Stichonodon insignis (Steindachner, 1876)

Mirande, Juan Marcos, 2010, Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy, Neotropical Ichthyology 8 (3), pp. 385-568 : 504

Autapomorphies of Stichonodon insignis :

1. Ventral extent of third infraorbital (64): (1> 0) reaching horizontal arm of preopercle. Reversal of synapomorphy 3 of node 180. Paralleled in the Heterocharacinae and Iguanodectinae , in nodes 184, 198, 225, and 302, and in Agoniates anchovia , Brycon pesu , Hasemania nana , Markiana nigripinnis , Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae , Pseudochalceus kyburzi , and Roeboexodon geryi . Some trees: Reversed in node 292.

2. Dorsal end of laterosensory canal of preopercle and suprapreopercle (82): (0> 1) overlapping anterodorsal process of opercle. Paralleled in the Alestidae , in node 230, and in Bario steindachneri , Hyphessobrycon eques , Parecbasis cyclolepis , and Pristella maxillaris .

3. Length of ascending process of premaxilla (104): (0> 1) reaching just anterior end of nasal. Paralleled in nodes 225 and 294 and in Charax stenopterus and Phenacogaster tegatus . Some trees: Paralleled in Bryconamericus agna .

4. Fossa for inner row of replacement premaxillary teeth (133): (0> 1) present.

5. Maxillary teeth (134): (1> 0) absent. Paralleled in Aulixidens eugeniae , Coptobrycon bilineatus , Iguanodectes geisleri , and Parecbasis cyclolepis . Some trees: Paralleled in Hyphessobrycon elachys and Psellogrammus kennedyi .

6. Abrupt decrease in size of dentary teeth (148): (1> 0) absent. Reversal of synapomorphy 1 of node 222.

7. Contact between ectopterygoid and anterodorsal region of quadrate (162): (0> 1) absent. Paralleled in nodes 184 and 242, and in Aphyocharax dentatus , Engraulisoma taeniatum , and Prionobrama paraguayensis . Some trees: Paralleled in the Cheirodontinae and in Microschemobrycon casiquiare .

8. Ventral margin of anterior ceratohyal (179): (1> 0) smooth and without notches. Reversal of synapomorphy 3 of node 189. Paralleled in node 211.

9. Number of gill rakers on first hypobranchial and ceratobranchial (195): (1> 0) 16 or more. Paralleled in nodes 177 and 183 and in Astyanax latens , A. cf. rutilus , A. pelegrini , Hoplias cf. malabaricus , Hyphessobrycon socolofi , Moenkhausia dichroura , Parecbasis cyclolepis , and Piaractus mesopotamicus .

10. Laminar bony ridge on dorsal margin of abdominal ribs (224): (0> 1) present.Paralleled in node 297 and in Parecbasis cyclolepis .

11. Number of dorsal pterygiophores (277): (0> 1) 11 or more. Paralleled in Stethaprion erythrops .

12. Radii of scales (322): (0> 1) converging at focus. Reversal of synapomorphy 7 of the Characidae . Paralleled in node 273 and in Tetragonopterus argenteus . Some trees: Paralleled in node 302 and in Microschemobrycon casiquiare .