANAMA / Balboa/ Jul/7/19/ G. V. Weyrauch. // [R-P]: Type Nº/ 65235/ U.S. N.M. // [Pk-H]: Megalostomis / ( Minturnia )/ weyrauchi/ mihi/ F. Monrós det. 1952. // [ RB-H]: Holotipo (♀)/ ilustrado. // [W-H] (probably added by Moldenke): placed by F.M./ under/ Megalostomis / anachoreta/ Lac. | USNM. Megalostomis chuncho : Holotype: (♀) Peru, Upper Amazon, Iquitos, ex coll. Jacoby | BMNH.

Remarks. Both Lacordaire (1848) and Moldenke (1970, 1981), used Dejean (1836: 440) as the original citation for M. anachoreta . I did not find this in Dejean`s catalog, neither as Megalostomis nor as Clytra , that is why I considered Lacordaire as the original author. In addition, most names in Dejean catalog are to be considered nomina nuda since they are not accompanied by a description. The taxomony of this species is very complicated. I have concluded that most of the taxonomic problems were caused because the males of M. anachoreta do not present sexual dimorphism in the head, and, consequently are very similar to the females of a group of species including: M. gazella , M. cornuta , M. kollari , M. religiosa , M. tricincta , and M. consimilis (former subgenus M. (Scaphigenia). For a better distinction between these taxa: the males of the latter group have a central tooth in the clypeus and well-developed mandibles, with apical teeth and auricular appendix; male specimens without these characters surely belong to M. anachoreta (except for some specimens of M. gazella ). Female specimens in the former subgenus M. (Scaphigenia) are quite difficult to identify to the species level, the most appropriate method is to check their elytral design with those of their respective males ( Monrós 1953 a, Agrain et al. 2007). Another fact that may be used to separate these taxa is that M. anachoreta is distributed in northern Brazil, Ecuador, French Guiana, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela and Costa Rica, totally separated from the other mentioned species which are known only from Bolivia, southern Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. Males of M. anachoreta that exhibit slight differences in their elytral design have been historically named as new species. As mentioned before, M. anachoreta is widely distributed throughout Amazonia ( Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Panama and Venezuela. All but one [ M. hespenheidi ( Costa Rica)] of the synonymies proposed in this contribution (explained below) were described from Amazonia: M. amazona (“Amazonas”), M. balyi (“Lower Amazon”), M. chuncho (“Upper Amazon”, Peru), M. generosa (Ega, “Upper Amazonas”, M. gratiosa ( Nueva Granada, Colombia), M. mariae ( Ecuador, Balzar). Type material comparison between M. amazona and M. anachoreta , result in not other difference but polymorphic color variations in the elytral pattern.

Monrós (1951a) mentioned the head sculpture and elytral coloration pattern for the diagnosis of M. balyi , this character is also present in other specimens when larger series are studied, without any distinct geographic separation. Megalostomis chuncho , was described from a female specimen, according to Monrós (1951a), with a distinct interocular carina and almost straight lateral margins of pronotum (characters shared with M. anachoreta ): he also mentioned the use of these characters to separate it from M. univittata , an allied taxon according to Monrós. The latter is confirmed by the cladistic analysis of Agrain and Roig-Juñent (2011) where both species are sister taxa within the M. grossa species group. Monrós (1953c) synonymized several taxa, by considering them small variations in coloration pattern, or minor differences in size and microsculpture that according to Monrós (1953c: 148): ” tend to be lost in large series”, a fact confirmed in this contribution for several other taxa. Among these taxa, he synonymized M. generosa with M. amazona . Later Moldenke (1981) removed it from synonymy without giving any explanation. Type material comparison of M. generosa , M. amazona , and M. anachoreta , show no other difference but a polymorphic variation in coloration pattern of the elytra. Therefore, M. generosa , and M. amazona are synonymized with M. anachoreta . Considering that there is only one year between Jacoby’s and Baly's descriptions of these two species, and the fact that Baly did not mention anything about M. amazona , the most probable scenario is that Baly did not know about Jacoby's earlier description of this morph when describing M. generosa . In the original description of M. gratiosa ( Lacordaire 1848: 534) , the author mentioned the similarity of this species with M. gazella females (of course, this was likely due to the situation explained above). M. gratiosa was also described for Colombia as M. anachoreta , and Lacordaire based his diagnosis on the color variations of the elytra. As the first reviser and following the ICZN (1999: Art. 24), I have decided to maintain M. anachoreta as the senior species, because it is the most frequently used name used in the literature. M. hespenheidi was described from a sole female specimen, the characters mentioned in Moldenke’s (1981) description are to be found in all other specimens of M. anachoreta , I studied the type of M. hespenheidi from a photograph kindly sent to me by Vic Smith (California Academy of Sciences). Finally, I borrowed from BMNH the type of M. mariae , a species dedicated to Monrós’ wife, Dr María Muntañola. Although Monrós (1953c) synonymized it with M. anachoreta for the reasons expressed above, Moldenke (1981) resurrected this synonymy without mentioning any character differences. After the examination of this type and the illustration of the male genitalia in Monrós’s original description, I decided to resynonymize it with M. anachoreta . The type specimen of M. mariae differs from M. anachoreta only in the lighter coloration of the elytra (yellow instead of fulvous bands), and dark reddish pronotum instead of black, with no differences in male genitalia.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the black elytra with two straight and transverse reddish bands, and pilose transverse pronotum; male mandibles exceed the length of the clypeus; shape of head in males wider than long; basal hood structure of male genitalia forming a basal keel. Females: kotpresse central dorsal plate subquadrate with three arms; eighth sternite without central tooth. See remarks to further comments for the differentiation of this species from M. gazella .

Body length: 10–12 mm, width: 5–6.1 mm. Coloration pattern: head black; black and reddish pronotum; tibiae (except at base) reddish; elytra black, with two reddish transverse bands, basal bands generally reaching external margin but not internal one, apical bands usually not reaching lateral margins, this apical reddish band may reach elytral apex in some specimens, while some specimens may also have an entirely reddish and glabrous pronotum. Head: anterior surface strongly sculptured with longitudinal carina, with a pair of subadjacent slightly depressed areas; pubescence of the head highly variable among specimens; posterior side of eye with ocular protuberance; mandibles longer than wide, asymmetric; left mandible larger, with curved, sharp tooth; right mandible hidden behind the left tooth upon mandibular occlusion; external side of mandibles glabrous; clypeal margin, distinctly V-shaped, sculpture formed by small diffuse punctation. Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fourth antennomere, eleventh antennomere with two marginal excavations that delimit central lobe. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation diffuse, weaker than elytral punctation; disk without pubescence; scutellum with posterior margins curved, without pubescence. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Female genitalia: eighth sternite without a central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 22D View FIGURE 22 ) U-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule nearly 45º; apex of spermathecal capsule long, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 22E–F View FIGURE 22 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (straight) apodemes, and central dorsal plate, central dorsal plate subquadrate (with two lateral arms with the apex concave); ventral rectal sclerites without apodemes. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 22G–I View FIGURE 22 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe narrower than its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe short, with setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) up-directed forming wing-shaped structure in dorsal view; ejaculatory guide with ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Amazon-Orinoco-Southern Caribbean mangroves (4), Cauca Valley montane forests (1), Central American dry forests (1), Costa Rican seasonal moist forests (1), Guajira-Barranquilla xeric scrub (2), Guianan moist forests (2), Isthmian-Atlantic moist forests (2), Isthmian-Pacific moist forests (4), La Costa xeric shrublands (1), Magdalena Valley dry forests (2), Magdalena Valley montane forests (3), Panamanian dry forests (1), Talamancan montane forests (2), Venezuelan Andes montane forests (1), Western Ecuador moist forests (1).

Predators: Cerceris binodis , reported in Panama by Giovanetti (2005).

Host plants: Anacardiaceae : Mango, Mangifera indica (buds) (from specimens label). Bignoniaceae : Tabebuia rosea (from specimens labels). Moraceae : Ødegaard (2004) on Brosimum utile (Kunth) . Myrtaceae : Kliejunas (2001): Eucalyptus tereticornis .

Additional material examined. BRAZIL. Goias: 24 Km. E Formosa , (5/22/1956) | LACM ; Other: Amazonas | USNM . COLOMBIA. Bogota: | KBIN, | USNM ; Bolivar: Cartagena | USNM, (1/1/1934) , Col. (Castillo) | USNM , Col. (Castillo) | IADIZA , Col. (Creed) | USNM ; Cundinamarca: Fusagasuga , (11/6/1965), Col. (Ramos), (2) | IADIZA , Viota , (12/11/1965), Col. (Ramos) | IADIZA ; Tolima: Coyaima , Det. Moldenke | USNM ; Other: Guajiro, San Antonio , (1/1940), Col. (Abay), (7) | LACM , Purina , (11/7/1996), Col. (Bürger S) | KBIN | IADIZA, (11/1/1941) , Col. (Gallego), Det. Moldenke, [En hojas de Guaba - Guamo - Mimosacea] | USNM , Col. (Chapuis) | KBIN , Col. ( Chapuis ), Det. Lacordaire, (4) | KBIN . COSTA RICA. Guanacaste: Cerro el Hacha, (11/15/1991 - 12/15/1991), Col. (Espinoza) | INBC , Los Almendros , (3/3/1992 - 4/3/1992), Col. (Reyes) | INBC , Orosi volcano, (2/1/1992 - 3/1/1992), Col. (Florez K) | INBC, (2/1/1992 - 3/1/1992) , Col. (Garcia), Det. Mora | INBC , Santa Rosa National Park , (5/30/1983 - 6/30/1983), Col. (Janzen) | INBC ; Puntarenas: El Palmar, Puerto Vilches , (8/25/1992), Det. White | USNM ; Other: Bucaramanga , Puerto Vilches | USNM . FRENCH GUYANA. Cayenne: (2) | USNM ; Other: | KBIN , | NMBA, [23381 - Hist Coll. Sta Martha fontan] | ZMHB , [23381] | ZMHB , Col. (Duvivier) | KBIN . PANAMA. Chiriqui: Bugaba, Col. (Champion) | USNM , El Boquete , [A bouteto SV] | ZMHB ; Colon: | IADIZA, Det. Monrós | NMBA ; Isla San Jose: Balboa, Col. (Morrison) | IADIZA ;

Panama: | IADIZA , Col. (Krauss), Det. Moldenke | USNM , Other: Pedregal , (10/1/1946), Col. (Krauss) | USNM , San Bernardino , Departamento de la Cordillera, Col. (Fiebrig) | IADIZA , Taboga , (12/1/1946), Col. (Krauss), Det. Moldenke | USNM . VENEZUELA. Merida: 38 Km SW Merida, (4/2/1981), Col. (Grisell) | IADIZA ; Other: Caracas | ZMHB . NO DATA. | USNM.

19 | Megalostomis flavipennis Jacoby 1880 | ( Fig. 23A–I View FIGURE 23 )

Megalostomis (Minturnia) flavipennis Jacoby 1880: 31 ; Jacoby 1888: 72; Jacoby and Clavareau 1906: 61; Clavareau 1913: 76; Blackwelder 1944: 636.

Megalostomis (Coleobyersa) flavipennis: Moldenke 1981: 101 .

Type locality. Nicaragua: Chontales. Type material examined. Lectotype (present designation): [W-P]: B.C.A., Col. VI, I./ Suppl. /

Megalostomis / flavipennis/ Jac. // [W-P]: Type/ Sp. Figured. // [W-P]: Chontales / Nicaragua / T. Belt. // [ RB-P]: Type/ H.T. | BMNH . Remaining specimens as paralectotypes (by present designation): [W-P]: B.C.A., Col. VI, I./ Suppl. / Megalostomis / flavipennis/ Jac. // [W-P]: V. de Chiriqui / 2-2000 ft. / Champion ) | BMNH . [W-P]: B.C.A., Col. VI, I./ Suppl. / Megalostomis / flavipennis/ Jac. // [W-P]: Bugaba / 800–3500 ft. / Champion ) | BMNH .

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from M. basilaris by the serrate fourth antennomere, entirely light brown (yellowish) elytra; frontal furrow beside the eyes delimited by strongly marked carina; visible frontoclypeal suture; and apical glabrous areas within the pygidial pubescence.

Body length: 11–12 mm, width: 5.1–6.1 mm. Coloration pattern: head pronotum black; tibiae black, in some specimens light brown with black base; elytra unicolored brown. Head: anterior surface strongly sculptured with longitudinal carina, on each side of this carina there is a slightly depressed glabrous area; with marked lateral carina on eye internal margin; posterior side of eye with ocular protuberance; mandibles as long as wide, asymmetric; left mandible larger and with single sharp tooth; right mandible smaller, hidden behind left mandible upon mandibular occlusion; external side of mandibles pubescent; clypeal margin straight; clypeus puncturated. Antennae: scape robust, serrated beyond fourth antennomere, eleventh antennomere with one marginal excavation. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation diffuse, weaker than elytral punctuation; sparse, short, and reclined white pubescence denser at margins; scutellum with posterior margins curved, without pubescence.

Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Female genitalia: eighth sternite with central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 23D View FIGURE 23 ) U-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule nearly 45º; apex of spermathecal capsule long, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 23E–F View FIGURE 23 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (straight) apodemes, and central dorsal plate, central dorsal plate subquadrate (apically excavated); ventral rectal sclerites without apodemes (round margins). Male genitalia: ( Fig. 23G–I View FIGURE 23 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe narrower than its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe short, with setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) up-directed forming wing-shaped structure in dorsal view; ejaculatory guide without ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Central American dry forests (1), Isthmian-Atlantic moist forests (4), Isthmian-Pacific moist forests (4).

Host plants: Moraceae : Ødegaard (2004) on Brosimum utile (Kunth) .

Additional material examined. COSTA RICA. Cartago: Turrialba | IADIZA ; Guanacaste: 9 Km S Sta Cecilia, (9/14/1992 - 10/14/1992), Col. (Rios), Det. Flowers, (2) | INBC ; Limon: Cerere, Est. Hitoy , (9/1/1992), Col. (Carballo), Det. Flowers | INBC ; Puntarenas: Rancho Quemado , (3/1/1991), Col. (Saborio), Det. Moldenke | INBC ; Other: | USNM . PANAMA. Barro Colorado Island: Canal Zone , (7/22/1924), Col. (Banks), Det. Monrós | NMBA ; Chiriqui: | USNM .

20 | Megalostomis chalybeosoma Lacordaire 1848 | ( Fig. 24A–F View FIGURE 24 )

M. (Minturnia) chalybeosoma Lacordaire 1848: 528 ; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Clavareau 1913: 76, Guérin 1943b: 12; Blackwelder 1944: 636.

Type locality. Brazil .

Type material examined. Lectotype (present designation): [R-P]: SYNTYPUS / Megalostomis chalybeo-/ soma Lacordaire, 1848 / labelled by MNHUB 2008. // [G-H]: Brasil. Virmnd. // [W-P]: 23370. // [W-H]: Megalostomis / chalybeosoma/ Lacord* | ZMHB. Another specimen as paralectotype (by present designation): [W- H]: Megalostomis / chalybeosoma/ Lacord. (♀). // [G-P]: Hist.-Coll. ( Coleoptera )/ Nr. 23370/ Megalostomis / chalybeosoma Lac. / Brasil, Virmnd./ Zool. Mus. Berlin. // [R-P]: SYNTYPUS / Megalostomis chalybeo-/ soma Lacordaire, 1848 / Labelled by MNHUB 2008. | ZMHB.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by having the lateral margins of pronotum visible from above, the clypeus not distinctly transverse, the elytra light brown with two distinct black dots (one on the humeral callus and another in the median region of each elytron), and the shape of head in males being longer than wide.

Females: kotpresse ventral sclerites external margin fan-shaped.

Body length: 7.2 mm, width: 4.3 mm. Coloration pattern: head pronotum and tibiae black; elytra almost unicolored light brown, with one black dot at humeral callus, and another at median region not reaching the margins. Head: anterior surface strongly sculptured with longitudinal carina, with a pair of subadjacent slightly depressed areas; posterior side of eye with slight ocular protuberance; mandibles as long as wide, slightly asymmetric; left mandible larger, with single sharp tooth; right mandible hidden behind left mandible; external side of mandibles with sparse pubescence; clypeal margin concave, sculpture formed by marked diffuse punctation, with marked transverse clypeal suture. Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fifth antennomere, eleventh antennomere entire. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation diffuse, weaker than elytral punctuation; sparse, short, and reclined white pubescence denser at margins; scutellum with posterior margins curved, without pubescence. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Female genitalia: eighth sternite with central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 24D View FIGURE 24 ) U-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule nearly 45º; apex of spermathecal capsule long, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 24E–F View FIGURE 24 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (straight) apodemes, and central dorsal plate, central dorsal plate subquadrate (apically excavated); ventral rectal sclerites without apodemes (round margins). Male genitalia: no specimens were available for dissection.

Ecoregions: Alto Paraná Atlantic forests (1), Araucaria moist forests (2).

Additional material examined. BRAZIL. Santa Catarina: Minas Gerais, Det. Monrós | USNM ; Other: Virmond, (4) | ZMHB .

21 | Megalostomis grandis ( Forsberg 1821) | ( Fig. 25A–I View FIGURE 25 )

Clythra grandis Forsberg 1821: 263 , 278.

Clythra tetrastigma Germar 1824: 544 .

Megalostomis tumida Dejean 1836: 416 . (nomen nudum).

Megalostomis (Megalostomis) grandis Lacordaire 1848: 544 ; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Heyne and Taschenberg 1908: 248; Clavareau 1913: 75; Guérin 1943b: 20; Blackwelder 1944: 637; Monrós 1953a: 76.

Type locality. Forsberg (1821) did not indicate any locality, later Lacordaire (1848: 545) indicated Brazil: Rio do Janeiro.

Type material. The type series was not available for this study; species determination relies on keys, redescriptions, and drawings by Guérin 1943b, and Monrós (1953a), as well as previously determined material, including specimens from the type locality.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the black dot and diffuse pilosity in the median region of the elytra, fourth antennomere serrate, eyes stalk hypertrophied; both male teeth of the same length; apical margin of dorsal plate of aedeagus convex; basal hood structure not forming any particular structure. Females: apex of spermathecal capsule short (capsule J-shaped).

Body length: 10.9–14 mm, width: 6–7.8 mm. Coloration pattern: head pronotum and tibiae black; elytra almost unicolored light brown, with small round black spot at median region, elytral callus black. Head: anterior surface strongly sculptured with longitudinal carina, on each side of this carina there is a slightly depressed glabrous area; posterior side of eye with salient post-ocular protuberance, next to a marked furrow; mandibles longer than wide, asymmetric; left mandible larger with single sharp tooth; right mandible with small teeth that fit into left mandible upon mandibular occlusion; external side of mandibles glabrous; labrum subquadrate; clypeal margin straight, sculpture thinly punctured. Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fourth antennomere, eleventh antennomere with two marginal excavations that delimit central lobe. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation diffuse, weaker than elytral punctuation; sparse, short, and reclined white pubescence denser at margins; scutellum with posterior margins curved, without pubescence. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Female genitalia: eighth sternite with central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 25D View FIGURE 25 ) J-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule nearly 45º; apex of spermathecal capsule short, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 25E–F View FIGURE 25 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (straight) apodemes, and central dorsal plate, central dorsal plate subquadrate (apically excavated); ventral rectal sclerites with very short apodemes. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 25G–I View FIGURE 25 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe as wide as its base, with anterior margin convex; lateral arms of median lobe short, with setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) up-directed forming wing-shaped structure in dorsal view; ejaculatory guide without ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Alto Paraná Atlantic forests (2), Araucaria moist forests (2), Cerrado (2), Humid Chaco (1), Madeira-Tapajós moist forests (1), Serra do Mar coastal forests (4), Southern Atlantic mangroves (1).

Material examined: BRAZIL. Mato Grosso: Santo Izabel, Det. Monrós | NMBA ; Rio de Janeiro: (2) | USNM , Col. (Van Voixem), (24) | KBIN , Det. Föersberg, (2) | USNM; Santa Catarina: (2) | ZMHB ; Other: Brasilia , Fuchs?, Col. (Luetgens) | FSCA , Corupa , Col. (Scath) | AMNH , Rio Natal , Col. (Scath) | AMNH , V. Olf , [23383], (4) | ZMHB | USNM | ZMHB, (11/1/1944) | USNM , [as C. tetrastigma ], (6) | ZMHB , Col. (Duvivier), (2) | KBIN , Det. Monrós, (2) | NMBA. PARAGUAY. Caaguazú: Col. (Podquiantin), Det. Monrós | IADIZA | USNM . NO DATA. Helgoland , Col. (Fryvaldsky), Det. Monrós | HNHM , Rio d. pedr?., Det. Monrós | IADIZA, (4) | ZMHB , [23383] | ZMHB, Col. (Chapuis) | KBIN , Col. (Van Voixem) | KBIN , Det. Erber, (2) | ZMHB, Det. Monrós | IADIZA.

22 | Megalostomis unicincta Lefèvre, 1884 | ( Fig. 26A–I View FIGURE 26 )

Megalostomis unicincta Lefèvre, 1884: 149 ; Blackwelder 1944: 637.

Type locality. Venezuela: Caracas .

Type material examined. Megalostomis unicincta : Lectotype (present designation): [W-H]: Venezuela. // [G-P]: Van Lansberg. // [W-H]: Megalostomis / unicincta Lef. // [W-P]: Ex-typis. // [W-H]: Megalostomis / unicincta/ (nov. sp.)/ var. A. type. // [Pu-P]: Col. R. I. Sc. N. B. | KBIN. Other specimens as paralectotype (by present designation): [W-H]: Venezuela. // [W-H]: Megalostomis / unicincta Lef. // [Pu-P]: Col. R. I. Sc. N. B. | KBIN.

Remarks. I also had the chance to study a specimen from Colombia, with a label added by Monrós indicating in Spanish: “Compared with the type in Brussels”

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the black band in the median region of the elytra; pronotum black; last antennomere with one excavation; epipleural fold expanded. Females: kotpresse dorsal apodemes longer than wide, curved; eighth sternite without central tooth.

Body length: 7.9–9.9 mm, width: 4–4.9 mm. Coloration pattern: head and pronotum black; tibiae reddish; elytra light brown, with thin, black band at lateral margin, not reaching internal margins, with black patch at humeral callus. Head: anterior surface strongly sculptured with marked longitudinal carina, with a pair of subadjacent slightly depressed areas; dense pubescence distributed all throughout anterior face formed by short reclined white setae; posterior side of eye with small ocular protuberance; mandibles longer than wide, asymmetric; left mandible larger with single sharp apical tooth; right mandible hidden behind left mandible; external side of mandibles pubescent; labrum rectangular and long, characteristically colored, brown with black, longitudinal stripe at median region; short double auricular appendix; clypeal margin slightly concave, sculpture formed by small rounded punctation. Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fourth antennomere, eleventh antennomere with two marginal excavations that delimit central lobe. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation diffuse, weaker than elytral punctation; dense, reclined short white pubescence only at margins; scutellum with posterior margins curved, with white dense pubescence. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Female genitalia: ( Fig. 26D View FIGURE 26 ) eighth sternite without a central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 26E–F View FIGURE 26 ) U-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule nearly 45º; apex of spermathecal capsule long, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (curved) apodemes, and central dorsal plate, central dorsal plate subquadrate (apically excavated); ventral rectal sclerites with short apodemes. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 26G–I View FIGURE 26 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe as wide as its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe short, with setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) up-directed forming wing-shaped structure in dorsal view; ejaculatory guide with ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Venezuelan Andes montane forests (probably in the same habitat in Colombia).

