Trioza turouguei, Tung & Liao & Burckhardt & Yang, 2020
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publication ID |
https://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.958.52977 |
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publication LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A2564C55-0923-4988-B538-ED8EB0A210AF |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A5C30F1F-9539-40E2-A2E0-5ECDEEBECC01 |
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taxon LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:act:A5C30F1F-9539-40E2-A2E0-5ECDEEBECC01 |
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treatment provided by |
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scientific name |
Trioza turouguei |
| status |
sp. nov. |
Trioza turouguei sp. nov. Figs 1 View Figure 1 , 2 View Figure 2 , 3 View Figure 3 , 4 View Figure 4 , 5 View Figure 5
Type material.
Holotype: Taiwan • ♂; Taichung City, Shalien Lane; 24°11'20"N, 120°55'06"E; 20 Dec. 2018; Y. C. Liao leg.; Cinnamomum osmophloeum ; NCHU, dry mounted. Paratypes: Taiwan • 15 ♂, 17 ♀, 13 immatures; same data as for holotype • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype but 31 Jan. 2018 • 13 ♂, 23 ♀, 4 immatures, 1 skin; Taichung City, Upper Kukuan; 27 Jan. 2006; G. S. Tung leg.; Cinnamomum osmophloeum • 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 6 immatures; Nantou Co., Hui-Sun Forest Station; 24°05'24"N, 121°02'03"E; 17 Jan. 1996; G. S. Tung and M. M. Yang leg.; Cinnamomum osmophloeum • 6 immatures; same locality as for preceding; 24 Dec. 1996; G. S. Tung leg.; Cinnamomum osmophloeum . Paratypes in NCHU, NHMB, NMNS, dry and slide mounted or stored in ethanol.
Other material examined
(not included in type series). Galls on herbarium specimens of Cinnamomum osmophloeum , Taiwan: • Nantou Co., Meiyuunshan; 8 Oct. 1935; TAI 049104 • Nantou Co., Shuishe; 1 Mar. 1918; TAIF 107581 • Taichung City, Tungmaoshan; 5 Apr. 1984; TAI 194343 • Taichung City, Pahsienshang; 6 Dec. 1985; TAIF 123377, 123581, 123582 • same locality as for preceding; 6 Nov. 1985; TAIF 123670, 123671 • Taichung City, Chiabautai; 9 Sep. 1962; NTUF 001769, 001771, 001775 • same locality as for preceding; 10 Sep. 1962; NTUF 001773 • Taichung City, Kukuan, 14 Mar. 1971; NTUF 001776.
Diagnosis.
Forewing vein M <2.0 times vein M1+2, cell cu1 value> 2.0, cell m1 value> 1.8. Genal processes massive, blunt apically. Male paramere, in profile, with almost straight anterior margin; apex pointed. Distal segment of aedeagus shorter than paramere, apical third inflated, spoon-shaped. Female proctiger truncate apically.
Description.
Adults (Figs 1 View Figure 1 , 5A, B View Figure 5 ). Coloration. Body color greenish brown (Fig. 1 View Figure 1 ). Newly emerged individuals light green. Antennae yellow with apices of segments 4, 6, and 8 dark brown, and entire segments 9 and 10 black. Compound eyes dark brown. Ocelli orange. Legs brown. Forewing and hindwing transparent.
Structure. Body large, length from anterior head margin to tip of folded forewing 5.4-6.8 mm; covered in long fine setae. Head (Fig. 2A View Figure 2 ) nearly as wide as thorax, inclined in a 45° angle from longitudinal body axis. Vertex 1.8-2.0 times as wide as long, moderately concave at posterior margin. Genal processes prominent, 0.8-1.0 times as long as vertex along mid-line, divergent, conical, blunt at apex, pubescent. Antenna (Fig. 2B View Figure 2 ) slender, 10-segmented, 1.5-1.8 times as long as head width, relative length of flagellar segments as 1.0: 0.4: 0.3: 0.4: 0.3: 0.3: 0.2: 0.2, with a single rhinarium on each of segments 4, 6, 8 and 9; longer, pointed terminal seta 1.1 times and shorter, truncate terminal seta 0.2 times as long as segment 10. Thorax weakly arched dorsally. Pronotum deflexed from mesothorax in a 45° angle. Legs slender. Meracanthus well developed, horn-shaped, acute at apex (Fig. 2C View Figure 2 ); metatibia 0.9-1.2 times as long as head width, slightly inflated basally with four or five small spines, with 1+2 or rarely 1+3 apical spurs. Forewing (Fig. 2D View Figure 2 ) 5.4-6.4 times as long as head width, 2.5-2.7 times as long as wide, widest slightly distal to the middle; wing apex subacute, lying in cell m1 near apex of vein M1+2; vein R+M+Cu strictly trifurcating into veins R, M and Cu; vein Rs moderately long, irregularly, concavely curved to fore margin of wing; vein M weakly curved with very long diverging branches; cell m1 large; vein Cu1a strongly curved in the basal third; cell cu1 smaller than cell m1; line connecting apices of veins Rs and Cu1a distal of bifurcation of vein M; surface spinules absent except for base of cell cu2; radular spinules present along wing margin in the middle of cells m1, m2 and cu1. Hindwing 0.7 times as long and 0.5 times as wide as forewing; costal margin with five or six setae proximal to costal break, setae distal to costal break clearly divided into two groups. Abdominal tergites glabrous except for a lateral row on either side of tergite 2 in male and tergite 3 in female.