Additional material examined. COLOMBIA. Col, Hoeg, [Comparado con tipo Ins. Sci. Nat. Bruselas / Ex D. E. Ins] | IADIZA, [23382], (3) | ZMHB. VENEZUELA. Trujillo: Las trincheras, Col. (Reynold) | IADIZA; Other: Cazatlas, Col. (Fry) | BMNH, Col. (Fry), (2) | BMNH, Col. (Fry), (2) | IADIZA, Col. (Jacoby) | BMNH | KBIN, (2) | ZMHB, Col. (Geitner) | HNHM. NO DATA. (3) | ZMHB, Col. (Andrewest, Bequest) | BMNH, Det. Guérin | NMBA.

23 | Megalostomis placida Baly 1877b | ( Fig. 27A–C View FIGURE 27 )

Megalostomis (Megalostomis) placida Baly 1877b: 341 ; Clavareau 1913: 75; Guérin 1943b: 22 Blackwelder 1944: 637.

Type locality. Ega, Upper Amazons.

Material examined. Lectotype (♂) (present designation): [W-H]: S. Paulo / Amaz. // [ RB-P]: Type/ H.T. // [G-H]: Megalostomis / placida/ Baly/ Amazonas. // [W-P]: Baly coll. // [G-H]: Type. // [G-H]: H | BMNH. Remaining specimens as paralectotypes (by present designation): [W-P]: Baly coll. // [G-H]: Tapajos | BMNH, (2); [W-P]: Baly coll. // [G-H]: Ega | BMNH.

Remarks. I studied four syntypes from BMNH, and althougth Baly (1877b: 336, 341) indicates “Ega, Upper Amazons”, only one of the specimens I studied matched the type locality (Ega), yet, there is one of these specimens labelled by Baly as “type”, so even if this one is from Sâo Paulo, I respect the original author`s choice by designating this specimes as the Lectotype, and the rest as paralectotypes. An explanation to the latter might be that Baly (1877b: 336) did not mention how many specimens he studied, nor the details of each one, he only presented a table called: “ List of Species and their Habitat ”, thus, this might be a general appreciation by the author of the species` habitat, rather than the precise specimen`s location.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the elytra uniformly colored; pronotum reddish; eye stalk hypertrophied; both male teeth of the same length. Females: pygidium anterior border with median ventral excavation (egg dimple).

Body length: 8.9 mm, width: 4.9 mm. Coloration pattern: head black; pronotum reddish except at base where it exhibits a thin black transverse band; tibiae reddish; elytra uniformly reddish, humeral callus black. Head: anterior surface smooth with longitudinal carina, with a pair of subadjacent slightly depressed areas; anterior face without pubescence; posterior side of eye with ocular protuberance; mandibles as long as wide, asymmetric; left mandible larger; external side of mandibles densely pubescent; clypeal margin straight, sculpture with median longitudinal carina; transverse clypeal suture present. Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fourth antennomere, eleventh antennomere with two marginal excavations that delimit central lobe. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation diffuse, weaker than elytral punctation; disk without pubescence; scutellum with posterior margins curved, with sparse pubescence. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Genitalia: no specimens were available for dissection.

Ecoregions: Serra do Mar coastal forests (1).

24 | Megalostomis gigas Lacordaire, 1848 | ( Fig. 28A–I View FIGURE 28 )

Megalostomis gigas Dejean 1836: 416 (nomen nudum).

Megalostomis (Megalostomis) gigas Lacordaire 1848: 538 ; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Clavareau 1913: 76; Jacoby and Clavareau 1906; Achard 1926: 146; Guérin 1943b: 17; Blackwelder 1944: 636; Guérin 1953: 161.

Type locality. Brazil .

Type material examined. Lectotype: (present designation): [G-H]: Chlytra Megalostomis / gigas mihi./ h. in Brasilia D. Latreille. // [G-H]: (♂) | MIZT (De Breme Collection ).

Diagnosis. This is the largest species in the genus (body length more than 15 mm); it can be distinguished from

M. obesa , by its larger size and the black pronotum; distribution of pilosity in the frontal region of the face, specificly around the eyes; clypeus not distinctly transverse; length of dorsal plate of aedeagus less than 2x the length of the lateral arms; lateral arms of the median lobe large (reaching the mid-point of the dorsal plate).

Body length: 12.2–18 mm, width: 6.8–10 mm. Coloration pattern: head and pronotum black; tibiae black or reddish; elytra each with three black and three reddish wavy sub-parallel transverse bands. Head: anterior surface smooth with longitudinal glabrous line, dense pubescence distributed throughout anterior face formed by short reclined white setae; posterior side of eye with salient protuberance; male mandibles longer than wide, asymmetric; left mandible larger, with single sharp tooth; right mandible hidden behind left mandible; external side of mandibles pubescent; short double auricular appendix; labrum subquadrate; clypeal margin straight, sculpture formed by slight punctation. Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fourth antennomere, eleventh antennomere with two marginal excavations that delimit central lobe. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation diffuse, weaker than elytral punctation; dense, reclined short, white pubescence, denser at margins; scutellum with posterior margins curved, with white dense pubescence. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Female genitalia: eighth sternite with central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 28D View FIGURE 28 ) U-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule nearly 45º; apex of spermathecal capsule long, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 28E–F View FIGURE 28 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (straight) apodemes, and central dorsal plate, central dorsal plate subquadrate (apically excavated); ventral rectal sclerites with very short apodemes. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 28G–I View FIGURE 28 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe as wide as its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe long, with setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) up-directed forming wing-shaped structure in dorsal view; ejaculatory guide with ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Alto Paraná Atlantic forests (1), Araucaria moist forests (1), Caatinga (1), Cerrado (12), Serra do Mar coastal forests (1).

Additional material examined. BRAZIL. Bahia: Sello , [23372], (4) | ZMHB; Goias: Bananeiras, Det. Guérin | USNM, Jataby | IADIZA | USNM, Col. (Pujol) | IADIZA, Col. (Halik) | IADIZA; Mato Grosso: Chapada | IADIZA | USNM, (3) | USNM | ZMHB; Minas Gerais: Sete Lagoas | ZMHB; Parana: Curitiva, Col. (Lange), Det. Monrós | USNM; São Paulo: Brasilia, Det. Monrós | HNHM, Brotas, Rio Claro, [Baetge] | ZMHB | ZMHB;

Other: Nalida, [23372] | ZMHB | USNM, [unreadable label], (2) | ZMHB, Col. (Chapuis), (6) | KBIN, Det. Monrós | NMBA, (2) | ZMHB. NO DATA. Patria?, Det. Monrós | HNHM | ZMHB, (5) | ZMHB, [unreadable label] | ZMHB, Det. Clavareau | NMBA.

25 | Megalostomis dynamica Monrós 1952 stat. rev. | ( Fig. 29A–C View FIGURE 29 )

Megalostomis (Megalostomis) dynamica Monrós 1952: 351 .

Megalostomis (Minturnia) flavipennis dynamica: Moldenke 1970: 22 (status change); 1981: 101. SYN. NOV.

Type locality. Colombia: Muzo .

Type material examined. Holotype: [W-H]: COLOMBIA / Muzo/ V/1915 / Apollinaire leg. // [R-P]: Type Nº/ 65234/ U.S. N.M. // [Pk-H]: Megalostomis / Megalostomis )/ dynamica/ mihi/ F. Monrós det. 1952. // [ RB-H]: Holotipo (♂)/ ilustrado | USNM.

Remarks. Moldenke included M. dynamica as a subspecies of M. flavipennis , describing M. flavipennis specimens from Costa Rica and Panama as “shinier and less robust” than M. dynamica specimens from Panama and Colombia. The study of the holotype of M. dynamica , found in USNM Monrós collection shows several subtle morphological differences such as: scutellum with white dense pubescence, head anterior surface smooth, head and pronotum distinctly transverse, and clypeal margin almost straight with small central tooth. Therefore, M. dynamica is once again considered a valid species-level taxon. Monrós (1952: 351) considered M. dynamica to be phylogenetically close to other species from northern South America including M. platyceros Monrós. The latter was confirmed by Agrain and Roig-Juñent (2011) as both species (as well as M. flavipennis ) belong within the Megalostomis grossa species group.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the strong frontal carina beside the eyes; clypeus centrally protruded; scutellum pilose; elytra uniformly colored orange-brown.

Body length: 9.5–11.8 mm, width: 5–5.8 mm. Coloration pattern: head and pronotum black; tibiae (except at base) reddish; elytra unicolored brown. Head: anterior surface smooth, with longitudinal carina, with a pair of subadjacent slightly depressed areas; sparse pubescence distributed throughout anterior face formed by short reclined setae; posterior side of eye with salient ocular protuberance; mandibles as long as wide, asymmetric; mandibles forceps-like; left mandible larger with sharp tooth; right mandible hidden behind the left mandible upon mandibular occlusion; external side of mandibles pubescent; clypeus margin almost straight with small central tooth, sculpture reduced. Antennae: (broken in holotype). Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation diffuse, weaker than elytral punctation; dense, reclined short white pubescence only at margins; scutellum with posterior margins curved, with white dense pubescence. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Genitalia: no specimens were available for dissection.

Ecoregions: Magdalena Valley montane forests.

Predators: Cerceris binodis , reported in Panama by Giovanetti (2005).

26 | Megalostomis gazella Lacordaire 1848 | ( Fig. 30A–I View FIGURE 30 )

Megalostomis (Scaphigenia) gazella Lacordaire 1848: 552 ; Blanchard 1851: 534; Harold 1875: 95; Gemminger and Harold

1876: 3295; Burmeister 1877; 61; Fiebrig 1910: 248 (Biology); Jacoby and Clavereau 1913: 75; Bruch 1914: 348; Guérin

1943b: 27; Blackwelder 1944: 636; Monrós 1953a: 42 (drawings of egg and larvae), 89; Agrain et al. 2007: 349. Megalostomis (Scaphigenia) gazella var. clavapex Achard 1926: 152 ; Blackwelder 1944: 636. Megalostomis (Scaphigenia) gazella var. flavapex: Monrós 1953a: 89 (misspelling pro clavapex) (SYN). Megalostomis (Scaphigenia) gazella var. nigrapex Achard 1926: 152 ; Blackwelder 1944: 636; Monrós 1953a: 89 (SYN). Megalostomis (Scaphigenia) gazella var. nigrescens Achard 1926: 152 ; Blackwelder 1944: 636; Monrós 1953a: 89 (SYN). Megalostomis meretrix Lacordaire 1848: 536 ; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Guérin 1943b: 24; Blackwelder 1944: 637.

SYN. NOV. Megalostomis bicingulata Lacordaire 1848: 542 ; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Clavareau 1913: 75; Blackwelder 1944:

636; Guérin 1943b: 19 SYN. NOV.

Type locality. Lacordaire (1848) cited the following countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, French Guiana and Chile. As explained before, the specimens from French Guiana must belong to M. anachoreta , and those from Chile could be a label error, since no megalostomines are known from that country .

Type material. The type series was not available for this study; species determination relies on keys, redescriptions, and drawings by Monrós (1953a), as well as previously determined material, including specimens from the type locality. Megalostomis bicingulata : Lectotype (present designation): [W-H]: bicingulata Lac. //

[W-P]: Coll. F. Chapuis. // [Pu-P]: Col. R. I. Sc. N. B. | KBIN. Megalostomis meretrix : Lectotype (present designation): [G-P]: 10. // [W-P]:? SYNTYPE / Megalostomis / meretrix Lac. Det. Lacordaire | BMNH.

Remarks. It is interesting to note that most male specimens hitherto referred to as M. bicingulata do not possess a central tooth in the clypeus, but few specimens do; when those teeth are present the specimens are easily identified as M. gazella . I do not consider M. bicingulata a species-rank taxon, since these characters are obviously polymorphic, furthermore, there are no differences in male genitalia between M. bicingulata and M. gazella , the same is also true for M. meretrix . M. gazella is the most common and widespread species of Megalostomis in South America, and also the most polymorphic one. I have examined about 1,000 specimens of this species and I have failed to recognize any clearly separated geographical forms but only polymorphic specimens. Since M. bicingulata , M. meretrix and M. gazella were described by Lacordaire in the same work, as first reviser and following the ICZN (1999: Article 24), I decided to maintain M. gazella as the senior species, because it is the frequently used name used in the literature, and it is also the one that more accurately describes this taxon. M. bicingulata was described from Brazil, and M. meretrix from Bolivia, M. gazella is widespread in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay. Monrós (1953a) synonymized Achard’s varieties clavapex, nigrapex, and nigrescens by considering them color morphs with no taxonomic value or distinct geographic significance.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the reddish pronotum, and reddish elytral apex (rarely black); the male auricular appendix short, almost as long as width of its base; male mandibles with long, sharp tooth, the right mandible larger than the left mandible; right and left mandibles horn-like, crossed upon mandibular occlusion; fourth antennomere not serrated (round shape). Females: kotpresse (apodemes of ventral sclerites) present, long; apex of spermathecal capsule short, (capsule J-shaped).

Body length: 6.2–11.5 mm, width: 4–7 mm. Coloration pattern: head black, in some specimens with frontal dark reddish patch, frontal carina black; dark red pronotum, occasionally with black dorsal patch; tibiae (except at base) reddish; elytra with two bands, varying in color from dark reddish to yellow, apex and lateral margin also dark reddish to yellow; in some specimens elytral apex black. Head: anterior surface smooth with small longitudinal carina, on each side of carina with slightly depressed area, dense pubescence distributed throughout anterior face, formed by short reclined white setae, in some specimens pubescence can be sparse or absent; posterior side of eye convex, limiting with an oblique furrow; ocular protuberances not very salient; mandibles much longer than wide, very asymmetric; left mandible with dorsal tooth (wide at base, abruptly sharp in distal portion); apex of mandibles with a series of peaks (molariform area) surrounding a depressed area that fits in the right mandible; right mandible with large tooth, almost twice as large as same of left mandible and reaching its base upon mandibular occlusion; molariform area of right mandible smaller than left mandible, formed by three peaks; mandibles present great intra-specific variation in size among examined series, the length of right tooth diminishes until reaching the length of the left mandible, left tooth can be diminished to a stump; external side of mandibles densely pubescent; clypeal margin with central tooth, with two minor teeth on each side. Antennae: scape robust, antennomeres three to eight serrate, ninth sub-rhomboidal with external margin excavated, eleventh with two marginal excavations that delimit central lobe. Thorax: anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges, slightly constrained near central region; pronotal punctation weaker than elytral punctuation; dense, reclined short white pubescence covering entire surface, usually sparse or even absent in the central part of the disk in some specimens; scutellum with posterior margins curved, with white dense pubescence. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, truncated at apex, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina subpiramidal, with subapical mark. Female genitalia: eighth sternite with central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 30D View FIGURE 30 ) J-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule nearly 45º; apex of spermathecal capsule short, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 30E–F View FIGURE 30 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (straight) apodemes, and central dorsal plate, central dorsal plate subquadrate (apically excavated); ventral rectal sclerites with long apodemes. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 30G–I View FIGURE 30 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe as wide as its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe short, with setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) not visible in fixed position; ejaculatory guide with ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Alto Paraná Atlantic forests (8), Araucaria moist forests (1), Bolivian montane dry forests (1), Central Andean Puna (4), Cerrado (2), Chiquitano dry forests (2), Dry Chaco (60), Espinal (12), High Monte (6), Humid Chaco (45), Humid Pampas (1), Low Monte (4), Paraná flooded savanna (5), Serra do Mar coastal forests (3), Southern Andean Yungas (18), Southern Cone Mesopotamian savanna (2). (*) This species was cited (by Monrós 1953a) from Guiana: Cayenne (specimen misidentified with M. anachoreta ). It was also incorrectly cited from Chile by Blanchard (1851: 534), and Peña (1986: 165).

Ant hosts: Colonies of Camponotus sp. Monrós (1953a, as Dr. Oblobin pers. comm.

Host plants: Fabaceae : Monrós (1953a) on Prosopis sp. , Acacia sp ; Aravena (1974) on Prosopis caldenia Burk ; Roig-Juñent (2004) on Prosopis flexuosa DC.

Additional material examined. ARGENTINA. Catamarca: 12 Km. Recreo, Belen | IMLA , El Rodeo , 1.500 mts | IMLA , La Estancia | IMLA ; Chaco: Colonia Benitez | IMLA , Gancedo | IMLA , Pcia. Roque Sáenz Peña | IMLA , Resistencia , (11/1/1945), Col. (Martinez) | USNM, (12/23/1965) | HNHM, (7/23/1963) | HNHM, Col. (Parker) | USNM , Col. (Parker), (4) | USNM ; Córdoba: 60 Cuadras , (1/26/1953) | USNM, (1/26/1953), (5) | USNM, Agua de Oro , Anizacaste, Col. (Daguerre) | USNM , Argüello | IMLA , Bialet Maasé | IMLA , Calamuchita , El Sauce | IMLA , Capilla del Monte , Col. (Monrós) | USNM , Casabamba | IMLA , Ciudad | IMLA , La Calera, (7/ 15/1951), Col. (Papp) | LACM , La Falda | IMLA , La Paz | IMLA , Monte Cristo | IMLA , Rio Cuarto , (10/1/1942) | USNM , Río Primero | IMLA , Rio Seco | IMLA , San Esteban | IMLA , San Javier , (11/1/1945), Col. (Monrós) | USNM , San Vicente , Col. (Frenzel) | ZMHB , Tanti | IMLA , Tulumba | IMLA , Unquillo , Cabana | IMLA , Valle Hermoso | IMLA , Villa Carlos Paz | IADIZA , Cordoba: Yacanto | IADIZA, (2) | ZMHB ; Corrientes: Ciudad , Col. (Duvivier), [61] | KBIN , Isla Apipe , (11/1/1945), Col. (Martinez) | USNM , Isla Apipe grande | IADIZA , Ituzaingo | IMLA , Manantiales | IMLA , Paso de la patria | IMLA , San Roque | CZAA , Socorro , (2/1/1945) | USNM , Ventana | IMLA | ZMHB ; Entre Ríos: 20 Km. al sur de Victoria | IMLA , Parana | IADIZA ; Formosa: Capital , Col. (Daguerre) | USNM , Clorinda | IADIZA , Espinillo | IADIZA , Gran Guardia , (12/1/1951), Col. (Foerster) | USNM , Misión Laishi | IMLA , Pilcomayo | IMLA , Riacho Negro | IMLA , Tapikiolé | IMLA | USNM ; Jujuy: Calelegua | IMLA , Ciudad | IADIZA , Dique La Cienaga | IMLA , Jujuy : El Pongo | IMLA , Ledesma , (1/1/1930), Col. (Jaynez) | USNM , Col. ( Vezenyi ), Det. Monrós, (2) | HNHM , Los Perales | IMLA , Palpalá | IMLA , Perico del Carmen | IMLA, (01/1949) , Col. (Widodzinsky), (5) | KBIN , Col. (Widodzinsky) | USNM , Det. Bruch | USNM; La Rioja: Patquia | IMLA ; Mendoza: Desaguadero | IADIZA , Santa Rosa , Ñacuñán | IADIZA , Tupungato (San José) | IADIZA, (6) | ZMHB ; Misiones: Concepción, Santa Maria , Col. (Viana), Det. Watts, (5) | FSCA , Posadas | IADIZA , Puerto Bernberg | IMLA , Puerto Iguazu | USNM , San Ignacio , Col. (Baden) | USNM , Santa Maria | IADIZA ; Salta: Cabeza de Buey | IMLA, Cafayate, Yacochuya , Cerro San Bernardo, Det. Monrós | KBIN , Cruz Quemada | IMLA , Embarcacion | IMLA , Guemes , (1/1/1930), Col. (Jaynez) | USNM, (2/1/1944) , Col. (Martinez) | USNM , J V Gonzalez | USNM , Juramento | IMLA , Lumbreras | IMLA , Metán | IMLA , Orán , Abra Grande | IMLA , Rosario de la Frontera | IMLA , Ruiz de los Llanos, Col. (Golbach) | USNM , Salto Forestal , 33 Km. de J. V. González | IMLA , San Bernardo | IMLA , San Lorenzo | IMLA , San Martin de Aguaray , (1/14/1957), Col. (Widodzinsky) | USNM , Urundel , (2/1/1944), Col. (Monrós) | USNM , Valle de Lerma | IMLA | USNM, (1905) , Col. (Steinbach), (9) | ZMHB , Col. (Harriston) | IADIZA ; San Juan: Valle Fertil | IADIZA ; San Luis: Candelaria | IADIZA ; San Luis: Ciudad | IADIZA ; Santa Fé: Arduent , (2/1941), Col. (Parker), (3) | USNM , Col. (Parker) | USNM , La Gallareta | IMLA , La Rubia | IMLA , Paul Groussac | IMLA , Piquete | IMLA , Santo Tome | IMLA , Sauce Viejo | IMLA , Villa Ana | IMLA , Villa Guillermina | IMLA ; Santiago del Estero: Añatuya , Col. (Monrós), Det. Monrós, (3) | KBIN , Colonia Dora | IMLA , Fernandez | IMLA , Girardet | IMLA , Rio Salado, Col. (Wagner), Det. Monrós, (3) | KBIN , Sumampa , (5/1962), Col. (Kolalei), (23) | USNM , Col. (Kolalei), (2) | USNM , Suncho corral | IADIZA , Villa Union | IMLA, (3) | KBIN ; Tucumán: Ciudad | IMLA , Raco , La Sala | IMLA , Ruinas de Quilmes | IMLA , Tacanas | IMLA , Tafi Viejo | IMLA , Trancas , San Pedro de Colalao | IMLA , Trancas | IMLA ; Other: | ZMHB, (2) | HNHM, (2) | ZMHB. BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Ichilo, Buena Vista | IMLA , Puerto Pailas | IMLA , Valle Grande , Comarapa, 1.900 mts | IMLA ; Other: Valle Iguembe. BRAZIL . Goias: Mineiro | IADIZA ; Maranhao: Balsas , Col. (Holt) | IADIZA ; Mato Grosso: Guyaba, (2) | ZMHB , Fazenda Tio Sao Tiago , (11/1982), Col. (Udephol), Det. Medvedev, (2) | ZMHB ; Parana: | IADIZA ; São Paulo: Sao Jose dos Campos, (10/19/1960 - 10/22/1960), Col. (Tieman) | LACM | IADIZA ; Other: Villa Rica | AMNH | USNM | ZMHB , CHILE. Col. (Duvivier), (2) | KBIN . [ M. gazella is not present in Chile, these labels are surely mistaken]. PARAGUAY. Concepción: Sapucay, Col. (Foster) | IADIZA | IADIZA , Det. Monrós | HNHM; Cordillera: San Bernardino, Col. (Fiebrig) | USNM ; Departamento Central: Aregua, Col. (Lourie) | IADIZA ; Paraguari: Sapucay , (2/1/1950), Col. (Foster) | USNM, (2) | ZMHB ; San Pedro: | IADIZA ; Other: Asunción, Villa Morra , Col. (Vezenyi), Det. Monrós | HNHM , Asunción , (1921) | HNHM, (1921), (4) | HNHM , Col. ( Vezenyi ), Det. Monrós, (5) | HNHM , Camacho, Chaco , (6/5/1945), Col. (Podquiantin) | USNM , Chaco, Camacho , L de Bocard, (1926), Det. Medvedev, (2) | ZMHB , San Bernardino , Col. (Eissenbber) | ZMHB , Santa Trinidad | IADIZA , Villa Rica | IADIZA, (4) | ZMHB . NO DATA. (5) | ZMHB, [23387] | ZMHB , [23388] | ZMHB, [559] | ZMHB, Col. ( Duvivier ), Det. Monrós | KBIN , Det. Erber | ZMHB , Det. Monrós | HNHM.

27 | Megalostomis cornuta Lacordaire 1848 | ( Fig. 31A–I View FIGURE 31 )

Megalostomis cornuta Dejean 1836: 416 (nomen nudum).

Megalostomis (Scaphigenia) cornuta Lacordaire 1848: 551 ; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Jacoby and Clavareau 1906: 60; Clavareau 1913: 75; Guérin 1943b: 26; Blackwelder 1944: 636; Agrain et al. 2007: 347.

Megalostomis (Scaphigenia) cornuta var. baeri Achard 1926: 151 ; Guérin 1943b: 26 (SYN); Blackwelder 1944: 636.

Megalostomis (Scaphigenia) cornuta var. obliterata Achard 1926: 150 ; Guérin 1943b: 26 (SYN); Blackwelder 1944: 636.

Megalostomis (Scaphigenia) cornuta var. divisa Guérin 1949: 229 SYN. NOV.

Type locality. Lacordaire (1848: 552) indicated that although Dejean stipulated Cayenne, this species was from Brazil .

Type material examined. Lectotype: (present designation): [G-H]: Chlytra Megalostomis / cornuta mihi/ h. Cayenne? D. Guerin. // [W-H]: M. gazella Lac. // [G-H]: Bolivia | MIZT (De Breme Collection).

Remarks. Guérin (1943b) placed Achard’s varieties M. cornuta obliterata , and M. cornuta baeri in synonymy with M. cornuta without giving any details about his decision; subsequent study of Achard’s collection in Prague is necessary to confirm Guérin`s decision. Later, Guérin (1949) described a new variety: M. cornuta divisa , based on the bifurcation of the reddish apical band on each elytron, while in the typical specimens of M. cornuta this band is not bifurcated. Since this is a common intra-specific color morph in larger series of specimens, I have synonymized M. cornuta divisa . Furthermore, M. cornuta divisa was described from Bahia (Brazil) whereas its senior species is distributed in Brazil and Argentina. Type material of M. cornuta divisa as indicated by the author: Holotype: Nº: 18353, Alotype Nº: 18360 (presumable at MZSP), and other two (♀) paratypes at Instituto Biológico de São Paulo. All specimens from: Mucugê, Estado da Baia, Gregório Bondar leg. The latter specimens were not available for the present study.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from Megalostomis consimilis by the pronotum, scutellum and auricular appendix possessing dense, thin pubescence; the male clypeus is divided by a medial longitudinal carina; male mandibles with an asymmetric and rounded tooth, the left mandible larger and up-curved, right tooth of the male mandible smaller (transverse or down-turned). Females: kotpresse (apodemes of ventral sclerites) absent (ventral sclerites with round margins).

Body length: 12–13.5 mm, width: 5.6–6.2 mm. Coloration pattern: elytra with two reddish central bands and three black bands reaching elytral apex and base. Head: left mandible with wide-based rounded tooth, the right tooth sharp and curved inside (horn-like); clypeal margin with central tooth and two minor teeth on each side; postocular region with slight protuberance, less noticeable than in other species; central carina in inter-ocular area reaching the clypeus in some specimens; auricular appendix straight and well-developed, much longer than the width of its base, puncturated and with reclined pubescence. Antennae: antennomeres 3–8 serrate, eleventh antennomere with two marginal excavations that delimit central lobe. Thorax: pronotum black, lacking transverse constriction, para-medial areas with uniform thin and irregular punctation (same as rest of its surface), central region mostly glabrous, sparse pubescence on lateral margins; scutellum triangular, curvilinear, pubescent, as high as elytra. Elytra: mostly glabrous, as wide as base of pronotum, elytral margins very narrow, slightly wider at elytral base; punctation larger than on pronotum, irregular; humeral carina lacking protuberance, in some specimens with sub-apical mark; epipleural fold well-developed at base. Female genitalia: eighth sternite with central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 31D View FIGURE 31 ) U-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule nearly 45º; apex of spermathecal capsule long, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 31E–F View FIGURE 31 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (straight) apodemes, and central dorsal plate, central dorsal plate subquadrate (apically excavated); ventral rectal sclerites without apodemes (round margins). Male genitalia: ( Fig. 31G–I View FIGURE 31 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe as wide as its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe short, with setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) not visible in fixed position; ejaculatory guide with ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Bahia interior forests (3), Cerrado (6), Chiquitano dry forests (1), Dry Chaco (2).

Additional material examined. ARGENTINA. Cordoba: Capilla del Monte , (2/1888), Col. (Frenzel) | ZMHB; Salta: (1905), Col. (Steinbach) | ZMHB; Santiago del Estero : | ZMHB. BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz : Santa Cruz de la Sierra | ZMHB. BRAZIL. Goias : | IADIZA; Mato Grosso: 200 engl Meilen v. Guyaba, Col. (Heller) ,

(2) | ZMHB, Chapada | USNM, Guyaba, (3) | ZMHB, Col. (Heller) | ZMHB | ZMHB; Minas Gerais: Uberaba, Le moult vendit, Det. Monrós, (12) | KBIN, Det. Monrós, (8) | KBIN, Uberaba | USNM; Other: Chapada, Campo, [23387], (2) | ZMHB. NO DATA. (3) | ZMHB.

28 | Megalostomis kollari Lacordaire, 1848 | ( Fig. 32A–I View FIGURE 32 )

Megalostomis (Scaphigenia) kollari Lacordaire 1848: 549 ; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Jacoby and Clavareau 1906: 60; Clavareau 1913: 75; Guérin 1943b: 25; Blackwelder 1944: 637; Agrain et al. 2007: 351.

Type locality. Brazil: Ipanema .

Type material. The type series was not available for this study; species determination relies on keys, redescriptions, and drawings by Guérin 1943 b, and Agrain et al. (2007), as well as previously determined material.

Diagnosis. Males of this species can be distinguished by the auricular projections, with large coarse punctation in the external margin, inferior right tooth salient upon mandibular occlusion. As mentioned previously, the best way to identify the females is by comparing coloration pattern with their respective males.

Body length: 13–14 mm, width: 5.6–6 mm. Coloration pattern: elytra reddish, with black basal band reaching humeral carina, and a median black band in lateral margin that reaches the suture; apical region of elytra with black patches. Head: mandibular apex with very sharp tooth, internal margin with teeth; right mandible with basal teeth; basal tooth of left mandible very sharp, directed upwards; apex of left mandible with four small teeth that contain a concavity similar to that of M. gazella ; clypeal margin, with single central tooth, two minor teeth on each side; male auricular appendix with large coarse punctation in external margin; ocular projection wider than long, rounded at apex. Antennae: antennomeres 3–8 serrate, eleventh antennomere with two marginal excavations that delimit central lobe. Thorax: anterior edge of pronotum convex, bisinuate posteriorly; posterior projection short and smooth, median lateral region with two strong transverse constrictions; punctation weak and regular, absent in paramedial regions; scutellum with posterior margins curved, with white dense pubescence. Elytra: a pical margin projected, surpassing pygidium; elytral humeral region wider than pronotal base, gradually narrowed toward apex; diffuse punctation, denser than that of pronotum; elytral margin narrow, enlarged in humeral region; humeral carina rounded, apex with transverse mark. Female genitalia: eighth sternite with central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 32D View FIGURE 32 ) U-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule nearly 45º; apex of spermathecal capsule long, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 32E–F View FIGURE 32 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (straight) apodemes, and central dorsal plate, central dorsal plate subquadrate; ventral rectal sclerites with very short apodemes. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 32G–I View FIGURE 32 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe as wide as its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe short, with setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) not visible in fixed position; ejaculatory guide with ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Alto Paraná Atlantic forests (1), Bahia interior forests (3), Cerrado (2), Serra do Mar coastal forests (1), Southern Cone Mesopotamian savanna (2).

Material examined: ARGENTINA. Corrientes: Santo Tome | IADIZA; Misiones: Bonpland | IADIZA, Pindapoy | IADIZA. BRAZIL. Goias: | IADIZA; Mato Grosso: | IADIZA; Minas Gerais: Uberaba, Le moult vendit, Det. Monrós, (68) | KBIN, Uberaba | IADIZA; São Paulo: | IADIZA; Other: Col. (Chapuis), (2) | KBIN.

29 | Megalostomis religiosa Lacordaire 1848 | ( Fig. 33A–F View FIGURE 33 )

Megalostomis religiosa Dejean 1836: 416 (nomen nudum).

Megalostomis (Scaphigenia) religiosa Lacordaire 1848: 548 ; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Jacoby and Clavareau 1906: 60; Clavareau 1913: 75; Guérin 1943b: 25; Blackwelder 1944: 637; Agrain et al. 2007: 352.

Megalostomis distincta Lacordaire 1848: 535 ; Dejean 1836: 416 (nomen nudum); Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Clavareau 1913: 75; Achard 1926: 146; Guérin 1943b:16; Blackwelder 1944: 636. SYN. NOV.

Type locality. Brazil: Minas Gerais .

Type material examined. Megalostomis religiosa : Lectotype: (present designation): [W-P]: Col. Ogier de Baulny. // [W-H]: religiosa/ Brasil. // [G-P]: Brésil. // [Pu-P]: Col. R. I. Sc. N. B. | KBIN. Following specimens as paralectotypes (by present designation): [W-H]: M. (Scaphigenia)/ religiosa Lac. // [W-P]: Coll. F. Chapuis. // [Pu- P]: Col. R. I. Sc. N. B. | (2), KBIN. [W-P]: Coll. F. Chapuis. // [Pu-P]: Col. R. I. Sc. N. B. | KBIN. [W-P]: Colect./ Dudivier. // [G-H]: Brésil. // [Pu-P]: Col. R. I. Sc. N. B. | KBIN. [W-H]: M. (Scaphigenia)/ religiosa Lac. // [W-H]: Scaphigenia/ religiosa/ Brasil Lac. // [Pu-P]: Col. R. I. Sc. N. B. | KBIN. [G-H]: Chlytra Megalostomis / religiosa mihi./ h. in Brasilia D. Latreille. // [G-P]: Brasilia/ Truqui. | MIZT (De Breme Collection).

Megalostomis distincta : Lectotype (present designation): [W-P]: 23377. // [W-H]: Megalostomis / disticta Dej. Lacord*. // [G-H]: subcauda/ ta N/ Brasil Sello. // [R-P]: SYNTYPUS / Megalostomis distincta / Lacordaire, 1848 / Labelled by MNHUB 2008. | ZMHB. Remaining specimens as paralectotypes (by present designation): [G- P]: Hist.-Coll. ( Coleoptera / Nr. 23377/ Megalostomis / distincta Lac. / Brasil., Sello/ Zool. Mus. Berlin). // [R-P]: SYNTYPUS / Megalostomis distincta / Lacordaire, 1848 / Labelled by MNHUB 2008. | (4), ZMHB. [W-H]: disticta Lac. // [W-P]: Coll. F. Chapuis. // [Pu-P]: Col. R. I. Sc. N. B. | KBIN. [G-H]: Chlytra Megalostomis / distincta mihi/ h. in Brasilia D. S. Latreille?. | MIZT (De Breme Collection).

Remarks. The morphological study of lectotypes and paralectotypes of M. distincta and M. religiosa did not result in any useful character to separate these species. Both species were described from Brazil, the author indicated Minas Gerais for M religiosa . Since both species were described by Lacordaire in the same work, as first reviser and following the ICZN (1999: Article 24), I decided to choose the name M. religiosa because it is the most frequently used name in the literature.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the elytra with a black basal patch, and reddish apex; and right mandible of the males with a simple sheet turned up from its base.

Body length: 11.5–11.8 mm, width: 6–6.3 mm. Coloration pattern: elytra red-orange, with black basal band reaching scutellum and humeral callus, and black median band (wider at sutural margin), sutural margin black, with sub-squared black patches at apical region, elytral apex reddish; legs reddish; ventral side of body, with dense yellowish pubescence. Head: right mandible with wide lamina, inwardly curved at apical region; with rounded strong expansions under eyes and near antennal insertion; auricular appendix very large, with an angular expansion (easily visible in dorsal view). Antennae: antennomeres 3–8 serrate, eleventh antennomere with two marginal excavations that delimit central lobe. Thorax: pronotal pubescence grey and sparse on lateral sides, same as in head and scutellum; pronotum sub-cylindrical, narrower than head; anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, with weak punctation, interrupted in para-medial regions; pronotum with strong transverse constriction on each side of central region; scutellum with posterior margins curved. Elytra: apical margin slightly projected, surpassing pygidium; elytra wider than base of pronotum in humeral region, gradually narrowed toward apex; with diffuse punctation denser than that of pronotum; elytral margin narrow, enlarged in humeral region; humeral carina rounded, apex with transverse mark. Female genitalia: no material available for dissection. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 33D–F View FIGURE 33 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe as wide as its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe short, with setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) not visible in fixed position; ejaculatory guide with ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Araucaria moist forests (1), Cerrado (1), Caatinga (1).

Additional material examined. BRAZIL. Parana: Curitiva | USNM; Other: [23379] | ZMHB, Col. Ogier de Baulny | KBIN, Col. (Duvivier) | KBIN. NO DATA. | BMNH, [23386] | ZMHB, Col. (Chapuis), (4) | KBIN.

30 | Megalostomis tricincta ( Germar 1824) | ( Fig. 34A–I View FIGURE 34 )

Clythra tricincta Germar 1824: 550 .

Megalostomis (Megalostomis) tricincta ( Germar 1824) : Lacordaire 1848: 535; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Clavareau 1913: 75; Guérin 1943b: 16; Blackwelder 1944: 637.

Megalostomis (Scaphigenia) bubalus Lacordaire 1848: 550 ; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Jacoby and Clavareau 1906: 60; Clavareau 1913: 75; Guérin 1943b: 26; Blackwelder 1944: 636; Monrós 1953a: 99; Agrain, et al. 2007: 343. SYN. NOV.

Megalostomis (Scaphigenia) religiosa Monrós 1945 (nec Lacordaire 1848): 153; 1953a: 99.

Megalostomis (Scaphigenia) bubalus bubaloides Monrós 1953a: 99 SYN. NOV.

Type locality. Brasilia.

Type material examined. M. tricincta : Lectotype: (present designation): [W-P]: Rio Grande/ do sul. // [Pu- P]: Col. R. I. Sc. N. B. | KBIN. The following specimens as paralectotypes (by present designation): [W-P]: Rio Grande/ do sul. // [Pu-P]: Col. R. I. Sc. N. B. | KBIN. [W-P]: Coll. F. Chapuis. // [Pu-P]: Col. R. I. Sc. N. B. | KBIN. [W-H]: bubalus/ Lac. // [W-P]: Roelof. // [Pu-P]: Col. R. I. Sc. N. B. | KBIN. Megalostomis bubalus : Lectotype: (present designation): [W-H]: bubalus (♀)/ Lac/ Brésil Type. // [ RB-H]: Holotipo. // [W-P]: Ex. Musaeo Miniszech. // [Pk-H]: Scaphigenia/ bubalus/ Lac./ Lacordaire det. | USNM. The latter is evidently a syntype, acquired by Monrós from Miniszech collection (most likely from MNHN) and added it to his personal collection presently at USNM. M. bubalus bubaloides : Holotype: [W-H]: R.A. Misiones, Loreto: Yabebiri, Oglobin, Monrós (col.). // [R-P]: Type Nº/ 45233/ U.S. N.M. // [ RB-H]: Holotipo (♂)/ ilustrado. // [Pk-H]: M. (S.) bubalus / ssp bubaloi-/ des mihi/ F. Monrós det. 1952. | USNM. Allotype: [W-H]: R.A. Misiones: Pindapoy, 1-1945, Bridarolli. / / [ RB-H]: Alotipo (♀). // [Pk-H]: M. (S.) bubalus / ssp bubaloi-/ des mihi/ F. Monrós det. 1952. | USNM. Paratype: [W-H]: R.A. Corrientes: Isla Apipe Grande, 11-1945, Martinez (col.). // [ RB-H]: Paratipo (♀). // [Pk-H]: M. (S.) bubalus / ssp bubaloi-/ des mihi/ F. Monrós det. 1952. | USNM. Paratype (♂): [W-H]: R.A. Misiones: Concepción: Santa María, Viana (col.). // [ RB-H]: Paratipo (♂). // [Pk-H]: M. (S.) bubalus / ssp bubaloi-/ des mihi/ F. Monrós det. 1952. | USNM.

Remarks. I have synonymized M. bubalus bubaloides with M. bubalus bubalus because the characters that Monrós (1953a) mentioned for these morphs are coloration, pubescence and size variations that are not reflected in the genitalia. Furthermore, bubaloides was described from Misiones, Argentina, supposedly separated from the Brazilian nominotypic species, but new specimens indicate that M. tricincta is widely distributed in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Colombia. Actually, for M. gazella a similar situation was presented regarding specimens from Paraguay, which are generally smaller and were described as M. distincta . I argue that these differences are due only to intra-specific variation and I strongly recommend considering a more widespread distribution for M. bubalus . With respect to M. tricincta , I based my decision on a specimen from KBIN (Chapuis’ collection) determined by Lacordaire as M. tricincta , designated here as Lectotype, and comparing it with Germar and Lacordaire’s original works, and also with a Lacordaire’s syntype of M. bubalus found in Monrós collection at USNM, herein designated as Lectotype.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from M. kollari by the smaller male auricular projections, perfect mandibular occlusion, and up-curved male upper mandibular teeth. Females: kotpresse central dorsal plate subquadrate with three arms; apex of spermathecal capsule short (capsule J-shaped).

Body length: 9.7–10.2 mm, width: 5.1–5.7 mm. Coloration pattern: elytra dark black, with whitish pubescence; elytra black with large ante-median and post-median red-orange bands; humeral carina black. Head: mandibles robust, longer than wide, left mandible ending in a sharp tip that bears two triangular teeth; right mandible apex sub-truncate, internal tooth up-curved; external side of mandibles pubescent; clypeal margin with central tooth, two minor teeth on each side; eyes conspicuous, with distinct internal excavation; post-ocular region with small protuberance limited by a slight furrow; large oblique auricular appendix, slightly inclined outwards, with apical furrow; frontal region of head with thin median longitudinal carina, each side of which with slight triangular mark, its sculpture formed by thin punctation absent in post-ocular region and denser at inter-ocular portion; pubescence covering head surface, denser in clypeus and inter-ocular area, and absent in occipital region; male auricular appendages small. Antennae: with antennomeres 3–8 serrate, eleventh antennomere with two marginal excavations that delimit central lobe. Thorax: anterior margin of pronotum smooth, moderately curved; base almost straight, pronotal sides convergent toward head, with slight, flat and reflective median constriction; punctation not uniformly distributed; more abundant throughout central longitudinal region of the disk and its margins, absent in transverse constrinction; abundant pubescence at base and margins, sparse (frequently absent) on disk, completely absent in anterior half and in lateral transverse impressions; lateral and posterior margins narrow; scutellum with posterior margin curved. Elytra: punctation more or less dense, almost absent in discal region, with very thin pubescence, concentrated at apex; humeral carina with strongly marked impression; elytral margins very narrow, slightly wider at elytral base; surface moderately brilliant, with less pubescence than discal region; epipleural fold distinctly developed. Female genitalia: eighth sternite with central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 34D View FIGURE 34 ) J-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule nearly 45º; apex of spermathecal capsule short, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 34E–F View FIGURE 34 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (straight) apodemes, and central dorsal plate, central dorsal plate subquadrate (with three lateral arms); ventral rectal sclerites with very short apodemes. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 34G–I View FIGURE 34 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe as wide as its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe short, with setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) not visible in fixed position; ejaculatory guide with ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Alto Paraná Atlantic forests (12), Amazon-Orinoco-Southern Caribbean mangroves (2), Caatinga (1), Cerrado (2), Cordillera Oriental montane forests (1), Humid Chaco (2), Serra do Mar coastal forests (1), Southern Cone Mesopotamian savanna (5), Uruguayan savanna (7).

Additional material examined. ARGENTINA. Corrientes: Isla Apipe , (11/1/1945), Col. (Martinez) | USNM , Isla Apipe grande | IADIZA , Santo Tome | IADIZA; Misiones : Bonpland | IADIZA , Concepción, Santa Maria , Col. (Viana), (5) | IADIZA , Loreto , Arroyo Yabebiri | IADIZA , Loreto , Col. (Waiz) | USNM , Pastoreo Grande , (2/1/1954), Col. (Waiz) | USNM , Pindapoy , (1/1/1945), Col. (Bridarolli) | USNM , San Ignacio , Col. (Waiz) | USNM , San Jose | USNM, Santa Ana | IADIZA, Santa Maria | IADIZA. BRAZIL. Bahia: Sello , (3) | ZMHB ; Goias: Goiatuba | IADIZA | ZMHB ; Rio de Janeiro: Col. (Henzel) | ZMHB ; Río Grande Do Sul: Porto Alegre , (12/22/1947), Col. (Becker) | USNM , [as M. distincta ], (2) | KBIN , [as M. distincta ], (8) | NMBA, (5) | ZMHB; Other: Jatahi , (2) | ZMHB , [unreadable label] | ZMHB . COLOMBIA. Bolivar : Cartagena, Col. (Castillo) | USNM ; Santander Del Norte: La Playa | IADIZA ; Other: Helgoland, Col. (Fryvaldsky), Det. Monrós, (2) | HNHM . PARAGUAY. Alto Parana: | IADIZA ; Other: Hoenahu , Det. Guérin, [as M. distincta ] | NMBA. NO DATA. (6) | ZMHB , [23376] | ZMHB , [23378] | ZMHB, [ Scbaufub collection] | ZMHB , Col. (Bridarolli) | USNM , Col. ( Chapuis ), Det. Lacordaire, [as M. tricincta ] | KBIN , Col. (Roelof) | KBIN .

31 | Megalostomis consimilis Achard 1926 | ( Fig. 35A–I View FIGURE 35 )

Megalostomis (Scaphigenia) consimilis Achard 1926: 151 ; Monrós 1953a: 95; Agrain et al. 2007: 345 (reassigned to species status).

Megalostomis (Scaphigenia) cornuta Monrós 1945 (nec Lacordaire 1848): 154 (identification error).

Megalostomis (Scaphigenia) cornuta consimilis: Monrós 1956: 161 (synonymization and status change).

Type locality. Argentina: Santiago del Estero (Rio Salado), and Bolivia: Yacuiba ( Villa Montes ) .

Type material. The type series was not available for this study; species determination relies on keys, redescriptions, and drawings by Monrós (1953a), and Agrain et al. 2007, as well as previously determined material, including specimens from the type locality.

Remarks. Monrós (1956) established this species as a subspecies of M. cornuta . Agrain et al. (2007) considered it a different species because of the observed differences in male and female internal morphology. The spermathecal capsule of M. cornuta possesses a slightly flattened area on the external wall of the basal part of the capsule that is absent in M. consimilis . The dorsal sclerites of the rectal apparatus are dissimilar. The central dorsal plate is square with concave apical region and a convex base in M. cornuta , which is semicircular in M. consimilis ; the ventral rectal sclerites are different in shape, with rounded margins in M. cornuta and straight margins in M. consimilis . Furthermore, the setae on the median lobe of the aedeagus differ in number: five on ventral region in M. cornuta , and four in M. consimilis .

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the regular punctation of the pronotal disc; the pubescence of the pronotum being limited to the margins and the base; and the glabrous prominently puncturated auricular appendix; male possess a clypeus without a medial longitudinal carina and mandibles with short and symmetrical teeth. See remarks above for further differences between M. cornuta and Megalostomis consimilis .