Male terminalia (Fig. 3A-C View Figure 3 ). Proctiger tubular, in profile broadly convex posteriorly, covered in long setae except for basal third laterally (Fig. 3A View Figure 3 ). Subgenital plate subglobular, with long setae laterally and ventrally; dorsal margin angular in basal third. Paramere (Fig. 3B View Figure 3 ) about as long as proctiger; in profile lamellar, irregularly narrowing to apex which is acute and weakly directed anteriad; outer face glabrous except for margins and apex; inner face beset with long setae mostly along fore and hind margins as well as basally. Distal segment of aedeagus (Fig. 3C View Figure 3 ) shorter than paramere, apical third inflated, spoon-shaped; sclerotized end tube of ductus ejaculatorius short, sinuous. Female terminalia (Fig. 3D View Figure 3 ) cuneate, short. Proctiger with straight dorsal margin and blunt apex, as long as subgenital plate; with a transverse row of long setae in the middle and long setae apically; circumanal ring one third as long as proctiger, consisting of two unequal rows of pores (Fig. 3E View Figure 3 ). Subgenital plate, in profile, irregularly triangular, acute at apex; beset in long hairs laterally and ventrally. Dorsal valvulae cuneate, ventral valvulae straight lacking teeth.
Measurements (range, mean ± SD) in mm (5 males, 5 females). Body length (including forewing) ♂ 5.38-6.38, 6.04 ± 0.33; ♀ 6.00-6.81, 6.60 ± 0.27. Head width ♂ 0.83-0.95, 0.89 ± 0.05; ♀ 0.85-0.98, 0.93 ± 0.04. Vertex length ♂ 0.25-0.30, 0.28 ± 0.02; ♀ 0.28-0.30, 0.30 ± 0.01. Genal cone length ♂ 0.23-0.25, 0.25 ± 0.01; ♀ 0.28-0.30, 0.28 ± 0.01. Antenna length ♂ 1.23-1.58, 1.43 ± 0.11; ♀ 1.38-1.55, 1.46 ± 0.07. Metatibia length ♂ 0.88-0.95, 0.93 ± 0.03; ♀ 0.88-0.98, 0.92 ± 0.03. Forewing length ♂ 4.44-5.31, 5.02 ± 0.31; ♀ 5.25-5.88, 5.63 ± 0.19.
Fifth instar immatures (Figs 4A View Figure 4 , 5D View Figure 5 ). Coloration. General color pale green. Body (Fig. 4A View Figure 4 ) form oval, 1.4-1.5 times as long as wide; sclerotized dorsally, membranous ventrally. Dorsal body surface covered in short normal setae or subacute sectasetae; margin of head (Fig. 4B View Figure 4 ), forewing (Fig. 4C View Figure 4 ) and hindwing pads (Fig. 4D View Figure 4 ), as well as caudal plate (Fig. 4E View Figure 4 ) with long, very slender, subacute sectasetae which are relatively densely spaced (distance between setae 0.5-1.0 times their length). Antenna (Fig. 4G View Figure 4 ) weakly curved; 8-segmented; scape and pedicel much thicker than flagellum; relative length of flagellar segments as 1.0: 0.6: 0.3: 0.3: 0.4: 2.3; with a single subapical rhinarium on each of segments 4 and 6, and two on segment 8. Legs moderately long, femur about as long as tibiotarsus; tarsus with two well-developed claws, tarsal arolium (Fig. 4F View Figure 4 ) longer than claws, triangular, with unguitractor but lacking pedicel. Forewing pad 3.0-3.8 times long as broad, 3.0-3.4 times as long as antenna; humeral lobe relatively short, reaching about basal third of eye, angular. Caudal plate broadly rounded caudally, 0.6-0.7 times as long as wide. Circumanal ring (Fig. 4H View Figure 4 ) relatively small, transverse, narrowly oval, 0.2-0.3 times as wide as caudal plate; in ventral position close to hind of caudal plate; outer ring composed of 2-5 rows of pores.