Body length: 12 mm, width: 6.5 mm. Coloration pattern: elytra black and shiny, with reddish ante-medial band that extends from humeral base up to the suture and another post-medial bands (same color) that does not include either lateral or sutural margin; tibiae red, distal region black, with dense white pubescence which makes coloration appear diffuse. Head: anterior surface flattened, with an inter-ocular longitudinal carina, to each side of which there is a depressed area; noticeable post-ocular protuberance, auricular appendix very large visible from above, external apical margin surpassing internal margin; auricular appendix glabrous, with weak punctation marks in dorsal region; reclined pubescence distributed throughout head surface; mandibles strong, slightly asymmetric with very wide base, both with compressed tooth at base; left mandible with strong apical tooth, internal margin with two smaller teeth; right mandible with four apical teeth forming a square and concave space in which the apical teeth of left mandible fit; external side of mandibles with dense white pubescence; clypeal margin, with central tooth, two minor teeth on each side, sculpture formed by thin punctation, denser in clypeus and inter-ocular region. Antennae: antennomeres 3–8 serrate, eleventh antennomere with two marginal excavations that delimit central lobe. Thorax: a nterior margin of auricular appendix regular to moderately curved, posterior margin with weak lobe on base of scutellum; margins moderately convergent, with light constriction at median region; surface of pronotum with thin and uniform punctation, almost as dense as in scutellum, with short pubescence covering the entire surface, lateral and posterior margins narrow; scutellum triangular, curvilinear; scutellar base depressed with respect to remaining surface, hidden under the pronotum and similarly puncturated, and pubescent as pronotum.

Elytra: as wide as base of pronotum, moderately narrower towards apex, with light constriction behind humeral carina; elytral margins very narrow, slightly wider at elytral base; surface moderately brilliant, with less pubescence and larger punctation than pronotum; humeral carina small, with not well defined mark; epipleural fold distinctly developed. Female genitalia: eighth sternite with central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 35D View FIGURE 35 ) Ushaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule nearly 45º; apex of spermathecal capsule long, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 35E–F View FIGURE 35 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (straight) apodemes, and central dorsal plate, central dorsal plate subquadrate; ventral rectal sclerites with very short apodemes. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 35G–I View FIGURE 35 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe as wide as its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe short, with setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) not visible in fixed position; ejaculatory guide with ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Central Andean Puna (1), Dry Chaco (21), Espinal (3), High Monte (1), Humid Chaco (3), Low Monte (1), Paraná flooded savanna (1), Southern Andean Yungas (1), Southwest Amazon moist forests (1).

Host plants: Fabaceae : Prosopis affinis Sprengel ( Roig-Juñent 2004) , and Prosopis sp. ( Viana & Williner, 1974).

Material examined: ARGENTINA. Catamarca: La Cienaga ; Chaco: Pampa del Indio , (11/16/1950), Col. (Willink, Monrós), Det. Monrós | KBIN, (11/30/1950), Col. (Willink, Monrós) | USNM, Pcia. Roque Sáenz Peña ;

Córdoba: Calamuchita , El Sauce | IMLA , La Paz | IMLA , Río Seco | IMLA , San Javier, La paz | IMLA , Córdoba: Tulumba | IMLA , Córdoba: Unquillo , (1/1/1946), Col. (Monrós) | USNM , Córdoba: Yacanto | IMLA .; Formosa: Riacho Negro | IMLA ; Jujuy | IMLA ; La Rioja: San Roque, 30 Km. al este de Valle Fértil ; Mendoza | IADIZA ;

Salta: Coronel Moldes, Guemes , (1/1/1945), Col. (Martinez) | USNM, (2/1/1942), Col. ( Martinez ) | USNM, (2/1/ 1944) , Col. (Martinez) | USNM , Güemes | IADIZA ; San Luis | IADIZA ; Santiago del Estero: Añatuya | IMLA , Campo Gallo | IMLA ; Tucuman: Tapia , (1/11/1948), Col. (Willink, Monrós), Det. Monrós | KBIN , Tapia , (1/14/

1948), Col. (Willink, Monrós) | USNM, Trancas. BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Ichilo, Los Arroyos | IADIZA, Robore | IADIZA; Tarija: Yacuiba, Villa Montes | IMLA. PARAGUAY. Chaco, Pte Sastre| IADIZA.

32 | Megalostomis pyropiga Lacordaire 1848 | ( Fig. 36A–I View FIGURE 36 )

Megalostomis (Minturnia) pyropiga Lacordaire 1848: 524 ; Jacoby 1880: 30, 1888: 69; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Jacoby and Clavareau 1906: 61; Clavareau 1913: 76; Leng 1920: 288; Fall 1927: 382; Blackwelder 1944: 637.

Megalostomis (Pygidiocarina) pyropiga Moldenke 1970: 27 .

Megalostomis (Pygidiocarina) pyropiga chiapensis Moldenke 1970: 28 SYN. NOV.

Type locality. Mexico .

Type material examined. Megalostomis pyropiga pyropiga : Lectotype: (present designation): [W-H]: dono/ Ghiliani. // [W-H]: Minturnia / pyropiga/ Lacord. Mexico. | MIZT (De Breme Collection). The following specimens as paralectotype (by present designation): [W-P]: 23367. // [W-H]: Megalostomis / pyropyga/ Lacord* | MZHB. // [G-H]: elegans?/ N/ geth/ Mexico Deppe. // [R-P]: SYNTYPUS / Megalostomis pyropyga/ Lacordaire 1848 / labelled by MNHUB 2008. [W-P]: Biol. C. Amer./ Don/ Godman et Salvin. // [W-H]: Megalostomis pyropiga / Lac. [W-P]: Misantla,/ Mexico./ Hoege // [Pu-P]: Col. R. I. Sc. N. B. | KBIN. [W-P]: Biol. C. Amer./ Don/ Godman et Salvin. // [W-P]: Misantla,/ Mexico./ Hoege // [Pu-P]: Col. R. I. Sc. N. B. | (2), KBIN. [W-H]: M. ( Minturnia )/ pyropiga Lac. // [W-H]: Minturnia / pyropiga/ Mexico Lac. // [W-P]: Coll. Chapuis. // [Pu-P]: Col. R. I. Sc. N. B. | KBIN. [W-H]: M. ( Minturnia )/ pyropiga Lac. // [G-H]: Mexique. // [W-P]: Col. Ogier de Baulny. // [Pu-P]: Col. R. I. Sc. N. B. | KBIN. Megalostomis pyropiga chiapensis : Paratype: EL SALVADOR: La unión. (5/14/1954), Col. (M.S.V.), Det. Moldenke | USNM; Paratype: MEXICO: Chiapas: Las cruces. Jul/27/1952, Gilbert coll., Det. Moldenke | EMEC; Paratype: MEXICO: La ventosa (72 mi E Oaxaca) 7/21/1963, Foster coll., Det. Moldenke | EMEC; Paratype: MEXICO: Oaxaca (64 mi W Tehuantepec) 7/21/1952, Gilbert coll., Det. Moldenke | EMEC.

Remarks. Moldenke (1970) separated M. pyropiga pyropiga and M. pyropiga chiapensis on the basis of the iridescence effect on the margin of pronotum and the elytra, characters that I found to be highly polymorphic, and very sensitive to the conservation of the specimens. Also, there are no appreciable differences in the genitalic structures among these color morphs. Although Moldenke mentioned that these two color morphs were allopatric, neither the potential distribution, nor the distribution analysis of inhabited ecoregions supported this. Thus, these two taxa included by Moldenke as the M. pyropiga group, are here considered as a single widespread lineage.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the elytra glabrous, lustrous and with metallic green reflections; male mandibles long (exceeding length of the clypeus); frontoclypeal suture visible; pronotal disc with coloration pattern; scutellum wider than long. Females: kotpresse central dorsal plate subquadrate; kotpresse dorsal apodemes subquadrate; eighth sternite with central tooth; female pygidium anterior border with median ventral excavation (egg dimple).

Body length: 7.1–13 mm, width: 4.4–6.8 mm. Coloration pattern: head greenish with blue metallic reflections; pronotum same color as head at its base, copper at apex; tibiae bright black; elytra bicolored, bright reddish from base to median region, black with green metallic reflections from median region to apex (apex generally cooper). Head: anterior surface without longitudinal carina; thin whitish pubescence in ocular region and around eyes; posterior side of eye with ocular protuberance; mandibles longer than wide, symmetric; left mandible bigger with an apical sharp tooth; right mandible compact; external side of mandibles puncturated and glabrous; labrum rectangular and long, glabrous and almost without punctation; clypeal margin concave, sculpture formed by thin punctation. Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fourth antennomere, eleventh antennomere with one marginal excavation. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation sparse or absent, weaker than elytral punctation; disk without pubescence; scutellum with posterior margins curved, without pubescence. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Female genitalia: eighth sternite with central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 36D View FIGURE 36 ) J-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule nearly 45º; apex of spermathecal capsule short, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 36E–F View FIGURE 36 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (subquadrate) apodemes, and central dorsal plate, central dorsal plate subquadrate; ventral rectal sclerites with very short apodemes. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 36G–I View FIGURE 36 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe as wide as its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe short, without setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) not visible in fixed position; ejaculatory guide without ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Arizona Mountains forests (2), Bajío dry forests (1), Balsas dry forests (32), California coastal sage and chaparral (1), Central American Atlantic moist forests (2), Central American dry forests (14), Central American montane forests (19), Central Mexican matorral (2), Chiapas Depression dry forests (1), Chihuahuan desert (23), Costa Rican seasonal moist forests (20), Isthmian-Pacific moist forests (1), Jalisco dry forests (10), Northern Mesoamerican Pacific mangroves (2), Petén-Veracruz moist forests (1), Sierra de los Tuxtlas (1), Sierra Madre de Oaxaca pine-oak forests (1), Sierra Madre del Sur pine-oak forests (8), Sierra Madre Occidental pine-oak forests (23), Sinaloan dry forests (28), Sonoran desert (16), Sonoran-Sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest (3), Southern Mesoamerican Pacific mangroves (2), Southern Pacific dry forests (6), Talamancan montane forests (2), Tehuacán Valley matorral (2), Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine-oak forests (10), Veracruz moist forests (2).

Host plants: Apiaceae : Flowers of Donnellsmithia hintonii (from specimen label). Asteracea e: Baccharis sarotrhoides (from specimen label). Fabaceae : From specimen labels: Acacia farneciana , Mimosa sp. , Prosopis sp. Lauraceae : Ebeling (1959) on Persea americana Mill. (probably not a preferred host). Poaceae : Zea mays (from specimen label). Polygonaceae : Eriogonum sp. (from specimen label). Rutaceae : Citrus sp. (from specimen label). Additional material examined. COSTA RICA. Guanacaste: Bagaces, P.N. Palo Verde. Laguna Palo Verde., (4/4/1995), Col. (Navarro), Det. Riley | INBC, La Cruz, A.C.G, La Cruz, Santa Elena, Cerro El Hacha, 12 km SE de La Cruz, (5/1/1988), Col. (Espinoza, Marcial), Det. Riley | INBC, La Cruz, Estacion El Hacha, (1/9/1994), Col. (Lopez), Det. Riley | INBC, La Cruz, Estacion Los Almendros, 12 Km Carretera a Santa Cecilia, (3/23/1994), Col. (Lopez), Det. Riley | INBC, La Cruz, Finca Jenny, 30 Km N de Liberia, (4/30/1995), Col. (Araya), Det. Riley | INBC, (8/14/1993), Col. (Araya), Det. Riley | INBC, La Cruz, Finca Jenny., (3/1/1993), Col. (Espinoza), Det. Riley | INBC, (4/18/1993), Col. (Araya), Det. Riley | INBC, (5/25/1993), Col. (Araya), Det. Riley | INBC, (8/5/1993), Col. (Araya), Det. Riley | INBC, La Cruz, La Cruz, P.N. Guanacaste, Agua Buena., (2/8/1933), Col. (Lopez), Det. Riley | INBC, La Cruz, La Cruz, Santa Elena, P.N. Santa Rosa, Estacion Murcielago, 8Km S.W. de Cuajiniquil, (12/6/1993), Col. (Pnuma?), Det. Riley | INBC, Liberia, Sector Las Pailas, 4.5 Km SW del Volcan Rincon de la Vieja, (1/6/1993), Col. (Sihezar), Det. Riley | INBC, (1/7/1994), Col. (Taylor), Det. Riley | INBC, (10/12/1993), Col. (Garcia), Det. Riley | INBC, (10/23/1992), Col. (Cano), Det. Riley | INBC, (11/22/1992), Col. (Rodriguez), Det. Riley | INBC, (2/9/1994), Col. (Taylor), Det. Riley | INBC, (3/10/1993), Col. (Taylor), Det. Riley | INBC, (4/ 23/1993), Col. (Rodriguez), Det. Riley | INBC, (5/15/1993), Det. Riley | INBC, (5/7/1994), Col. (Garcia), Det. Riley | INBC, (6/6/1994), Col. (Garcia), Det. Riley | INBC, (8/1/1993), Col. (Rodriguez), Det. Riley | INBC, Tilaran, Tierras Morenas, Rio San Lorenzo, (3/1/1993), Col. (Rodriguez), Det. Riley | INBC, (8/1/1993), Col. (Rodriguez), Det. Riley | INBC, Col. (Janzen), Det. Whitehead | USNM; Puntarenas: Puntarenas, A.C.A, Central, Reserva Bosque Eterno de los Niños, Sector Monteverde, Sendero El Camino, (2/1/1993), Col. (Obando), Det. Riley | INBC, Puntarenas, Guacimal, Finca Buen Amigo Monteverde, 4Km S. de la Reserva., (7/1/1992), Col. (Fuentes), Det. Riley | INBC, 16Km S Santa Elena, (12/23/1986), Col. (Giesbert) | FSCA, Valle de Coto Brus, Las Cruces, Wilson Botanical Gardens, (1/1/1992), Col. (Araya), Det. Riley | INBC. GUATEMALA. Guatemala: Amatitlán, (6/19/1947), Col. (Vaurie), [On Citrus ] | AMNH; Jalapa: (7/1991) | IADIZA; Sacatepequez: Antigua, (11/5/1991), Col. (Hubbel) | FSCA; Other: Capucalito, (7/20/1947), Col. (Vaurie), Det. Moldenke, [On Citrus ] | AMNH. HONDURAS. El Paraiso: La libertad, E de Tegucigalpa, Col. (Portillo), [ Zea mays ] | FSCA, Yuscaran, Agua sucia, (8/17/1992), Col. (Cordero), (3) | FSCA; Francisco Morazan: San Antonio de Orlente, El Zamorano, (7/4/1989), Col. (Gutierrez) | FSCA, Tegucigalpa, Det. Moldenke, [On Citrus ] | AMNH, Yoro, Col. (Hubbell), [On Citrus ] | IADIZA, Zamorano, (6/6/1993), Col. (Turnbow), [ M. pyropiga chiapensis ] | FSCA, 25,5KM SSW Talanga, (6/3/1993), Col. (Turnbow), Det. Riley, (2) | FSCA; Yoro: (9/4/1918), Col. (Paz) | USNM; Other: El Loarque, (7/21/1968), Col. (Dozier), [ M. pyropiga chiapensis ] | FSCA, Col. (Mankins) | USNM, Lavanderia, 30 Km E Tegucigalpa, (6/12/1983), Col. (Caceres), (3) | FSCA, Morazán.Esc. Agr. Pan., (7/1/1948), Col. (Zamorano), [roadside] | IADIZA, (7/15/1948), Col. (Zamorano), [On citrus] | IADIZA, Taladro, (7/23/1978), Col. (Maltkin), Det. Moldenke, (2) | EMEC, Taulabe, (4/6/1981) | FSCA, Zamorano | USNM, (10/1946) | IADIZA, (2/25/1946), Col. (Cockerell), (2) | IADIZA, (9/1953), Col. (Krauss) | IADIZA, Col. (Krauss), [On Citrus ] | IADIZA, 30 km E Tegucigalpa, (8/9/1982), Col. (Dick) | FSCA. MEXICO. Chiapas: 31 mi SW Cintalapa, near Cachuatil, (8/19/ 1963), Col. (Lee), [ M. pyropiga chiapensis ], (2) | FSCA, El Aguacarro, (6/25/1990), Col. (Thomas) | FSCA, Tonala | USNM; Chihuahua: Barr, d` Batopila, La Bufa-Creel Rd, (8/28/1950), Col. (Smith), Det. Moldenke | EMEC; Colima: 11,3 mi S Colima, (6/27/1983), Col. (Dozier) | FSCA, Colima, (8/1/1954) | AMNH, Col. (Conrad) | USNM, Manzanillo, (12/19/1952), Col. (Comstock) | LACM; Durango: Ventana, Col. (Hoege) | USNM; Guerrero: 10,6Km S Ixcatiopan, (9/18/1989), Col. (Turnbow), Det. Riley | FSCA, 11Km W Xochipala, (9/17/ 1989), Col. (Giesbert) | FSCA, 18mi W Iguala, (8/19/1981), Col. (Michelbacher) | EMEC, 21,9mi N Chilpancingo, (7/16/1987), Col. (Dozier) | FSCA, 25 Km NE Villa de Zaragoza, 134 Hwy, (7/14/1985 - 7/16/1985), Col. (Wappes), Det. Wappes | EMEC, 3,4mi N Chilpancingo, (7/16/1987), Col. (Dozier), (2) | FSCA, 4mi W Chilpancingo, (8/27/ 1977), Col. (Schlinger) | EMEC, 9,7 W Teloloapan, (7/21/1987), Col. (Turnbow), Det. Riley | FSCA, Acapulco, (7/ 28/2005), Col. (Fredicknab) | USNM, Chilpancingo, (10/8/1963), Col. (Michelbacher), Det. Moldenke | EMEC, (6/ 1/1950), Col. (Lave) | USNM. Col. (Krauss), [On Citrus ] | IADIZA, Col. (Smith) | AMNH, Cuapongo, (9/18/ 1942), Col. (Foshag) | IADIZA, Hwy 95 3,6Km Szupango del Rio, (7/7/1992), Col. (Nelson) | FSCA, Hwy 95,2 Km S Milpillas, (7/6/1992), Col. (Nelson), [On Acacia farneciana ] | FSCA, Rio Balsas, Col. (Wickham) | IADIZA, Col. (Wickham) | USNM, Taxco, (7/9/1962), Col. (Janzen), Det. Moldenke | EMEC, (9/7/1944), Col. (Krauss) | IADIZA, Col. (Krauss), [On Citrus ] | IADIZA; Jalisco: 12Km S Autlan, (7/16/1990), Col. (Giesbert) | FSCA, 1mi N Tequila, (7/19/1954), Det. Moldenke | EMEC, 7 Km N Melaque, (7/16/1985 - 7/19/1985), Col. (Wappes), Det. Wappes | EMEC, Colima Vulcano, Col. (Conrad) | USNM, Estacion Biologica Chamela, (7/10/1985 - 7/20/1985), Col. (Giesbert) | FSCA, La quemada, (7/27/1954) | AMNH, Nayarit, (7/27/1954), Det. Moldenke | AMNH, Punta Careyes, (10/2/1992), Col. (Wappes) | EMEC, Tequila, (8/4/1956), Col. (Vincent) | AMNH; Morelos: 5 mi S Amacuzac, (10/9/1963), Col. (Michelbacher), Det. Moldenke, (15) | EMEC, Alpuyeca, (6/27/1951), Col. (Hurd), Det. Moldenke | EMEC, Cuernavaca, 2mi S, (7/8/1962), Col. (Janzen), Det. Moldenke, (2) | EMEC, Cuernavaca | AMNH, (11/1944), Col. (Krauss) | IADIZA, (1962), Col. (Janzen), (2) | USNM, (7/8/1962), Col. (Janzen), Det. Moldenke | EMEC, Col. (Janzen), (2) | USNM, Col. (Krauss), [On Citrus ], (2) | IADIZA, Col. (Whickam) | USNM, Puente de Ixtla, Col. (Whickam) | USNM, Ruinas Xochicalco, (9/28/1964), Col. (Michelbacher), Det. Moldenke, (2) | EMEC, Tejalpa, (6/23/1963), Col. (Whitehead), (2) | IADIZA, Col. (Whitehead), [On Citrus ] | IADIZA, Tetecala, (7/20/1947), Col. (Halffter) | USNM, Xalastoc, (6/21/1951), Col. (Mendoza) | MLPA, Xochicalco, (6/11/ 1966), Col. (Chernoff) | FSCA; Nayarit: 10 mi NW Tepic, (10/4/1950), Col. (Smith), Det. Moldenke | EMEC, 10 W Compostela, (11/25/1991), Col. (Wappes) | USNM, 10mi NW Tepic, (10/4/1950), Col. (Smith), Det. Moldenke | EMEC, 11 mi NW Tuxlan del Rio, (7/22/1963), Col. (Wescott) | LACM, 15mi N Tuxpan, (10/11/1975), Col. (Powell) | EMEC, 15mi SW Compostela, (4/25/1984), Col. (Dozier), (2) | FSCA, 25 millas al sur de Tepic, (7/27/ 1954), Det. Moldenke | AMNH, 45mi NW Tepic, (10/4/1950), Col. (Smith), Det. Moldenke, (2) | EMEC, Ahuacatlan, Volcan Ceboruco, (4/10/1990), Col. (Wappes) | USNM, Ahuacatlan, (7/18/1951 - 7/22/1951), Col. (Hurd), Det. Moldenke, (5) | EMEC, (7/18/1951 - 7/22/1951), Col. (Hurd), Det. Moldenke, [on flowers of Donellsmithia hintonii ], (2) | EMEC, Balsa del Rio? | USNM, Cerobuco volcano, 4–11 Km S Jala, (10/8/1992), Col. (Turnbow), (2) | FSCA, Cerobuco volcano, 4–8 Km S Jala, (10/9/1992), Col. (Turnbow), [ M. pyropiga chiapensis ], (2) | FSCA, Compostela, (1937), Col. (Rosenbahuer) | IADIZA, Ixtlan del Rio, (10/18/1954), Col. (Michelbacher), Det. Moldenke, (2) | EMEC, (7/26/1953) | AMNH, Jesus Maria, Arroyo cañaveral, (7/15/1955), Col. (Maltkin), Det. Moldenke | EMEC, (7/15/1955), Col. (Maltkin), Det. Moldenke, (2) | EMEC, Jesus Maria, Arroyo Santiago, (7/5/1955), Col. (Maltkin), Det. Moldenke | EMEC, Jesus Maria, (7/1/1955), Col. (Malkin) | USNM, (7/27/1955), Col. (Maltkin), Det. Moldenke, (13) | EMEC, La mesa de Nayarit, (7/19/1955), Col. (Maltkin), Det. Moldenke | EMEC, (7/19/1955), Col. (Maltkin), Det. Moldenke, (4) | EMEC, (7/21/1955), Col. (Maltkin), Det. Moldenke, (9) | EMEC, San Blas, (7/5/1972), Col. (Stephan) | FSCA, Tepic | USNM, Col. (Duges) | USNM, Volcan Ceboruco, 8–12km W de Jala, (4/10/1990), Col. (Wappes) | USNM; Oaxaca: 45 mi SE Oaxaca, (7/13/1952), Col. (Gilbert), Det. Moldenke | EMEC, Hwy 125, 54,2 Km N Hwy 190, (7/19/1992), Col. (Nelson), [on Mesquite] | FSCA, Hwy 190, 3mi NW Huajapan de León, (7/7/1992), Col. (Dozier), (2) | FSCA, Mitla, (9/9/ 1952), Col. (Dieke) | USNM, Monte Alban, (9/14/1947), Col. (Maltkin), Det. Moldenke, [on Citrus ] | AMNH, (6/1/ 1938), Col. (Greenfield) | USNM; Puebla: 13 mi SE Acatlan, (7/10/1952), Col. (Gilbert), Det. Moldenke, (2) | EMEC, 17,9Km NE Tehuitzingo, (7/21/1992), Col. (Nelson), [on Mimosa ] | FSCA, 1mi S Petlanlcingo, (7/8/1992), Col. (Dozier), (2) | FSCA, 34 mi SE Acatlan, (7/10/1952), Col. (Gilbert), Det. Moldenke | EMEC, 4,9kmiNW Petlanlcingo, (7/20/1992), Col. (Nelson), [on mesquite], (2) | FSCA, 9,4Km SE Asuxar de Matamoros, (7/22/ 1992), Col. (Nelson) | FSCA, Acatlan, (7/19/1955) | AMNH, Hwy 190, 11,9km SE, (7/22/1992), Col. (Nelson) | FSCA, near Chila aprox. 24 mi SE of Acatlan, (8/14/1972), Col. (Hebel) | IADIZA, Xochicalco, (9/15/1942), Col. (Foshag), (2) | IADIZA; Sinaloa: 26 mi E Villa union, (8/5/1964), Col. (Chemsak), Det. Moldenke | EMEC, 30 Km W El Palmito, (10/18/1978 - 10/19/1979), Col. (Giesbert), (3) | LACM, Mazatlan, 70 millas de mazatlan, (7/24/ 1954) | AMNH, Rosario, 16 millas al norte de Rosario, (8/3/1953) | AMNH, 9mi N Mazatlan, (7/25/1973), Col. (Chemsak) | EMEC; Sonora: 13mi SE Alamos, (10/30/1972), Col. (Stephan) | FSCA, 7 mi S Alamos, Rio Cuchuaqui, (7/25/1953 - 8/7/1953), Col. (Truxal), (4) | LACM, Aguamarina. Alamos, (7/21/1955) | IADIZA, Alamo, (7/10/1952) | AMNH, (8/7/1956), Col. (Vincent) | AMNH, Alamos, Minas Nuevas, (8/31/1960), Col. (Wescott), (7) | LACM, Alamos, (7/25/1953 - 8/5/1953), Col. (Truxal), (5) | LACM, (9/7/1936), (6) | LACM, Guirocoba, (12/18/1933), (7) | LACM, Imuris, (7/17/1954), Det. Moldenke | AMNH, Los alamos, (7/28/1965) | AMNH, Mazatan, (9/9/1964), Col. (Michelbacher), Det. Moldenke, (2) | EMEC, Minas nuevas, (7/7/1952), Col. (Vaurie) | AMNH, Nogales, (9/11/1965), Col. (Michelbacher), Det. Moldenke, (3) | EMEC, (9/16/1955), Col. (Michelbacher), Det. Moldenke, (2) | EMEC, San Carlos, (7/16/1984), Col. (Dozier) | FSCA; Veracruz-Llave: Catemaco, (8/7/1977) | FSCA, Cordoba, Col. (Lau), [On Citrus ] | IADIZA, Misantla | AMNH, Col. (Hoge), (2) | KBIN, Other: 2 Km S Auacatitlan, (9/20/1989), Col. (Giesbert) | FSCA, Almolonga | KBIN, Cuernavaca, Coacoyula, (9/24/1942), Col. (Foshag) | IADIZA, Golfo de California, Bahia San Pedro, (7/7/1921) | USNM, Jalapa | AMNH, Nacozari, (9/1/1945), Det. Moldenke | EMEC, Tepic, 60mi N Nayarit, (7/15/1957), Col. (Chemsak), Det. Moldenke | EMEC | HNHM, Col. Ogier de Baulny | KBIN, Col. (Chapuis), Det. Lacordaire | KBIN. NICARAGUA. Shinek?, Col. (Whickam) | USNM, Col. (Wickham) | USNM. SALVADOR. La Union: La Union, (5/14/1954), Col. (M.S.V.) | IADIZA. U.S. Arizona: 31mi N Sasaabe, Badoquavari mts, (7/24/1978), Col. (Arnett), [see note 355] | FSCA, Arivaca, Pima, (2) | USNM, (8/1972), Col. (Lenksy) | USNM, Baboquivari, Brown Canyon, (7/9/1958), Col. (Menke, Stange), (2) | LACM, Baboquivari, Sabino Canyon, (7/30/1949), Col. (Martin) | LACM, Baboquivaria | USNM, Col. (Snow), Det. Monrós | NMBA, Bill Williams Fork, (3/8/), Col. (Smyth) | FSCA, Cochise, Huachuca mts. Cooper Canyon, (7/26/1983 - 7/29/1983), Col. (Colby, Bellamy) | LACM, Cochise, Col. (Smyth) | USNM, Douglas, (VIII), Col. (Snow), Det. Moldenke, (3) | EMEC, Florida Canyon, Pima Co, (6) | USNM, Green Valley, Pima, (9/1972), Col. (Lenksy) | USNM, Hyla, 45 mi S Payson, (11/8/1984), Col. (Colby) | LACM, Madera Canyon, (9/18/1965), Col. (Rosenberg), (2) | USNM, (9/8/1984), Col. (Colby), [On desert floor below Madera Canyon] | LACM, Maricopa, Sun Flower, (10/25/1959), Col. (Truxal, Martin) | LACM, Nogales, (8/ 16/1951), Col. (Kaiser), [Irogonum Flowers], (3) | USNM, Oracle, (8/14/1940), Det. McClay | LACM, Patagonia, (7/29/2004), Col. (Hueter) | USNM, Pena Blanca, Pajarito mts, (9/9/1969) | FSCA, Pima, 3 mi E Green Valley, White house Canyon Rd. Florida Wash, (7/31/1997), Col. (Harris) | LACM, Pima, 7 rd mi E Green Valley, Florida wash, (7/16/1998 - 7/24/1998), Col. (Harris) | LACM, Pima, Arivaca | USNM, Pima, E Box Canyon Rd, (7/14/ 1999), Col. (Skelley) | FSCA, Col. (Lenczy) | USNM, Pima, Box Canyon, Santa Rita mts, (7/27/1982 - 7/28/1982), Col. (Wappes), Det. Wappes | EMEC, Pima, Coyote mt, (8/7/1916) | AMNH, Pima, Florida Canyon, (11/25/1997), Col. (Staines), (3) | USNM, Pima, Green Valley, Col. (Lenzy), (2) | USNM, Pima, Kit Peak, (8/1/1916) | AMNH, Col. (Lenczy), (2) | USNM, Pima, KitPeak | USNM, Pima, Madera Canyon, (2/16/1964) | FSCA, (9/19/1970), Col. (Giesbert) | LACM, Pima, Madera Canyon, Proctor Ranch, (8/24/1983), Col. (Ziff) | LACM, Pima, Molino Basin, (8/28/1951), Col. (MacNeill), Det. Moldenke, (2) | EMEC, Pima, Sabino Canyon, (1/9/1977), Col. (Bellamy) | LACM, Pima, Sopori, (7/14/1958), Det. Moldenke | AMNH, Pima, Vic. Juct. Florida Canyon and Madera Cayon Rd, (4/8/1983), Col. (Evans), (3) | LACM, Pima, (8/24/1950) | AMNH, Santa Catalina, Molino Basin, (7/1/1970) | USNM, Santa Catalina, (7/4/1916) | AMNH, Col. (Towsend) | USNM, Santa Catalina mountains, Molino Basin, (6/ 13/1958), Col. (Burns), Det. Moldenke, (2) | EMEC, Santa Catalina mountains, Molino Camp, (6/22/1953), Col. (Beal), Det. Moldenke | EMEC, Santa Catharina, Sabino Canyon, (8/9/1953), Det. Moldenke, (2) | EMEC, Santa Cruz, E of Amado Rd to KZAZ TV Tower, (4) | FSCA, (7/23/1978), Col. (Nelson), [ Baccharis Sarotrhoides ], (4) | FSCA, Santa Cruz, Hwy 289, 4,7W Jct., (7/27/1989), Col. (Turnbow) | FSCA, Santa Cruz, Madera Canyon, (7/14/ 1984), Col. (Dozier) | FSCA, (8/21/1953) | AMNH, Col. (Lenczy), (2) | USNM, Santa Cruz, Nogales | AMNH, (7/ 31/1906), Col. (Nunenmacher) | USNM, (8/16/1951), Col. (Kaiser) | USNM, Santa Cruz, Pena Blanca, (7/18/ 1969), Col. (Roeber) | FSCA, Santa Cruz, Santa Rita Range, Col. (Lencksy), (4) | USNM, Santa Cruz, (3/9/1953), Col. (Martin) | LACM, (7/19/1970), Col. (Maiser), Det. Rewhite | USNM, (7/19/1970), Col. (Maiser), Det. Rewhite, [On Mimosa ], (5) | USNM, (7/25/2004), (2) | USNM, Santa Rita mountains, Madera Canyon, (8/20/ 1960), Col. (Robertson) | LACM, Santa Rita Range, Pima Co | USNM, Sta Catalina mts, Molino Basin, (7/1/1970) | USNM, Tuxson, Drumond, (10/3/1940), Det. Nelson | FSCA | USNM, Det. Dahl, [AC 5409 Coll Chas Palm] | EMEC, Det. Moldenke | EMEC. N O DATA: Bill Winsf?, Col. (Smyth) | USNM, La Union, (6/15/1959), [On Citrus ] | IADIZA | IADIZA | USNM, Det. Guérin | NMBA, Det. Monrós | HNHM.

33 | Megalostomis microcephala Lacordaire 1848 | ( Fig. 37A–I View FIGURE 37 )

Megalostomis (Minturnia) microcephala Lacordaire 1848: 530 ; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Clavareau 1913: 76, Guérin 1943b: 14; Blackwelder 1944: 637.

Euryscopa tosta Monrós 1950: 293 .

Megalostomis (Snellingia) tosta: Moldenke 1981: 101 . SYN. NOV.

Type locality. Brazil .

Type material examined. Megalostomis microcephala : Lectotype (present designation): [W-P]: 23375. // [G-H]: Columb/ Moritz. // [W-H]: Megalostomis / microcephala/ Lacord.*. // [R-P]: SYNTYPUS / Megalostomis micro-/ cephala Lacordaire, 1848 / labelled by MNHUB 2008. | ZMHB. Remaining specimens as paralectotypes

(by present designation): [G-P]: Hist.-Coll. ( Coleoptera )/ Nr. 23375./ Megalostomis ,/ microcephala Lac. / Columb. Moritz/ Zoll. Mus. Berlin. // [R-P]: SYNTYPUS / Megalostomis micro-/ cephala Lacordaire, 1848 / labelled by MNHUB 2008. | (6), ZMHB. Euryscopa tosta Holotype at BMNH.

Remarks. Lacordaire (1848) decribed this species from Brazil, mentioning Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin as depository, I studied seven syntypes of this species from MZHB labeled “ SYNTYPUS ” by this institution; all of them indicating Colombia on their labels and collected by Moritz. It is most likely that these are part of the material studied by Lacordaire, thefore I designate them as Lectotype and paralectotypes to fix the name for the species. Two explanations for this locality missmatch are 1) there are other lost syntypes from Brazil, or 2) the territories were this species was captured were part of “La gran Colombia ” (1810–1832), a large state that included territories of present-day Brazil (northwest), Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru (north), and Venezuela. Because this state was divided by the time when Lacordaire described this species, he might have indicated Brazil instead of Colombia, but label data does not solve this mystery. Lacordaire (1848) mentioned the differences in the elytral punctation of M. microcephala as an exception in Megalotomis. Monrós (100 years later) described the same taxon as Euryscopa tosta from Colombia, it is likely that Monrós did not know about the particular morphological aspect of this species, since Lacordaire did not illustrate it and he hardly had access to this material then. Different degrees of elytral punctation order are present in other Proctophana and Euryscopa species Moldenke (1981) moved E. tosta to the subgenus M. (Senellingia), a subgenus considered junior synonymy of Megalostomis by Agrain and Roig-Juñent (2011). Moldenke based his decision on several characters as the elytral punctation (deep, coarse, striate or substriate), and the presence of a transverse subapical carina on pygidium, he mentioned eyes ovoid and narrower face, characters often used to diagnose Euryscopa . M. microcephala is included in the genus Megalostomis following the results of the mentioned phylogenetic analysis, which support Lacordaire and Moldenke. A complete revision of Coscinoptera , Euryscopa , Proctophana , and Themesia , together with a larger phylogenetic analysis is needed to test the monophyly and update the generic level classification of these megalostomine lineages. Megalostomis (Snellingia) tosta Moldenke 1981 , is here synonymized with Megalostomis microcephala since the studied specimens show exactly the same morphological characters. This was possible by comparing Monrós’s (1950) illustration, and four specimens identified by Monrós as “ Euryscopa tosta ” loaned from USNM.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the frons pilosity mostly around the eyes, fourth antennomere not serrate; distance between the eyes narrower than eye maximum height; eyes distinctly ovoid (4x longer than wide), occupying the majority of the head; pronotal disc glabrous; elytral punctation arranged in few longitudinal lines; elytra almost unicolored brown.

Body length: 8 mm, width: 4 mm. Coloration pattern: head black; dark brown pronotum, with wood-brown reflection; tibiae dark brown, with whitish pubescence; elytra almost unicolored, reflective brown darkened in some regions, with wood-brown bands at base and apex; some specimens completely brown with brown patch in frons and legs, but being exactly equal to their relatives in every other character. Head: anterior surface smooth without longitudinal carina; pubescence present only around the eyes; mandibles as long as wide, slightly asymmetric; both mandibles similar size; external side of mandibles glabrous; clypeal margin concave, sculpture smooth with dispersed punctures; eyes without post-ocular protuberances. Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fifth antennomere, eleventh antennomere entire. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation diffuse, weaker than elytral punctation; disk without pubescence; scutellum with posterior margins curved, without pubescence. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; punctation ordered in longitudinal striae; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Female genitalia: eighth sternite without a central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 37D View FIGURE 37 ) J-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule nearly 45º; apex of spermathecal capsule, short with round tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 37E–F View FIGURE 37 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (straight) apodemes, and central dorsal plate, central dorsal plate rectangular; ventral rectal sclerites with very short apodemes. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 37G–I View FIGURE 37 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe as wide as its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe long, without setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) not visible in fixed position; ejaculatory guide without ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Llanos (2), Magdalena Valley montane forests (1), Paraguana xeric scrub (1).

Additional material examined. VENEZUELA. Bolivar: Ciudad Bolivar , (7/3/1998), Col. (Kiages) | USNM ; Lara: (1970), Col. (Osorio) | FSCA ; Other: Orinoco, Caura River , Col. (Kiages) | USNM .

34 | Megalostomis splendida Lacordaire 1848 | ( Fig. 38A–I View FIGURE 38 )

Megalostomis (Minturnia) splendida Lacordaire 1848: 522 (non Jacoby 1880); Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Blackwelder 1944: 637; Moldenke 1970: 21.

Megalostomis splendida Jacoby 1880: 30 (non Lacordaire 1848).

Megalostomis regalis Jacoby 1880: 30 ; Jacoby and Clavareau 1906: 61; Clavareau 1913: 76; Achard 1926: 154 (places in synonymy with M. splendida Jacoby 1880 (non Lacordaire 1848); Blackwelder 1944: 637.

Megalostomis (Minturnia) regalis Achard 1926: 155 .

Megalostomis viridifasciata Jacoby 1888: 73 ; Jacoby and Clavareau 1906: 61; Clavareau 1913: 76; Achard 1926: 154 (places in synonymy with M. splendida Lacordaire 1848 ); Blackwelder 1944: 637.

Megalostomis (Minturnia) affinis Jacoby 1888: 70 ; Jacoby and Clavareau 1906: 61; Clavareau 1913: 76; Blackwelder 1944: 636; Moldenke 1970: 25.

Megalostomis (Minturnia) splendida affinis: Moldenke 1981: 100 (status change). SYN. NOV.

Megalostomis (Minturnia) splendida regalis: Moldenke 1970: 24 SYN. NOV.

Type locality. Mexico: Oaxaca .

Type material examined. Megalostomis splendida : Lectotype (present designation): [W-H]: Megalostomis / splendida Lac / Mexique. // [W-P]: 23366. // [R-P]: SYNTYPUS / Megalostomis spledida/ Lacordaire 1848 / Labelled by MNHUB 2008. | ZMHB. Remaining specimens as paralectotypes (by present designation): [R-P]: SYNTYPUS / Megalostomis spledida/ Lacordaire 1848 / Labelled by MNHUB 2008. // [G-P]: Hist.-Coll ( Coleoptera )/ Nr. 23366/ Megalostomis splendida / Lac/ Mexico / Zool. Mus. Berlin. | ZMHB. [R-P]: SYNTYPUS / Megalostomis spledida/ Lacordaire 1848 / Labelled by MNHUB 2008. // [W-H]: splendida/ Lac. // [W-P]: Oaxaca / 15. | ZMHB. Megalostomis affinis : Lectotype (present designation): [W-P]: Pancina,/ Vera Paz/ Champion. // [W- P]: B.C.A., Col. VI, I./ Suppl./ Megalostomis / affinis/ Jac. // [ RB-P]: Type/ H.T. // [Pu-H]: Megalostomis / affinis Jac. | BMNH. M. viridifasciata : Lectotype (present designation): 8626 Vera Paz | MCZ, url: http:// insects.oeb.harvard.edu.

Remarks. The taxonomic history of this species is very complicated; it was first outlined by Achard (1926), and then corroborated by Moldenke (1970). Achard explained that Jacoby cited several specimens from Guatemala for M. splendida (which according to Achard had detectably different pattern of coloration). Achard suggested that most probably Jacoby did not have the specimen from Mexico which Lacordaire described in anticipation as M. splendida . Later Jacoby received another specimen which was the same as the one he had under the name M. splendida Lacordaire , so Jacoby describe it as M. viridifasciata . Achard (1926), who had both type series, considered the Guatemalan “splendida” of Jacoby and Lacordaire Mexican “splendida” as separated morphs, so he synonymized M. splendida Lacordaire with M. viridifasciata Jacoby , and raised M. regalis as a new species for the Guatemalan specimens. Moldenke (1970) considered both M. splendida Lacordaire and M. regalis Achard as a subspecies of M. splendida . In this contribution those two subspecies are synonymized with the nominotypical one. Differences between these two subspecies rely on size, punctation of pronotum, and elytra and scutellum (color/ punctation). All of these characters are known to exhibit continuous variation in larger series. Furthermore, Moldenke (1970) accepted a wide distribution range for M. splendida splendida , including Mexico, Guatemala and Costa Rica; but also cited specimens from Mexico and Guatemala for M. splendida regalis . This geographic separation is not supported when analyzing the habitat and distribution of these taxa. Moldenke (1981) also considered M. affinis Jacoby as a subspecies of M. splendida , but he indicated that: “ It may well represent only a color form of M. splendida . It is known only from the type series. Guatemala: Vera Paz”). I studied a syntype from the same series confirming Moldenke’s idea, and therefore synonymize M. splendida affinis with its nominotypical species. There is not enough material of these taxa to recognize in them so many morphs based only on relative characters such as size or color variation, which have already shown to be highly variable among the remaining species of Megalostomis . This complicates unnecessarily the history of this taxon.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the dorsum with distinct transverse bands; base of elytra irridescent purple or bronze make it one of the most distinctive inside the genus; first four antennomeres brown, the rest, black; antennal furrow below the eyes strongly marked at the base of mandibles; frontal furrow beside the eyes delimited by strongly marked carina; pronotal disc lateral margins visible from above; length of dorsal plate of aedeagus less than 2x the length of the lateral arms; pygidium sculpture absent. Females: kotpresse central dorsal plate subquadrate apically excavated; angle formed between the basal and apical region of the spermathecal capsule straight.

Body length: 7.5–9.8 mm, width: 4.3–4.4 mm. Coloration pattern: body coloration metallic copper, head with green metallic reflection at occiput; antennae copper; elytra with two golden bands. Head: anterior surface smooth without marked carinae; posterior side of eye with ocular protuberance; mandibles as long as wide, asymmetric; left mandible larger with an apical tooth; right mandible hidden behind left mandible upon mandibular occlusion; external side of mandibles sparsely pubescent; clypeal margin concave, sculpture formed by small diffuse pubescence. Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fourth antennomere, eleventh antennomere entire.

Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation diffuse, weaker than elytral punctation, glabrous; scutellum with posterior margins curved, without pubescence. Elytra: sub-rectangular, glabrous, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; elytral punctation strongly marked and diffuse but forming some longitudinal striae; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Female genitalia: eighth sternite without a central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 38D View FIGURE 38 ) J-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule, straight; apex of spermathecal capsule short, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 38E–F View FIGURE 38 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (straight) apodemes, and central dorsal plate, central dorsal plate subquadrate (apically excavated); ventral rectal sclerites with very short apodemes. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 38G–I View FIGURE 38 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe as wide as its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe long, without setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) not visible in fixed position; ejaculatory guide without ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Veracruz dry forests (2), Central American Atlantic moist forests (1), Southern Pacific dry forests (1).

Additional material examined. GUATEMALA. Panzos, Det. Monrós | NMBA, San Geronimo, Col. (Champion) | USNM, Col. (Champion), Det. Monrós | USNM. MEXICO. Veracruz-Llave: Col. (Conrad) | USNM, Col. (Conrad), Det. Moldenke | USNM; Other: | USNM. NO DATA. (1885), Col. (Restin) | KBIN.

35 | Megalostomis vianai Monrós 1947 | ( Fig. 39A–C View FIGURE 39 )

Megalostomis (Minturnia) vianai Monrós 1947: 170 .

Type locality. Argentina: Misiones : Concepción (Santa María) .

Type material examined. Holotype: [Pk-H]: Megalostomis / Minturnia / vianai/ mihi/ F. Monrós det. 1946. // [W-P]: MISIONES-ARGENTINA/ Dep. Concep. Sta. María/ M. J. Viana. // [R-P]: Type Nº/ 65238/ U.S. N.M. // [ RB-H]: Holotipo/ (♀) | USNM.

Remarks. Monrós (1953a) compared this species with Coscinoptera subfasciata LeConte (Nearctic species) but he did not synonymize it because the distribution of M. vianai is in Misiones, Argentina. I leave this species within Megalostomis awaiting a Coscinoptera taxonomic revision.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the frons pilosity disperse; fourth antennomere serrate; distance between the eyes wider than eye height; eyes rounded; pronotal disc completely pilose; elytral punctation ordered in several subparallel lines; eyes stalk present; pronotal disc lateral margins visible from above, subrectangular.

Female

Body length: 8.8 mm, width: 3.1 mm. Coloration pattern: dense pubescence obscuring coloration patterns; head pronotum and tibiae, black; elytra bicolored, reddish from base to upper median region and black throughout the apex. Head: anterior surface smooth without any marked carina, dense pubescence distributed throughout anterior face formed by short reclined white setae; posterior side of eye with ocular protuberance; mandibles as long as wide, symmetric; both mandibles very short, hidden behind the labrum; external side of mandibles densely pubescent; clypeal margin concave, sculpture formed by small diffuse punctation. Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fourth antennomere, eleventh antennomere entire. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation diffuse, weaker than elytral punctation; dense, reclined short white pubescence, covering the entire surface; scutellum with posterior margins curved, with white dense pubescence. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; elytral punctation ordered in several subparallel lines; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded.

Genitalia: no specimens were available for dissection.

Ecoregions: Alto Paraná Atlantic forests.

36 | Megalostomis subfasciata ( LeConte, 1868) | ( Fig. 40A–I View FIGURE 40 )

Coscinoptera subfasciata LeConte 1868: 56 ; Crotch and Cantab 1873: 29; Monrós 1952: 354.

Megalostomis subfasciata: Horn 1892: 11 ; Jacoby and Clavareau 1906: 61; Clavareau 1913: 76; Leng 1920: 288. Coscinoptera subfasciata murina Monrós 1952: 354 .

Megalostomis (Pygidiocarina) subfasciata: Moldenke 1970: 39 .

Megalostomis (Pygidiocarina) subfasciata murina ( Monrós 1952) : Moldenke 1970: 40 SYN. NOV.

Megalostomis (Pygidiocarina) subfasciata majorubrofasciata Moldenke 1970: 40 SYN. NOV.