Measurements (range, mean ± SD) in mm (5 immatures). Body length 2.63-2.83, 2.76 ± 0.08. Head width 0.85-0.93, 0.88 ± 0.03. Antenna length 0.43-0.48, 0.45 ± 0.02. Metatibiotarsus length 0.60-0.68, 0.65 ± 0.03. Forewing pad length 1.35-1.45, 1.41 ± 0.04. Caudal plate length 0.85-1.00, 0.97 ± 0.07. Caudal plate width 1.45-1.55, 1.52 ± 0.04. Circumanal ring width 0.38-0.44, 0.41 ± 0.02.
Etymology.
Named after the Chinese common name of the host plant, 土肉桂, transliterated as " turouguei "; to be treated as a noun in the nominative singular standing in apposition.
Distribution.
Taiwan.
Host plant and its phenology.
Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kaneh. ( Lauraceae ). Leaf and flower buds of C. osmophloeum appear in late April. Young leaves grow from late May to late June and flowers bloom from early June to August. Fruits ripen from September to November.
Biology.
Trioza turouguei sp. nov. is univoltine and induces pea-shaped galls (Fig. 5C, D View Figure 5 ) on the stems of new shoots of C. osmophloeum . The galls are unilocular with a single immature in each chamber. The annual life cycle of the gall is synchronized with the host phenology and passes through the following four stages of development as defined by Rohfritsch (1992). (1) Initiation: this stage is very short lasting from late April to the early May. After the first instar inserts its stylets into the phloem and injects saliva, the area on which it sits, either a flower, or leaf petiole, or a tender stem, transforms into a tiny pit and the surrounding area starts swelling. (2) Growth and differentiation: from late May to November, the gall forms and completely covers the immature. The second instar appears in late May and lasts until September. The third and fourth instars can be found in October and November, respectively. (3) Maturation: in December, the gall enters the maturation stage, and the immatures attain the final (fifth) instar. The gall reaches its maximum size with a diameter/length of 5.0/7.8 mm. (4) Dehiscence: during January and March, the gall dehisces by mechanical force in the gall tissue. The final instar immatures crawl out of the gall where the adults emerge. Soon after, the adults start mating.
Affinities.
Hollis and Martin (1997) listed ten named triozid species from the Old World and one undescribed Trioza species from the New World associated with Cinnamomum spp. An updated list of the Old World species is provided in Table 1 View Table 1 , taking into account taxonomical changes of the last 20 years including some proposed here. Despite a certain morphological resemblance among the Old World species, it is questionable if the group is monophyletic. The species share (mostly) following characters: genal processes developed, more than half vertex length; antennal segment 3 very long (not in T. hangzhouica (Li, 1994)); terminal antennal setae strongly unequal in length; forewing transparent, with short concave or sometimes sinuous vein Rs; hindwing over half as long as forewing; metatibia with a group of basal spines and 1+2 small apical spurs (1+3 in T. exoterica Yang, 1984 and T. nigricamphorae Li, 1993).
Li (2005, 2011) erected two ill-defined, probably polyphyletic genera Triozopsis (type species Trioza nigricamphorae ) and Metatriozidus (type species Metatriozidus ileicisuga Li, 2011) in which he also placed species associated with Cinnamomum . Here we adopt the broad concept of Trioza Foerster by Hollis (1984) and consider Metatriozidus and Triozopsis as subjective synonyms following Yang et al. (2013).
Based on the examination of relevant types (CAUB) we propose here following new synonymy: Trioza inflata Li, 1992, = Trioza xiangicamphorae Li, 1992, syn. nov.
Mound and Halsey (1978) transferred Siphonaleyrodes formosanus Takahashi, 1932 from whiteflies to psyllids and synonymised it with Trioza cinnamomi (Boselli, 1931). According to the original description, the immatures of S. formosanus are relatively slender and possess several rows of marginal sectasetae ( Takahashi 1932). Immatures of T. cinnamomi on the other hand are broader and possess only a single row of marginal sectasetae ( Miyatake 1969; NHMB data). Based on this evidence, we conclude that the two taxa are not conspecific and remove the former from synonymy with Siphonaleyrodes formosanus , stat. rev. The species is currently only known from immatures which makes it difficult to place this genus within the current classification of Triozidae ( Burckhardt and Ouvrard 2012, Percy et al. 2018). The type material of S. formosanus is apparently lost (M. M. Yang, pers. obs.).
Trioza turouguei sp. nov. differs from the other species associated with Cinnamomum as indicated in the following keys. In particular, it is diagnosed by details of the male and female terminalia and the multilayered circumanal ring in the immature.
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