Type locality. USA: Arizona .

Type material examined. Megalostomis subfaciata : Lectotype (present designation): [R-P]: Type/ 4269. // [W-P]: (Arizona, B.J.D Irwin). // [W-H]: C. subfasciata / Lec. // silver disc: Arizona: Valley of Gila. | MCZ, url: http:// insects.oeb.harvard.edu. Megalostomis subfaciata murina : Paratype: MEXICO Sonora: Guaymas, (8/5/ 1940) | USNM. Holotype of Megalostomis subfasciata majorubrofasciata at LACM.

Remarks. LeConte mentioned two specimens in the original description, not identifying any of them as “Type”, so the specimen at MCZ is here designated as Lectotype. As in the case of M. vianai , the revision of Coscinoptera is needed to clarify the generic taxonomic difficulties of this species. I synonymise Moldenke’s (1970) subspecies because they are based on polymorphic characters: body size, density of elytral pubescence (highly variable, and dependent on conservation of specimens), color variation in femora and tarsi. Both subspecies are sympatric, distributed in Mexico and USA. Actually, Moldenke (1970) cited two localities, both from Mexico (state of Sonora) as type localities for these two subspecies. Furthermore, the nominotypic species is also distributed in six different localities in Sonora, including Guaymas (type locality of M. splendida murina ), and they present no differences in male or female genitalia.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from M. dimidiata by the body more cylindric; and eyes ovoid.

Females: kotpresse ventral sclerites external margin fan-shaped.

Body length: 9–9.3 mm, width: 4.1–4.5 mm. Coloration pattern: head pronotum and tibiae black, in some specimens tibiae can be combined with red or even totally reddish; elytra can be mainly black with small fulvous patch below the humeral callus, but this fulvous patch can be extended entirely throughout the elytra, some specimens exhibit a black humeral spot and a black band in basal region from internal margin. Head: anterior surface smooth without longitudinal carina, dense pubescence distributed throughout anterior face formed by short reclined white setae; posterior side of eye with ocular protuberance; strongly concealed inside pronotum; mandibles as long as wide, asymmetric; left mandible larger; right mandible without a tooth; external side of mandibles densely pubescent; clypeal margin concave, sculpture formed by small punctation, same as head.

Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fourth antennomere, eleventh antennomere entire. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation diffuse, weaker than elytral punctuation; sparse reclined short white pubescence, covering the entire surface; scutellum with posterior margins curved, with white dense pubescence. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Female genitalia: eighth sternite without a central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 40D View FIGURE 40 ) J-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule straight; apex of spermathecal capsule short, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 40E–F View FIGURE 40 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (straight) apodemes, central dorsal plate very reduced or absent; ventral rectal sclerites with very short apodemes. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 40G–I View FIGURE 40 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe as wide as its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe short, with setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) not visible in fixed position; ejaculatory guide with ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Arizona Mountains forests (16), Baja California desert (17), Chihuahuan desert (52), Sierra de la Laguna dry forests (2), Sierra Madre Occidental pine-oak forests (22), Sinaloan dry forests (2), Snake-Columbia shrub steppe (1), Sonoran desert (46), Sonoran-Sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest (2), Tamaulipan mezquital (2), Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine-oak forests (2).

Host plants: From specimen labels: Acanthaceae : on Anisacanthus thurbensis ?. Asteraceae : Kingsley (1998): Ambrosia deltoidea (Torr.) (Triangle-leaf Bursage). Fabaceae : Acacia sp. , Clark et al. (2004): Acacia greggii A. Gray , Mimosa biuncifera Benth. Fagaceae : Quercus sp. (resting on). Melanthiaceae : Wickham (1898): "chiefly among bear-grass" [ Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt. ].

Additional material examined. MEXICO. Baja California: Santa Rosa | USNM , Triunfo , (7/13/1938), Col. (Ross) | USNM , Baja California Sur: Triunfo , (7/13/1938), Col. (Ross) | USNM ; Puebla: | USNM , Azucar de Matamoros | USNM ; Sinaloa: Concordia | USNM, (7/1974) , Col. (Chandler) | USNM ; Sonora: 1,4mi S Vicam, (7/ 30/1984), Col. (Dozier) | FSCA , 9mi W Alamos , (7/29/1984), Col. (Dozier), [ M. subfasciata majorubrofasciata ], (2) | FSCA , Guaymas , (8/5/1940) | USNM, (8/5/1940) , Col. ( Allen ), Det. Moldenke | EMEC , Hermosillo , (8/12/ 1952) | AMNH , Los alamos, (7/21/1954), Det. Moldenke | AMNH , Nogales , (9/11/1955), Col. (Michelbacher), Det. Moldenke, (6) | EMEC, (9/16/1965) , Col. ( Michelbacher ), Det. Moldenke, (26) | EMEC, (9/28/1965) , Col. ( Michelbacher ), Det. Moldenke, (7) | EMEC , San Javier, (5/6/1929), Det. Moldenke, (4) | EMEC ; Other: Nacozari , (7/15/1945), Det. Moldenke, (6) | EMEC . U.S. Arizona: 10 mi N Nogales , (5/10/1958), Col. (Haig) | LACM , 17mi E Douglas , (8/8/1958), Col. (Opler), Det. Moldenke | EMEC , 18mi SE Globe , (6/16/1950), Col. (Cook), Det. Moldenke | EMEC , Apache , 5mi SE Cochise Co, (7/11/1958), Col. (Opler), Det. Moldenke | EMEC , Baboquivari, Brown Canyon , (7/9/1958), Col. (Menke, Stange), (5) | LACM , Baboquivaria , Col. (Smyth) | USNM , Base Pinal Mts 5o | AMNH , Below Madera Canyon on flats. 30mi S tucson, (8/23/1959), Col. (Nelson), [on Acacia ], (2) | FSCA , Bill Miller Ranch , (7/2/1958) | AMNH , Catal Spgs | USNM , Catal Springs | USNM , Cherry Creek , (7/16/1922), Col. (Brisley), (2) | USNM, (7/16/1922) , Col. (Hubbart) | USNM , Chiricahua , (7/12/1963), Col. (Nelson) | AMNH , Chiricahua m, (7/14/1936), Col. (Knull), Det. Moldenke | EMEC , Cienaga, McKenzie , (8/ 18/1948), Col. (Roberts) | LACM , Cochise, Painted Canyon , (7/1/1954) | AMNH , Cochise, Paradise Rd , Col. (Hespenheide) | USNM , Col. ( Hespenheide ), (2) | USNM , Cochise, Portal , (7/14/1959), (3) | LACM, (7/3/1963) , Det. Moldenke | EMEC, (9/1958), Col. (Weems Jr.), [resting on Quercus ] | FSCA , Cochise, Skeleton Canyon , (9/ 1958), Col. (Weems Jr.) | FSCA , Cochise , (8/18/1952) | AMNH , Col. (Smyth) | USNM , Cochise Co, St Bernardino , Col. (Smyth), (2) | USNM , Congress JC, Col. (Snow), (4) | USNM , Dragoon mts , (7/18/1919), Col. (Stronghold) | USNM , Foothills, Santa Catalina mts , (7/2/1975), Col. (Stephan), (2) | FSCA , Gila, Globe , Col. (Duncan) | USNM , Gila , Pinal | USNM , Gila , Sierra ancha | USNM , Gila, Six Shoter Canyon. Nr Glob , (8/17/1958), Col. (Stange) | LACM , Globe | AMNH, (1929) , Col. ( Duncan ), (2) | USNM, (5/16/1938) , Col. ( Parker ), Det. Moldenke | EMEC, (6/16/1953) , Col. (Parker) | LACM , Hot Springs | USNM, (7) | USNM , Huachuca | USNM, (9/7/1950) | AMNH, Nogales , 6 mi SW Santa Cruz, (8/6/1950), Col. (Beal), Det. Moldenke | EMEC , Nogales, Col. (Van Dike) | USNM , Col. (Wickham) | USNM , Oracle | USNM, (17) | USNM , Patagonia , (8/1/1946), Col. (Tilden) | USNM , Pepper sauce, Catalina , (8/18/1924), Col. (Duzze) | USNM , Phoenix, Santa Cruz Village , (8/12/1916) | AMNH , Pima, Bavoquivari, Bronws canyon, (7/8/1952) | AMNH , Pima, Box Canyon , (7/27/1982), Col. (Wappes) | USNM , Pima, Continental , (6/1981), Col. (Lenkzy), (2) | USNM , Col. (Lenczy) | USNM , Pima, Coyote mt | USNM, (6/1973) , Col. ( Lenksy ), (2) | USNM , Pima, Florida Canyon , (11/25/1997), Col. (Staines), (3) | USNM, (9/1974) , Col. ( Lenksy ), (2) | USNM , Col. (Lenczy) | USNM , Pima, Florida Wash , Col. (Colby) | LACM , Pima, Green Valley , (5/ 1975), Col. (Lenksy) | USNM, (6/1973) , Col. (Lenksy) | USNM , Col. ( Lenzy ), (2) | USNM , Pima, Kit Peak , (11/ 1997), Col. (Lenksy), (24) | USNM, (9/1977) , Col. ( Lenksy ), (4) | USNM , Col. ( Lenczy ), (2) | USNM , Pima, Madera Canyon , (1/8/1954) | LACM, (2/9/1954) , Col. (Menke, Stange ) | LACM, (7/7/1973 - 7/11/1973) , Col. ( Wappes ) | FSCA, (8/29/1971) , Col. ( Giesbert ) | LACM, (9/1971) , Col. ( Lenksy ), (5) | USNM , Pima, Madera canyon Van Metre Ranch, (8/16/1973), Col. (Turnbow) | FSCA , Pima, Oracle , (2) | USNM, (7/28/2004) , Col. ( Hueter ) | USNM, (7/28/2004) , Col. ( Hueter ), (2) | USNM , Pima, Sabino Canyon, Coronado National Forest Recreation area , (7/31/1991), Col. (Cole), (3) | LACM , Pima, Sahuarita Area , Col. (Wappes) | FSCA , Pima, Santa Rita mtns Box Canyon , (7/27/1982 - 7/28/1982), Col. (Wappes), (3) | FSCA , Pima, Santa Rita Range , (5/1982), Col. (Lenksy), (29) | USNM, (8/1972) , Col. (Lenksy) | USNM , Pima, Tucson , (6/10/1953), Col. (Beal), Det. Moldenke, (2) | EMEC , Col. (Snow) | USNM , Pima, Tucson mts , (6/3/1953), Col. (Beal), Det. Moldenke, (5) | EMEC, (8/17/ 1950) , Col. ( Beal ), Det. Moldenke | EMEC , Pima, up to Kittpeak Rd , (8/10/1974), Col. (Cicero) | FSCA , Pima, Ventana Canyon, Santa Catalina, (7/30/1913), Col. (Pierce) | USNM , Pima , (8/30/1952) | AMNH , Pima, Santa Rita, exper range. Van metre rd, (8/2/1974), Col. (Cicero) | FSCA , Pima, Santa Rita mountains, Box Canyon , (7/27/ 1982), Col. (Wappes), (3) | USNM , Pima, Santa Rita mountains, Rox Canyon , 6 mi NW Grestville, (8/27/1970), Col. (Levin) | LACM , Pinal, Col. (Whickam), (2) | USNM , Sabino Canyon , (10/6/1919), [NOTE: 4272] | LACM, (10/8/1917) , Col. ( Hofer ), [Palo verde], (2) | FSCA , San Vicente, (10/7/1952) | AMNH , San Xavier, (7/2/1916) | AMNH , Santa Catalina, Sabino Canyon, (7/7/1948) | AMNH , Santa Catalina, (7/25/1954), Col. (Walters) | AMNH , Santa Catalina mountains, Pima Canyon , (9/7/1970), Col. (Stephan), (6) | FSCA , Santa Catalina mountains, Sabino basin, (7/1916), Col. (Clarck) | EMEC , Santa Catalina mountains, Sabino Canyon , (7/9/1953), Det. Moldenke, (2) | EMEC , Santa Cruz, Duquesne Rd , (7/29/2004), Col. (Hueter) | USNM , Santa Cruz, Florida Canyon , (11/25/1997), Col. (Staines) | USNM , Santa Cruz, Madera Canyon , (8/13/1952) | AMNH, (8/21/1954 - 8/26/1954) , Col. ( McDonals ) | LACM, (8/24/1954) , Col. (Walters) | AMNH , Col. ( Lenczy ), (2) | USNM , Santa Cruz, Nogales | AMNH, (4) | USNM , Col. (Van Dike) | USNM , Col. (Whicham) | USNM , Santa Cruz, Patagonia , (7/25/1953) | AMNH, (8/1/1946) , Col. (Tilden) | USNM , Santa Cruz , Santa Rita, (2) | USNM , Santa Cruz, Santa Rita Range, Col. (Lencksy), (4) | USNM , Santa Rita, Madera Canyon, Col. (Nooman), Det. Drunkenbrod | USNM , Santa Rita | USNM, (8/1996) , Col. ( Hubbart ), (8) | USNM, (8/24/1950) | AMNH, Santa Rita mountains, Box Canyon , (8/7/ 1972), Col. (Cicero), (2) | FSCA , Santa Rita mountains, Madera Canyon, (2/7/1957), Col. ( Menke , Hardluck ) | LACM, (8/17/1949 - 8/18/1949) , Col. ( Martin ), (6) | LACM, (8/20/1952) , Col. ( Martin ), (5) | LACM, (8/21/1954) , Col. (Martin) | LACM , Santa Rita mountains | USNM , Senator , Det. Dahl | EMEC , Sierra ancha, (1929) | USNM , Sierritas , (7/28/1916) | AMNH , Strghld, Dragoon mts , (7/18/1919) | USNM , Tucson , (1/28/1924) | AMNH , Col. ( Wickham ), (2) | USNM , Ventana Canyon, Santa Catalina, (7/30/1913), Col. (Pierce) | USNM , Verde , (24/9/), Col. (Catelaw), Det. Moldenke, (3) | EMEC , Yavapai, Congress Junction , Col. (Whicham) | USNM , Yuma | USNM, (7/ 19/1961) , Det. Vogt | USNM, (7/19/1961) , Det. Vogt, [ Anisacanthus thurbensis ] | USNM; California: Base Pinal , Col. (Duncan) | USNM , Chiricahua , (12/8/1927), Col. (Van Dike) | USNM ; Idaho: Carey | USNM ; New Mexico: Grant , 26 mi W Deming, (9/26/1971), Col. (Turnbow) | FSCA , Hidalgo , (7/20/1955) | AMNH, (7/25/1955) | AMNH, (1930), Col. ( Foersberg ), [NOTE: 9540] | LACM , Hidalgo , 7mi SE Rodeo, (8/21/1958), Det. Moldenke | EMEC , Hidalgo, Peloncillo mts , (15/8), Det. Moldenke | EMEC ; Texas: Starr , 10mi S El Sauz, (5/9/1978), Col. (Wappes) | FSCA .

37 | Megalostomis dimidiata Lacordaire 1848 | ( Fig. 41A–I View FIGURE 41 )

Megalostomis dimidiata Klug in Dejean 1836: 417 (nomen nudum).

Megalostomis tomentosa Dejean 1836: 416 (nomen nudum).

Megalostomis (Minturnia) dimidiata Lacordaire 1848: 526 ; Dugès 1876: 178 (biology); Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Jacoby 1880: 30, 1888: 71; Xambeu 1899: 66 (biology); Jacoby and Clavareau 1906: 61; Clavareau 1913: 76; Achard 1926: 154; Blackwelder 1944: 636; Pallister 1953: 15.

Coscinoptera major Crotch and Cantab 1873: 29 ; Horn 1892: 11; Jacoby and Clavareau 1906: 61; Clavareau 1913: 76; Leng 1920: 288; Blackwelder 1944: 637; Monrós 1954: 23 (places in synonymy with M. dimidiata ).

Megalostomis tomentosa Jacoby 1880: 30 ; Jacoby 1888: 71; Jacoby and Clavareau 1906: 61; Clavareau 1913: 76; Achard 1926: 154; Blackwelder 1944: 637.

Megalostomis punctatissima Jacoby 1888: 72 ; Jacoby and Clavareau 1906: 61; Clavareau 1913: 76; Blackwelder 1944: 637.

Megalostomis (Pygidiocarina) dimidiata: Moldenke 1970: 29 .

Megalostomis (Pygidiocarina) dimidiata nayaritensis Moldenke 1970: 31 SYN. NOV.

Megalostomis (Pygidiocarina) dimidiata sonorensis Moldenke 1970: 31 SYN. NOV.

Megalostomis (Pygidiocarina) punctatissima: Moldenke 1970: 35 . SYN. NOV.

Megalostomis (Pygidiocarina) tomentosa: Moldenke 1970: 36 SYN. NOV.

Megalostomis (Pygidiocarina) tomentosa orientalis Moldenke 1970: 37 SYN. NOV.

Megalostomis (Pygidiocarina) tomentosa sinaloensis Moldenke 1970: 38 SYN. NOV.

Megalostomis (Pygidiocarina) tomentosa guatemalensis Achard 1926: 154 (2 nd specimen only cited as M. t. apicata) Moldenke 1970: 38 SYN. NOV.

Type locality. Mexico .

Type material examined. Megalostomis dimidiata : Lectotype: (present designation): [G-H]: Chlytra Megalostomis / dimidiata Klug. / in Mexico D. Klug. // [W-H]: Minturnia / dimidiata/ Lac. Mexico. // [G-H]: unreadable | MIZT (De Breme Collection). Remaining specimens as paralectotypes (by present designation): [W- H]: Megalostomis / dimidiata Lacord. // [W-P]: 23369. // [G-H]: dimidiata/ N/ Mexico. Deppe. // [R-P]: SYNTYPUS / Megalostomis dimidiata / Lacordaire, 1848 / Labelled by MNHUB 2008. | ZMHB; [G-P]: Hist.-Coll. ( Coleoptera )/ Nr. 23369/ Megalostomis / dimidiata Lac / Mexico, Deppe/ Zool. Mus. Berlin. // [R-P]: SYNTYPUS / Megalostomis dimidiata / Lacordaire, 1848 / labelled by MNHUB 2008. | (2), ZMHB; [W-H]: Mexico / Deppe. // [R- P]: SYNTYPUS / Megalostomis dimidiata / Lacordaire, 1848 / labelled by MNHUB 2008. // [W-H]: 23369. // [W- H]: tomentosa/ Jac. | ZMHB; [W-H]: Mexico / Deppe. // [R-P]: SYNTYPUS / Megalostomis dimidiata / Lacordaire, 1848 / labelled by MNHUB 2008. // [W-H]: 23369. | ZMHB. Megalostomis dimidiata nayaritensis : Paratype: MEXICO: Jalisco, Colima vulcano, Conrad coll. | USNM; (19) Paratypes: MEXICO: Jalapa, Chapala. Coll. Michelbacher 7/8/1962 | EMEC; Paratype: MEXICO: Nayarit, La Mesa de Nayarit. Coll. Maltkin. 7/19/1955 | EMEC; Paratype: MEXICO: Guadalajara, 37 mi S de Jalisco. Chemsal coll. | EMEC. Megalostomis dimidiata sonorensis : Paratype: MEXICO: Nayarit, Jesús María. Maltkin coll. 6/26/1955. | EMEC; Paratype: MEXICO: Nayarit, La Mesa de Nayarit. 7/21/1955. Maltkin coll. | EMEC; Paratype: MEXICO, Mar/19/1942 / USNM. Megalostomis punctatissima: Monotype : EL SALVADOR: Peten: San Jeronimo, Santa María. Champion coll. | BMNH. Megalostomis tomentosa : Lectotype (present designation): [W-H]: Megalostomnis/ tomentosa/ upper amazonas. // [ RB-P]: Type/ H.T. // [W-H]: Oaxaca/ Mexico / Sallé Coll. // [Pu-H]: Megalostomis / tomentosa/ Jacoby. | BMNH. Remaining specimens as paralectotypes (by present designation): [W-P]: B.C.A., Col. VI, I./ Megalostomis / tomentosa,/ Jac. // [W-P]: Oaxaca / Mexico / Sallé Coll. | BMNH. [W-P]: B.C.A., Col. VI, I./ Megalostomis / tomentosa,/ Jac. // [W-P]: Oaxaca / Mexico / Sallé Coll. // [W-P]: Etla. // [W-H]: Megalostomis / tomentosa Dup ?/ apend? Salle. | BMNH. [W-P]: B.C.A., Col. VI, I./ Megalostomis / tomentosa,/ Jac. // [W-P]: Oaxaca / Mexico / Hoege. | BMNH, (2). [W-P]: B.C.A., Col. VI, I./ Megalostomis / tomentosa,/ Jac. // [W-P]: Bugaba/ Panama / Champion. | BMNH, (8). [W-P]: B.C.A., Col. VI, I./ Megalostomis / tomentosa,/ Jac. // [W-P]: Cuernavaca/ Mexico / Jac. | BMNH, (2). [W-P]: B.C.A., Col. VI, I./ Megalostomis / tomentosa,/ Jac. // [W-P]: Matamoros Izucar/ Tehuantepec/ Hoge | BMNH, (3). [W-P]: El Camaron/ Mexico / Salle coll. // [W-P]: 1st Jacoby/ Coll. // [R-P]: Type/ 8628. // [W-P]: Etla. | MCZ, url: http:// insects.oeb.harvard.edu. Megalostomis tomentosa guatamalense : Holotype: GUATEMALA: Esquintral VI/27/1945 Type: 20984. | USNM; Allotype: EL SALVADOR: San Salvador, Aug/28/1924, [on Cotton] | USNM; Paratype: EL SALVADOR: San Salvador, Aug/ 28/1924, [on Cotton] | USNM. Megalostomis tomentosa sinaloense: Allotype : MEXICO: Sinaloa: Morcorito. Sep/18/1947, Marquis Coll. | USNM; Paratype: MEXICO: Mazatan (12 mi S Sinaloa), 6/22/1957. Chemsak coll. | EMEC. Megalostomis tomentosa orientalis : Holotype: [R-P]: Holo-/ type // [W-P]: Megalostomis /

(Pygidiocarina)/ tomentosa/ orientalis Mold./ det. A.R.Moldenke '69/ & cited in monograph // [W-P]: 10 mi SE Jalapa/ Vera Cruz Mex/ VI-29-58 3000 ft // [W-P]: Univ. Kans/ Mex./ Expedition // [W-H]: Meg./ tomentosa/ orientalis/ Moldenke. | SEMC.

Remarks. Moldenke (1970) described the varieties M. dimidiata nayaritensis , and M. dimidiata sonorensis . Morphological differences cited by the author are all related to color variations in elytra, femora and tibiae, characters whose intra-specific variation has been explained elsewhere in the text. Furthermore, the locality “La mesa de Nayarit ” in Mexico is repeated on paratypes of each subspecies proving their sympatry. Megalostomis dimidiata and M. tomentosa can be differentiated solely by their sizes. Additionally, MHUB syntypes of these two species, both identified by Lacordaire as M. dimidiata , and one of them labeled by Jacoby as M. tomentosa , are exactly the same size. Jacoby (1880) in the original description wrote that “ M. tomentosa represents M. dimidiata in miniature”, although he also mentioned small differences in the shape of the carina in the pygidium. I discuss this cannot be important in this group of beetles, because in other species of Megalostomis , such as M. pyropiga , there are also small variations in the shape of pygidium that can only be seen when specimens are larger, this being clearly the result of a mere level of development and not a distinctive character. After the revision of long series of M. dimidiata I have seen specimens of a wide variety of sizes and even some of them lacking the carina in the pygidium. Clearly, this species is more polymorphic and more widespread than previously thought,. Variations in size could be explained by diet or climatic factors, since no differences were found in the genitalia of these species. M. dimidiata was described from the eastern region of Mexico by Lacordaire, and several specimens of M. tomentosa are in fact present in that region. Moreover, M. tomentosa type locality is Capulalpan (eastern Mexico), neither potential distribution nor ecoregion maps support this separation ( Agrain 2010). Subspecies M. tomentosa sinaloensis , M. tometosa sinaloensis , and M. tomentosa guatemalensis were raised by Moldenke (1970) based on color variations in elytra, femora and tibia. All three subspecies share localities when compared with M. dimidiata distribution. The same is also true for M. dimidiata nayaritensis , and M. dimidiata sonorensis , also created by Moldenke by use of the same characters. When intra-specific variation in M. dimidiata is taken into account, M. punctatissima specimens are not different from those of M. dimidiata or M. tomentosa . M. punctatissima was described on the basis of a sole specimen from Guatemala (San Gerónimo), Jacoby mentioned that this species could be mistaken with M. dimidiata , recommending the use of the differences in thorax and elytra (color, and punctation density), both characters highly variable within the senior species, which is now known to be much more widespread. Finally, Achard (1926) described M. dimidiata picturata , M. dimidiata apicata , and M. dimidiata apicalis , all three subspecies were described on the basis of small variation of the elytral coloration pattern, thus this subspecies might be a junior synonym of the nominotypic species, subsequent study of Achard’s collection in Prague should clear up this situation.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from M. subfasciata by the robust body, and rounded eyes. Diagnostic characters are: male mandibles poorly developed: shape of head in males as long as wide; length of dorsal plate of aedeagus less than 2x the length of the lateral arms; lateral arms of the median lobe short (not reaching the half of the dorsal plate).

Body length: 6.6–11.11 mm, width: 4–6 mm. Coloration pattern: head black; pronotum black; tibiae black, they can be also combined with reddish, or even completely reddish; elytra with basal reddish band that can be expanded throughout the entire elytron or interrupted by a black band in apical region; humeral callus black; this species, as others of its clade, can exhibit subtle metallic reflections in the black regions of the elytra and pronotum ( Agrain & Roig-Juñent 2011). Head: concealed inside pronotum; anterior surface smooth without longitudinal carina; inter-ocular region with two diferentially directed setae, those around the eyes, and clypeal ones, dense pubescence distributed throughout anterior face formed by short reclined white setae; posterior side of eye without ocular protuberance; mandibles as long as wide, symmetric, short and compact; left mandible slightly larger, it overlaps the right mandible upon mandibular occlusion; external side of mandibles pubescent; labrum subquadrate, glabrous; clypeal margin concave; clypeus, with white short pubescence. Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fourth antennomere, eleventh antennomere entire. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin curved convexly; lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation diffuse, weaker than elytral punctation; dense, reclined short white pubescence, covering the entire surface; scutellum with posterior margins curved, with white dense pubescence. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Female genitalia: eighth sternite without a central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 41D View FIGURE 41 ) J-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule, straight; apex of spermathecal capsule short, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 41E–F View FIGURE 41 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (straight) apodemes, central dorsal plate very reduced or absent; ventral rectal sclerites with very short apodemes. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 41G–I View FIGURE 41 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe as wide as its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe short, with setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) not visible in fixed position; ejaculatory guide with ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Bajío dry forests (13), Balsas dry forests (48), California Central Valley grasslands (1), Central American dry forests (4), Central American pine-oak forests (12), Central Mexican matorral (9), Chiapas Depression dry forests (1), Chiapas montane forests (2), Chihuahuan desert (3), Costa Rican seasonal moist forests (3), East Central Texas forests (1), Edwards Plateau savanna (1), Isthmian-Atlantic moist forests (1), Isthmian- Pacific moist forests (2), Jalisco dry forests (6), Llanos (1), Meseta Central matorral (5), Northern Mesoamerican Pacific mangroves (2), Oaxacan montane forests (1), Petén-Veracruz moist forests (2), Sierra Madre de Oaxaca pine-oak forests (12), Sierra Madre del Sur pine-oak forests (6), Sinaloan dry forests (21), Sonoran desert (2), Sonoran-Sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest (1), Southern Great Lakes forests (1), Southern Pacific dry forests (10), Tamaulipan matorral (2), Tamaulipan mezquital (4), Tehuacán Valley matorral (3), Texas blackland prairies (6), Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine-oak forests (19), Veracruz moist forests (6), Western Gulf coastal grasslands (6), Western short grasslands (1), Yucatán moist forests (1).

Host plants: Moldenke (1970), on shrubs of the Mimosaceae and Papilionaceae . From specimen labels: Cucurbitaceae : Cucumis melo . Fabaceae : Acacia rigidula Benth , Acacia farneciana . Clark et al. (2004): Mimosa [ Albizia or Mimosa ], Acacia sp. , Alfalfa (sweeping), Eysenhardtha polystachis, pea pods, Pithecolobium (Tamarindo) , Prosopis sp. Malvaceae : On cotton. Rutaceae : orange tres. Verbenaceae : Lantana camara .

Ant associates: Moldenke (1970): Atta (Formicidae) . Rojas (1989): Atta mexicana (Larvae saprophagous). From specimen labels: Digging on Atta nest, leaf cutting ant nest.

Additional material examined. COSTA RICA. Guanacaste: La Cruz, A.C.A, La Cruz, La Garita, Est Los Almendros, (8/1/1990) | INBC , Liberia, A.C.G, Liberia, Pque Nal Sta Rosa, Estacion Santa Rosa, (2/1/1980), Col. ( Janzen ), Det. Flowers, (4) | INBC , Liberia, Sector Las Pailas , 4.5 Km SW del Volcan Rincon de la Vieja | INBC , 11/22/1992), Col. ( Garcia ), Det. Flowers | INBC ; Puntarenas: Monteverde, (12/24/1982 - 12/26/1982), Col. ( Giesbert ) | LACM . GUATEMALA. Col. (Chapuis), (2) | KBIN , Col. ( Chapuis ), [as M. tomentosa ] | KBIN . HONDURAS. Francisco Morazan: San Antonio de Oriente, El Zamorano, (9/24/1990), Col. ( Brauchie ) | FSCA ; Intibuca: 7 Km W San Juan, (12/3/1996), Col. ( Skillman ) | FSCA . MEXICO. Baja California: DF | USNM , Col. (Rinda) | USNM ; Chiapas: Guitierrez, near Tuxla, (3/29/1959 - 4/5/1959), Col. ( Emmel ) | LACM , Trinitaria, (10/19/1988), Col. ( Wappes ) | USNM , Santa Rosa , Col. (Hubbell), Yuquin | BMNH , 2,6–6 Km S La trinitaria , (10/19/1988), Col. ( Turnbow ), (2) | FSCA ; Colima: Cd. Colima, Col. (Hoge) | KBIN , Colima | USNM, (8/1/1954) , Col. (Bradts) | AMNH , Col. (Conrad) | IADIZA, (6/1/1968) | USNM, (8/1/1954) | AMNH;

Cozumel Island: Quintana Roo , (6/27/1980), Col. (Dozier) | FSCA ; Durango: Durango , (8/14/1947), Det. Moldenke | AMNH , Nombre de Dios , (7/13/1954), Col. (Schlinger), Det. Moldenke, [ M. dimidiata picturata ], (2) | EMEC, (8/5/1951) , Col. ( Hurd ), [ M. tomentosa apicata ] | EMEC, (7) | ZMHB ; Guadalajara: 37mi S Jalisco , (6/ 24/1957), Col. (Chemsak), [ M. tomenrosa ], (4) | EMEC ; Guanajuato: 11 mi SW Acambaro , (8/17/1954), Col. (Linsley), Det. Moldenke, [ M. dimidiata picturata ], (3) | EMEC , 12mi N San Miguel , (6/22/1987), Col. (Allende), [ M. dimidiata picturata ] | FSCA | AMNH , Col. (Duges), (12) | KBIN ; Guerrero: 12 Km S E El Rincon, Ruta 125 ca, (10/18/1989), Col. (Zack), Det. Staines, 14 Km W Iguala , (7/21/1987), Col. (Turnbow) | FSCA , 18mi W Iguala , (8/19/1981), Col. (Michelbacher), (5) | EMEC , 2–8 Km W El veintidos, (9/15/1989), Col. (Turnbow) | FSCA , 26,6 Km N Hwy 95 Xochipala , (7/24/1992), Col. (Nelson), (2) | FSCA , 4mi W Chilpancingo , (8/27/1977), Col. (Schlinger) | EMEC , 55 Km NE Villa de Zaragoza , (7/16/1985), Col. (Turnbow), [ M. tomentosa ] | FSCA , Balsas, (2) | NMBA, Campuzano , (2/24/1942), Col. (Foshag) | IADIZA , Colonia , (11/16/1946), Det. Monrós | NMBA, Gonzales, Col. (Whickham), Det. Moldenke | USNM , Chilpancingo , (10/15/1984), Col. (Giesbert) | FSCA , Col. (Krauss) | IADIZA , Grutas del Mogote , (8/28/1965), Col. (Redell) | IADIZA , Hwy 92, 5,9 Km S Rio Mezcala , (7/ 7/1992), Col. (Nelson) | FSCA , Hwy 95,2 Km S Milpillas, (7/6/1992), Col. (Nelson), [On Acacia farneciana ] | FSCA , Venta del peregrino, Col. ( Smith ) | AMNH, (10/19/1989) , Col. (Zack) | USNM ; Jalisco: 22mi NW La piedad, (7/23/1954), Col. (MacSwain), [ M. tomentosa apicata ] | EMEC, (7/23/1954) , Col. ( Schlinger ), [ M. tomenrosa ], (2) | EMEC , Ajijic , (7/5/1952), Col. (Michelbacher) | EMEC , Chapala , (7/8/1962), Col. (Michelbacher) | EMEC , Guadalajara | AMNH , Col. (Mann) | USNM , La quemada, (7/27/1954) | AMNH , Lagos de Moreno , (7/1/1953) | AMNH , Tequila , 11 mi SE, (12/20/1963), Col. (Tauber), (2) | EMEC , Tequila , (7/18/1953), Col. (Vaurie) | AMNH , Volcan Colima | USNM, (7/10/1918) , Col. ( Lave ) | USNM, (8/1918) , Col. (Lave) | USNM , Col. (Conrad) | USNM , Volcan de Colima | NMBA, Col. (Cave) | USNM , Col. (Conrad) | USNM , Col. (Lave) | USNM ; Michoacan de Ocampo: Morelia , (8/9/1953) | AMNH ; Morelos: 2 mi SE Cautla , (6/1/1963), Det. Moldenke, (3) | EMEC , 2mi SE Cautla , (6/1/1963), (6) | EMEC , 5 mi E Cautla , (8/1963), Det. Moldenke | EMEC , Atpuyeca , (6/27/1951), Col. (Hurd), Det. Moldenke, (2) | EMEC, (7/3/1951) , Col. (Hurd), Det. Moldenke | EMEC , Cautla | AMNH , Cuernavaca , 7 Km E, (9/11/1962), Col. (Ball) | USNM , Cuernavaca | AMNH | IADIZA, (5/1945) , Col. (Krauss), (3) | USNM , Col. (Janzen), (2) | AMNH , Col. (Krauss) | USNM , Col. (Krauss), (2) | IADIZA , Col. (Smyth) | USNM , Col. (Smyth), (2) | USNM , Col. (Whickham) | USNM , Hwy 115, 1, 5 mi E Cautla, (8/6/1963) | EMEC , Puente de Ixtla , (7/1900), Col. (Deam) | USNM , Col. (Deam) | USNM , Col. (Whickham) | USNM , Tequesquito , (7/3/1955), Col. (Janzen) | EMEC , Tetecala , (7/20/1947), Col. (Halffter) | USNM, (7/20/1947) , Col. (Halfter) | USNM , Xochitepec , (6/23/1973), Col. (Ginter) | IADIZA, (8/1965) , Col. (Flint, Ortiz) | IADIZA ; Nayarit: 10 mi NE San Blas , (7/21/1973), Col. (Wescott) | LACM , 6 mi E Ixtlan del Rio , (12/30/1958), Col. (Menke, Stange) | LACM , Ixtlan del Rio , (10/18/1964), Col. (Michelbacher), [ M. tomentosa apicata ] | EMEC , Jesus Maria, Arroyo Santiago , (8/5/1955), Col. (Maltkin), [ M. tomentosa apicata ], (2) | EMEC , Jesus Maria , (7/1/ 1955), Col. (Malkin) | USNM, (7/1955) , Col. (malkin) | USNM, (7/6/1955) , Col. ( Maltkin ), [ M. tomentosa apicata ] | EMEC ; Nuevo León: 3–10 Km E Iturbide, (9/30/1976), Col. (Giesbert) | LACM , Monterey , (5/2/1911), Col. (Schwartz) | USNM, (5/2/1911) , Col. (Schwarz) | USNM ; Oaxaca: 10km SE Huitzo, Hwy 190, (7/10/1992), Col. (Nelson), (5) | FSCA , 3mi W Mitla , (4/9/1953), Col. (Schlinger), [Sweeping Alfalfa] | EMEC , 4mi E El Camaron , (10/13/1963), Col. (Michelbacher), [ M. tomentosa ], (4) | EMEC , 8mi NW Tutla , (10/6/1975), Col. (Powell), (2) | EMEC , El Camaron , rt. 190 km 678, (8/12/1967), Col. (Flint Jr.) | IADIZA , Huajapan de León | AMNH , Hwy 125, 2km S Zapotitlan , (7/19/1992), Col. (Nelson), [On Mesquite], (3) | FSCA , Hwy 125, 44,5 Km N Hwy 190, (7/19/ 1992), Col. (Nelson) | FSCA , Hwy 190, 11km SE Huajapan de León, (7/19/1992), Col. (Nelson), [on Mesquite], (3) | FSCA , Oaxaca , (7/8/1952), Col. (Gilbert), [ M. tomenrosa ] | EMEC , Ruins of Monte Alban , (8/25/1963), (2) | LACM , Tehuantepec | BMNH , Tepanatepec , (8/16/1972), Col. (Hevel) | USNM , Tequisistlan , (4/15/1953), Col. (Becthtel) | EMEC , Tlacolula | AMNH | IADIZA | USNM, (1/30/1955) | AMNH, (7/27/1947) | AMNH, (9/19/ 1923) , Col. ( Smyth ) | USNM, (9/1923) , Col. (Smyth) | USNM , Col. (Krauss) | IADIZA ; Puebla: 3,9mi SE Tepexco, (7/15/1987), Col. (Dozier) | FSCA , 6mi S Zapotitlan , (10/6/1975), Col. (Powell) | EMEC , 7 mi Atlixco , (6/27/1957), Col. (Chemsak), Det. Moldenke | EMEC , Atencingo , (6/2/1922), Col. (Smyth) | USNM , Hwy 190, 11,9km SE, (7/22/1992), Col. (Nelson), Azucar de Matamoros , (2) | FSCA , Isla de Matamoros , 16.1 Km NW, (9/ 17/1976), Col. (George, Snelling), (2) | LACM , Rt. 160 15 km. WNW puebla st., (10/12/1989), Col. (Zack), Azucar de matamoros | USNM , Tehuacan , (5/23/1951), Col. (Hurd), Det. Moldenke, [Eysenhardtha polystachis] | EMEC , Tehuitzingo , (2/27/1953), Col. (Betchtel), [ M. tomentosa ] | EMEC, (10/18/1989) , Col. (Zack) | USNM ; Sinaloa: 30 Km W El Palmito, (11/2/1976 - 11/9/1976), Col. (Giesbert) | LACM , Concordia , Det. Moldenke | AMNH , Mazatlan , 70 millas de mazatlan, (7/24/1954) | AMNH , Mocorito , (9/18/1947), Col. (Marquis) | USNM , Villa Union, Presidio Riv | USNM ; Sonora: 9mi W Alamos , (7/29/1984), Col. (Dozier), [ M. dimidiata sonorensis ], (3) | FSCA , Alamo , (8/10/1952), Det. Moldenke | AMNH , Alamos , (9/7/1936) | LACM , Minas nuevas, (8/7/1952), Col. (Vaurie), Det. Moldenke | AMNH , San Javier, (4/6/1929), Col. (Dora), [ M. tomentosa sinaloense ] | EMEC ; Tamaulipas: Santa Ines , (9/17/1948), Col. (Ross) | USNM ; Veracruz-Llave: Huatusco , (10/10/1964), Col. (Lau) | IADIZA , Tuxtla , (7/7/1955), Col. (Vaurie) | AMNH ; Yucatan:?, Guanajuato | USNM ; Other: Morelia , (5/28/ 1941), Col. (Cortez) | USNM , Almolonga | AMNH | KBIN | USNM, Col. ( Hoege ), [96661], (4) | ZMHB , Det. Moldenke | AMNH, Alte Sammlung, (3) | NMBA, Amacuzac , 6 mi S Morelos, (10/9/1963), Col. (Michelbacher), Det. Moldenke | EMEC , Arteaga , 16mi S Mitch, (12/3/1950), [ M. tomentosa apicata ] | EMEC , Carrizo , (8/), [Purpus collection], (2) | ZMHB , Cordoba , (7/23/1963), Col. (Lau) | IADIZA , Cuernavaca , (11/4/1922), Col. (Smyth) | LACM, (4/11/1922) , Col. (Smyth) | LACM , Col. (Krauss) | IADIZA , El camaron, 20 mi E Oaxaca, (8/7/ 1956), Col. (MacSwain), Det. Moldenke | EMEC , El Camaron , 20mi E Oaxaca, (7/21/1956), Col. (Lindsdale) | EMEC , El Rosario, Cuzcatlan , (7/19/1955) | USNM , El Zapotal, 2mi Tux Gutierrez Chias, (7/10/1957), Col. (Chemsak) | EMEC , Guanacaste, San Miguel de Allende | AMNH, (8/8/1955) | AMNH, Jalapa, Chapala , (7/8/ 1962), Col. (Michelbacher), Det. Moldenke, [ M. dimidiata nayaritensis ] | EMEC , Jalapa, Lagos de Moreno , (8/10/ 1962), Col. (Michelbacher), Det. Moldenke, [ M. dimidiata picturata ] | EMEC , Jalapa, Sapala , (7/8/1962), Col. (Michelbacher), Det. Moldenke | EMEC , Jalapa | NMBA | USNM , La gloria , (1/1/1938) | USNM , Michoacan at Laredo , (5/11/1966), Col. (Lewis) | IADIZA , Monterey, Falda de la silla, (9/12/1963), Col. (Mockford), Monterey | USNM, (5/2/1911) | USNM, Ocatlan | AMNH , Procopp , Det. Monrós, (3) | HNHM , Santa Lucia , (12/1/1906) | USNM , Sierra Mixteca , [Purpus collection], (4) | ZMHB , Tepic , El Cora | ZMHB , Tuxcan , (2/23/1950) | USNM , Valles , Col. (Mann) | IADIZA , Venadito | USNM , Volcan Colima , (1918), Col. (Lave), (7) | USNM , Col. (Conrad), (2) | USNM , Xalapa, Col. (Shaus), Det. Moldenke | AMNH , Xochicalco , (9/15/1942), Col. (Foshag) | IADIZA , Yautepec | ZMHB | USNM, (1/2/1888) , Col. ( Höge ) | NMBA, (10) | ZMHB, (30/6/1897), (2) | NMBA, Col. (Duvivier), (2) | KBIN , Col. (Monrós) | USNM . PANAMA. Chiriqui: Bugaba, Col. (Champion) | BMNH ; Darien: El Real de Santa Maria , Det. Monrós | USNM . SALVADOR. San Salvador: (6/15/1958), Col. (Cartwrigth) | USNM, (6/15/1958) , Col. ( Cartwrigth ), [ CASE], (0) | USNM, (7/17/1958) , Col. ( Cartwrigth ) | USNM, (7/17/1958) , Col. ( Cartwrigth ), [Leaf cutting ant Nest], (2) | USNM, (8/28/1924), (3) | USNM; Other: Col. (Cuestas) | USNM . U.S. California: | USNM ; New Mexico: Presidio | ZMHB ; Ohio: | USNM ; Texas: Alpine , (6/ 1/1922), Col. (Whicham) | USNM , Comal | AMNH , Dimmitt | USNM , Duval, Vic Concepcion , (9/22/1997), Col. (Wappes, Huether), Det. Wappes, (4) | EMEC , Duval , (9/22/1997), Col. (Wappes, Huether) | USNM , Kennedy , 25,3mi S Sarita, (11/15/1987), Col. (Turnbow) | FSCA , Kingsville | USNM, (11/22/1913) , Col. ( Scholl ), [On orange trees] | USNM , Kleberg , (10/17/1985), Col. (Wappes) | USNM , Kleger , 2 mi N Riviera, (10/17/1985), Col. (Wappes), (3) | EMEC , León Creek, Bexar Co , (10/5/1952), Det. Moldenke | EMEC , McKinney , (9/18/1995), Col. (wappes) | USNM , San Antonio | USNM , Col. (Wallis) | IADIZA , San Diego | USNM , Starr , 12mi W La Gloria , (9/ 7/1981), Col. (Turnbow) | FSCA , U.S. Texas: Uvalde , (9/28/1951) | USNM | USNM . VENEZUELA. Rio Claro , (6/30/1964), Col. (Maldonado) | USNM . NO DATA. Canelas?, (4) | ZMHB | BMNH | IADIZA | USNM, (8) | ZMHB, [as M. punctactissima ] | ZMHB, [ San Blas ], (3) | ZMHB , Col. ( Chapuis ), [as M. tomentosa ] | KBIN , Col. (Duvivier) | KBIN , Col. (Redell et al) | IADIZA , Det. Guérin | NMBA.

38 | Megalostomis femorata Jacoby 1888 | ( Fig. 42A–I View FIGURE 42 )

Megalostomis femorata Jacoby 1888: 71 ; Jacoby and Clavareau 1906: 61; Clavareau 1913: 76; Blackwelder 1944: 636. Megalostomis (Pygidiocarina) femorata: Moldenke 1970: 32 .

Type material examined. Monotype: ( Megalostomis femorata ): MEXICO: Durango: Ventana. Hoege coll. | BMNH .

Remarks. Moldenke (1970: 32) described M. femorata australis and mentioned that this subspecies is an allopatric form, easily diagnosable by the midline on the pygidium, which is short, conspicuous, and as wide as last tarsal segment length. I did not have the chance to borrow type material from this subspecies distributed in Oaxaca: Mexico. Comparative morphological study of other species showed that the development of the pygidial carina is polymorphic within species. Study of the type material of M. femorata australis is needed to confirm the same in this case.

Diagnosis. This species can be easily distinguished from any other Megalostomis for a unique character: the hind femora with very large subapical tooth.

Body length: 7–11 mm, width: 4.1–5.9 mm. Coloration pattern: head black; pronotum black; tibiae reddish; elytra bicolored, reddish from base to median region, and black from median region to apex (very similar to M. dimidiata ); thin whitish pubescence covering whole body but not obscuring coloration patterns. Head: generally concealed inside pronotum; anterior surface smooth without longitudinal carina, dense pubescence distributed throughout anterior face formed by short reclined white setae; posterior side of eye without ocular protuberance; mandibles as long as wide, asymmetric; left mandible slightly bigger overlaps right mandible upon mandibular occlusion; external side of mandibles pubescent, sculpture formed by small punctures with white dense pubescence. Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fourth antennomere, eleventh antennomere entire. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation diffuse, weaker than elytral punctation; dense, reclined short white pubescence on disk; scutellum with posterior margins curved, with white dense pubescence; with tooth on hind femora which constitutes an autapomorphy for this species ( Agrain & Roig-Juñent 2011). Elytra: subrectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on the remaining portions of elytra; humeral carina rounded. Female genitalia: eighth sternite without a central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 42D View FIGURE 42 ) J-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule straight; apex of spermathecal capsule short, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 42E–F View FIGURE 42 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (straight) apodemes, central dorsal plate very reduced or absent.; ventral rectal sclerites with very short apodemes. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 42G–I View FIGURE 42 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe as wide as its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe long, with setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) not visible in fixed position; ejaculatory guide with ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Chiapas Depression dry forests (2), Sinaloan dry forests (3), Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pineoak forests (2).

Additional material examined. MEXICO. Chiapas: Rizo de oro, 135 Km SW Tuxla, (11/8/1993), Col. (Erber), Det. Erber | ZMHB , Umg, Rizo de oro 135 Km. S. W. Tuxla, (2/8/1993), Col. (Erber), Det. Erber, (3) | ZMHB ; Oaxaca: Totolapan 80km SE Oaxaca, (10/8/1993), Col. (Erber), Det. Erber | ZMHB ; Other: Taxco , (1/6/ 1981), Col. (Feller), Det. Medvedev | ZMHB, (1/8/1981) | ZMHB, Teacapan | ZMHB, (2) | ZMHB .

39 | Megalostomis fulvipes Jacoby 1888 | ( Fig. 43A–I View FIGURE 43 )

Megalostomis fulvipes Jacoby 1888: 72 ; Jacoby and Clavareau 1906: 61; Clavareau 1913: 76; Blackwelder 1944: 636. Megalostomis (Pygidiocarina) fulvipes: Moldenke 1970: 32 .

Megalostomis (Pygidiocarina) fulvipes yucatanensis Moldenke 1970: 33 SYN. NOV.

Type locality. Salvador (Sallé) .

Type material. Megalostomis fulvipes yucatanensis : Holotype (head missing): [R-P]: Holo-/ type // [W-P]: Megalostomis / (Pygidiocarina)/ fulvipes/ yucatanensis Mold./ det. A.R.Moldenke '69/ & cited in monograph // [W- P]: Yucatan / G. F. Gaumer // [W-H]: Megalostomis / fulvipes/ yucatanensis | SEMC. The type series of Megalostomis fulvipes was not available for this study; species determination relies on keys, redescriptions, and drawings by Jacoby (1888) and Moldenke (1970), as well as previously determined material. The location of the Monotype of this species is unknown, it is not in BMNH or USNM were other Jacoby’s types are deposited.

Remarks. Only color variation in femora and elytra was used by Moldenke (1970) to differentiate M. fulvipes yucatanensis . Due to the polymorphic nature of this character, to the known widespread distribution of the senior species throughout Costa Rica, Honduras and Mexico, the fact that Megalostomis fulvipes yucatanensis was described from a sole and damaged specimen (indicated by the author) from Yucatan ( Mexico), and after the study of a photograph of the holotype (kindly sent to me by Dr Caroline Chaboo), I decided to synonymize this subspecies.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the pygidium with large, central diamond-shaped glabrous area; shape of head in males as long as wide. Females: kotpresse (apodemes of ventral sclerites) absent (ventral sclerites with round margins); kotpresse ventral sclerites external margin fan-shaped.

Body length: 8–9 mm, width: 4.3–5 mm. Coloration pattern: head and pronotum black; tibiae yellowish (reddish in some specimens); elytra mostly fulvous with median black patch that does not reach internal margin, in some specimens an extra black patch extends from elytral base, and another apical black patch is also present (both reaching internal margin). Head: anterior surface smooth without longitudinal carina, dense pubescence distributed throughout anterior face, formed by short reclined white setae; posterior side of eye with salient ocular protuberance; strongly concealed inside pronotum; mandibles as long as wide, asymmetric; left mandible shorter; right mandible with strong curved tooth; external side of mandibles pubescent; labrum sub-rectangular, glabrous; clypeal margin concave, sculpture formed by small rounded depressed areas (denser in clypeus and inter-ocular area). Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fourth antennomere, eleventh antennomere entire. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow edges; pronotal punctation diffuse, weaker than elytral punctation; dense, reclined short white pubescence, covering entire surface; scutellum with posterior margins curved, with pubescence. Elytra: subrectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold wider below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Female genitalia: eighth sternite without a central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 43D View FIGURE 43 ) J-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule straight; apex of spermathecal capsule short, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 43E–F View FIGURE 43 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (straight) apodemes, central dorsal plate, very reduced or absent; ventral rectal sclerites without apodemes (round margins). Male genitalia: ( Fig. 43G–I View FIGURE 43 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe as wide as its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe long, with setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) not visible in fixed position; ejaculatory guide with ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Central American dry forests (9), Central American pine-oak forests (4), Sierra Madre de Oaxaca pine-oak forests (1), Southern Pacific dry forests (1).

Host plants: According to Moldenke (1970) this species is associated with shrubs of the Papilionaceae and Mimosaceae . From specimen label: Fabaceae : Gliricidium sepium (Kakawuate, madrecacao).

Material examined: COSTA RICA. Guanacaste: 4 mi N Cañas , (2/15/1966), Col. ( DHJ), [ Gliricidium sepium ], (2) | INBC , Estación Santa Rosa , (1/1/1989), Det. Flowers | INBC , Estancia Las Pailas P N Rincon de la Vieja, (10/1/1992), Col. (Cano), Det. Flowers | INBC , Fca Jeny 31 Km al N de Liberia, (10/10/1988), Det. Flowers | INBC , Playa Naranjo. PN Sta Rosa, (5/1991), Col. (Alcazar) | INBC , Santa Rosa National Park , (11/1/1983), Col. (Janzen, Hallwacha), Det. Flowers | INBC, (3/1/1978) , Col. (Janzen, Hallwacha ), Det. Flowers | INBC, (5/9/1980) , Col. (Janzen, Hallwacha ), Det. Flowers | INBC , 6 Km S La Cruz | FSCA . HONDURAS. El Paraiso: Vic Yuscaran , (5/18/1995), Col. (Turnbow) | FSCA ; Francisco Morazan: El Loarque, (7/31/1968), Col. (Dozier) | FSCA ; La Paz: El Taladro, (12/7/1995), Col. (Turnbow) | FSCA ; Other: Tegucigalpa , (7/12/1980), Col. (Molina) | FSCA . MEXICO. Oaxaca: Tequisistlan , (4/15/1953), Col. (Becthtel et al), Det. Moldenke | EMEC | USNM .

40 | Megalostomis notabilis Lacordaire 1848 | ( Fig. 44A–I View FIGURE 44 )

Megalostomis (Minturnia) notabilis Lacordaire 1848: 525 ; Jacoby 1880: 30; Jacoby 1888: 70; Gemminger and Harold 1876: 3295; Jacoby and Clavareau 1906: 61; Clavareau 1913: 76; Blackwelder 1944: 637.

Megalostomis (Pygidiocarina) notabilis: Moldenke 1970: 34 .

Megalostomis (Pygidiocarina) notabilis linearis Moldenke 1970: 35 SYN. NOV.

Type locality. Mexico .

Type material examined. Megalostomis notabilis : Lectotype (present designation): [W-P]: 23368. // [W-H]: Megalostomis / notabilis Lac. *. // [G-H]: notata?/ N/ Mexico Deppe. // [R-P]: SYNTYPUS / Megalostomis notanbilis/ Lacordaire, 1848 / labelled by MNHUB 2008. | ZMHB. Megalostomis notabilis linearis : Paratype: MEXICO: Nayarit, Jesús María. Jun/26/1955, Maltkin Coll. | EMEC; (3) Paratypes: MEXICO: Nayarit (Ahuacatlan). 7/18-22/1951, Hurd coll. (on flowers of Donellsmithia hintonii ) | EMEC; Paratype: MEXICO: Nayarit (El Pichón) 6/25/1963. Doyen coll. | EMEC; (2) Paratype: MEXICO: 9 mi N Compostela | LACM.

Remarks. The pygidium, with its very distinctly raised midline, often strongly projecting posteriorly, was used by Moldenke (1970) to differentiate Megalostomis notabilis linearis . Comparative morphological study of type material show that these slight differences in the development of the pygidial carina are polymorphic, leading to the conclusion that M. notabilis linearis to be a junior synonym of Megalostomis notabilis . Furthermore, both subspecies are sympatric in the following localities: Guerrero, Michoacan (Apatzingan), and Nayarit (Ahuacatlan), and do not present differences in male or female genitalia.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the pygidium with robust tooth-like projection; sexes extremely dimorphic, males with huge jaws and a pronotum which is as wide apically as the elytra are basally; distance between the eyes wider than eye height; elytral puncturation arranged in several subparallel lines; pygidium sculpture with centrally projected tooth.

Body length: 8.9–11.1 mm, width: 4.9–6.1 mm. Coloration pattern: head black; pronotum black; tibiae black; elytra with defined reddish band at base that almost reaches midpoint of each elytron, this reddish band is only interrupted with one black dot on each humeral callus (remaining surface of elytra black). Head: anterior surface smooth without longitudinal carina, with slight central groove; sparse pubescence distributed throughout anterior face formed by short reclined white setae; posterior side of eye with ocular protuberance; mandibles as long as wide, symmetric; left mandible larger than right mandible with long in-curved tooth; external side of mandibles sparsely pubescent; clypeal margin concave, sculpture formed by small and diffuse punctation. Antennae: scape robust, serrate beyond fourth antennomere, eleventh antennomere entire. Thorax: without constrictions, anterior margin strongly curved; lateral margins convergent toward apical region, lateral and posterior margins with narrow and curved edges; pronotal punctation diffuse, weaker than elytral punctation; disk without pubescence; scutellum with posterior margins curved, glabrous. Elytra: sub-rectangular, base and middle equally wide, elytral apex not projecting beyond pygidium; epipleural fold equal width below humeral carina than on remaining elytral margin; humeral carina rounded. Female genitalia: eighth sternite without a central tooth. Spermathecal capsule: ( Fig. 44D View FIGURE 44 ) J-shaped, distal part more than 2x longer than proximal part, proximal part longer than base; angle formed between basal and apical regions of spermathecal capsule straight; apex of spermathecal capsule short, with sharp tip. Rectal sclerites: ( Fig. 44E–F View FIGURE 44 ) dorsal rectal sclerites represented only by dorsal (straight) apodemes, central dorsal plate, very reduced or absent; ventral rectal sclerites with very short apodemes. Male genitalia: ( Fig. 44G–I View FIGURE 44 ) apex of dorsal plate of median lobe as wide as its base, with anterior margin straight; lateral arms of median lobe long, with setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) not visible in fixed position; ejaculatory guide with ventral keel; sperm transfer structure with campanulate sclerite.

Ecoregions: Bajío dry forests (1), Balsas dry forests (11), Chihuahuan desert (1), Jalisco dry forests (4), Sierra Madre del Sur pine-oak forests (1), Sierra Madre Occidental pine-oak forests (2), Sinaloan dry forests (7), Southern Pacific dry forests (2), Veracruz dry forests (1).

Host plants: From specimen labels: Fabaceae : on Prosopis sp. , Mimosa sp. Verbenaceae : Lantana camara .

Additional material examined. MEXICO. Colima: 11,3 mi S Colima, (7/27/1983), Col. (Dozier) | FSCA , Colima, [on Lantana camara ] | USNM ; Guerrero: 18mi W Iguala , (8/19/1981), Col. (Michelbacher), (5) | EMEC , Acapulco, Col. (Fredicknab), [on Lantana camara ] | USNM , Hwy 95, 5,6 Km S Milpillas, (7/6/1992), Col. (Nelson), (2) | FSCA ; Jalisco: 10mi S Tuito , (7/24/1983), Col. (Dozier), (2) | FSCA , 37,4 Km S Chamela, (7/17/ 1987), Col. (Turnbow) | FSCA , Guadalajara , Det. Moldenke, [on Lantana camara ] | AMNH , Puerto Vallarta , (9/8/ 1957), Col. (Comstock) | LACM , Volcan Colima, Col. (Conrad), [on Lantana camara ] | USNM , Col. (Lave), [on Lantana camara ] | USNM ; Morelos: 8 mi S Amacuzac , (9/28/1964), Col. (Michelbacher), Det. Moldenke, (3) | EMEC , Cuernavaca , (5/1/1945), [on Lantana camara ] | USNM, (7/16/1952) , Col. ( Michelbacher ), Det. Moldenke | EMEC, (8/2/1944) , Col. (Krauss), (2) | IADIZA , Tetecala , (7/20/1947), Col. (Halffter), [on Lantana camara ] | USNM ; Nayarit: 25 millas al sur de Tepic , (7/27/1954), Det. Moldenke | AMNH, (7/27/1954) , Det. Moldenke, [on Lantana camara ] | AMNH , Jesus Maria , (9/5/1955), Det. Moldenke, [on Lantana camara ] | AMNH , Navarrete , (7/ 28/1953), Det. Moldenke, [on Lantana camara ] | AMNH , San Blas , (8/5/1947), Col. (Malkin), Det. Moldenke, on Lantana camara ] | AMNH ; Oaxaca: Hwy 190, 15,4 Km NW Huajapan de León, (7/20/1992), Col. (Nelson), [On mesquite], (2) | FSCA ; Veracruz-Llave: Puente Nacional , (6/21/1962), [on Lantana Camara ] | USNM ; Other: 3 Mi N de Chilpancingo, (11/13/1956), Col. (Skinner), Det. Monrós, [on Lantana camara ] | NMBA ; Other: Amacuzac , 6 mi S Morelos, (10/9/1963), Col. (Michelbacher), Det. Moldenke | EMEC , Procopp , Det. Monrós | HNHM , Suchiata Chaguar , (9/1/1923), Col. (Smyth) | LACM , Tepic , El Cora, Col. (Lüdecke), (2) | ZMHB , Yautepec | ZMHB ; Other: (14) | ZMHB, (30/6/1897) , Col. ( Höge ), Det. Monrós, [on Lantana Camara ] | NMBA. NO DATA. (3) | ZMHB . U.S. Arizona: Santa Rita mountains, Madera Canyon , (7/30/1976), Col. (Nelson), [on Mimosa ] | FSCA .

Other species of Megalostomis

The following species are treated separately because I have not yet had the possibility to borrow material, original descriptions are provided below.

41 | Megalostomis monrosi Medvedev 1998

Megalostomis (Coleobyersa) monrosi Medvedev 1998: 38 .

Type locality. Brazil: Caraca .

Type material. Holotype: BRAZIL: Caraca. 1884 (second semester). leg. P Germain | Lev Medvedev’s personal collection. (Not available for this research).

Remarks. The following is a copy of the original description, since I do not have representative specimens of this taxon available for examination. According to Medvedev (1998) this species is closely related to M. basilaris Jacoby (1876) from Peru, but differs significantly in dorsal pattern.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the pronotum fulvous with central, black triangle-shaped patch, elytra mostly fulvous with black humeral spot; elytral puncturation diffuse; apical margin of dorsal plate of aedeagus, with central tooth or sharp tip; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted), upward-directed forming wing-shaped structure in dorsal view.

Body length: 6.5 mm. Head black with dark fulvous labrum. Antennae black with segments 2 and 3 and underside of segment 1 fulvous. Prothorax red with central triangular black spot touching neither anterior nor basal margin. Scutellum black, elytra dark fulvous with black humeral spot, narrow sutural stripe and rather broad emargination of scutellum. Underside and pygidium black, legs red fulvous. Pubescence white.

Body robust, cylindrical. Head pubescent, clvpeus quadrangular, feebly transverse, with anterior margin slightly concave, densely punctate. Frons broad, twice as wide as transverse diameter of eye. with shallow central groove, strongly and densely punctuated and partly rugose. Eyes ovate, not deeply emarginate on inner margin, genae about 1/3 of eye's length. Mandibles short and thick. Antennae short, reaches only base of prothorax, serrate from the fourth segment on: segments one and two, thick. Three, thin, as long as wide. Fourth, elongate triangular. Fifth sharply triangular. Six to tenth, transversely triangular, eleventh, elongate ovate and emarginate before apex; proportions of segments are as 11-7-5-11-11-10-9-8-10-10-13. Prothorax trapeziform, with maximal width at base, 1.65 times as wide at base as long and 1.2 times as wide as anterior margin as long; anterior margin feebly arcuate in middle, basal margin almost straight, with very short and broad basal lobe, lateral margins almost straight, all angles distinct, obtuse. Surface convex, flattened before scutellum. with dense microsculpture and thin sparse punctures, more distinct on sides; pubescence adpressed. not dense, arranged mostly on sides and along basal margin. Scutellum triangular, shining, with dense punctures and long hairs, not elevated above level of elytra. Elytra practically parallel 1.3 times as long as wide. Humeral tubercle high, anterior margin not elevated, epipleural lobe broadly rounded, not very large, surface dull, thinly micro sculptured. With strong and dense, entirely confuse punctures, weakened on apical slope. Epipleurae short and narrow, impunctate.

Anterior legs slightly elongate, but femora thin, tibiae straight. Tarsi of all legs broad with segment I widened. especially on mid legs. Underside, including propleuracuud pygidium. with dense adpressed pubescence, metasternum sparsely pubescent in middle, with high longitudinal ridge of very dense erect hairs. Last abdominal sternite with shallow impression In middle. Pygidium convex, truncate at apex, without any ridges, but with transverse convexity in middle. Aedeagus with specific apical part distinctly divided from main tube and concave on underside; orifice covered with membranaceous transparent pellicule.

The following characters of the male aedeagus were illustrated by Medvedev’s (1998): apex of dorsal plate of median lobe narrower than its base, anterior margin with sharp tip; lateral arms of median lobe short, without setae; dorsal sclerite of internal sac (not everted) up-directed, forming wing-shaped structure visible in fixed position.

42 | Megalostomis subnitida Guérin 1952

Megalostomis subnitida Guérin 1952: 203 .

Type locality. Bolivia: Chapare .

Type material. Holotype: BOLIVIA: Chapare | MZSP (Not available for this research).

Remarks. This species was described by Guérin (1952), who considered it closely related to M. placida but all other authors have ignored it, without mentioning any synonymy or redescription. I could not yet study the type deposited in São Paulo (Type Nº 18.268), but from its description and illustrations it seems to be a valid species. The only species that seemed similar to Guérin’s illustration of M. subnitida is M. sergius sp. nov. Although I have not yet seen the type of M. subnitida, Dr Carlos Campaner at MZSP kindly compared pictures of M. sergius with the M. subnitida type, and he informs me that the specimens are different in respect to coloration of pronotum, thickness of elytral punctation, and coloration pattern of the elytra. Furthermore, these species are geographically separated, M. subnitida described for Brazil, whereas M. sergius is described for Bolivia and Ecuador. The description that follows is a translation of the original.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the pronotum fulvous with basal and apical margins black; elytral base as black as the internal margin, with black patch in the median region.

Female

Body length: 10.5 mm, width: 5.7 mm. Body subcylindrical, opaque black, ventral side of the body covered by abundant yellowish pubescence, which is shorter and sparse in the dorsum. Head sculptured, punctuated, with a smooth longitudinal median carina. Antennae, black. Antennomeres 1–3, fulvous. Pronotum, conical; with uniform and thin punctation, lateral margins slightly curved. Basal lobe long and truncated, dark blood-red. base and anterior margin with a black band. Scutellum, black with thin punctation. Elytra subparallel at basal half, rounded at apex, strongly pucturated at the base, were some not well distinct striae are formed; the rest of the elytra exhibit a thinner and disordered punctation. Dark blood-red with one black patch at the humeral region, fused to a black stripe that is prolonged over the suture and central region, forming a oval patch. The rest of the sutural region and lateral margin with a black stripe. Legs same color as the rest of the body with fulvous tibiae.

Ecoregions: Southwest Amazon moist forests ecoregion.

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FIGURE 1. Megalostomis distribution map.

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FIGURE 2. A. Taxonomists and their study regions, B. Taxonomic revisions of Megalostomina timeline.

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FIGURE 3. A. Megalostomis type specimens (location). B. Megalostomis species by author.

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FIGURE 4. Type labels (model used by each author).

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FIGURE 5. Megalostomis robustipes Monrós 1953a A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view.

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FIGURE 6. Megalostomis analis (Forsberg 1821) A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 7. Megalostomis lacordairei Lacordaire 1848 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 8. Megalostomis querula Lacordaire 1848 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view.

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FIGURE 9. Megalostomis univittata Lacordaire 1848 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 10. Megalostomis pardalis Guérin 1949 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Internal sac detail.

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FIGURE 11. Megalostomis flavocincta Lacordaire 1848 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 12. Megalostomis viridana Lacordaire 1848 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–J) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Internal sac detail, I) Lateral view, J) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 13. Megalostomis basilaris Jacoby 1876 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view.

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FIGURE 14. Megalostomis coerulea Baly 1877a A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view.

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FIGURE 15. Megalostomis luctuosa Lacordaire 1848 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 16. Megalostomis obesa Lacordaire 1848 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 17. Megalostomis platyceros Monrós 1951a A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 18. Megalostomis eiderae sp. nov. A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Male head frontal view, D) Female head frontal view, E) Spermathecal capsule, F) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, G) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G– J) Male aedeagus and internal sac: H) Dorsal view), I) Lateral view, J) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 19. Megalostomis interruptofasciata Baly 1877a A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view.

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FIGURE 20. Megalostomis grossa (Forsberg 1821) A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 21. Megalostomis sergius sp. nov. A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 22. Megalostomis anachoreta Lacordaire 1848 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 23. Megalostomis flavipennis Jacoby 1880 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 24. Megalostomis chalybeosoma Lacordaire 1848 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes.

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FIGURE 25. Megalostomis grandis (Forsberg 1821) A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 26. Megalostomis unicincta Lefèvre 1884 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 27. Megalostomis placida Baly 1877b A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view.

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FIGURE 28. Megalostomis gigas Lacordaire 1848 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 29. Megalostomis dynamica Monrós 1952 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view.

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FIGURE 30. Megalostomis gazella Lacordaire 1848 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 31. Megalostomis cornuta Lacordaire 1848 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 32. Megalostomis kollari Lacordaire 1848 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 33. Megalostomis religiosa Lacordaire 1848 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D–F) Male aedeagus and internal sac: D) Dorsal view), E) Lateral view, F) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 34. Megalostomis tricincta (Germar 1824) A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 35. Megalostomis consimilis Achard 1926 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 36. Megalostomis pyropiga Lacordaire 1848 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 37. Megalostomis microcephala Lacordaire 1848 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 38. Megalostomis splendida Lacordaire 1848 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 39. Megalostomis vianai Monrós 1947 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view.

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FIGURE 40. Megalostomis subfasciata LeConte 1868 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 41. Megalostomis dimidiata Lacordaire 1848 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 42. Megalostomis femorata Jacoby 1888 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 43. Megalostomis fulvipes Jacoby 1888 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Ventral view.

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FIGURE 44. Megalostomis notabilis Lacordaire 1848 A) Habitus dorsal, B) Habitus lateral, C) Head frontal view, D) Spermathecal capsule, E) Kotpresse ventral sclerite, F) Kotpresse central dorsal plate and dorsal apodemes, G–I) Male aedeagus and internal sac: G) Dorsal view), H) Lateral view, I) Ventral view.

USNM

Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History

LACM

Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County

AMNH

American Museum of Natural History

HNHM

Hungarian Natural History Museum (Termeszettudomanyi Muzeum)

MCZ

Museum of Comparative Zoology

IMLA

Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo

FSCA

Florida State Collection of Arthropods, The Museum of Entomology

CZAA

Catedra de Zoologia Agricola

MNHN

Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle

MACN

Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia

MZSP

Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo

NH

South African National Biodiversity Institute

INBC

Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio)

MIZT

Universita di Torino

SV

Antigua Estación Experimental Agronómica

EMEC

Essig Museum of Entomology

SEMC

University of Kansas - Biodiversity Institute

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Arthropoda

Class

Insecta

Order

Coleoptera

Family

Chrysomelidae