Eumacronychia persolla E. personella persolla E. persola persolla Biology of Eumacronychia Townsend, with a redescription of E. persolla Reinhard, 1965 (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) Xu, Wen-tian Zhang, Dong Pape, Thomas ZooKeys 2018 783 55 65 3CCNT Reinhard, 1965 Reinhard 1965 Insecta Sarcophagidae Eumacronychia CoL Animalia Eumacronychia persolla Diptera 3 58 Arthropoda species persolla   Eumacronychia persollaReinhard, 1965: 349. Type locality: USA, California, Contra Costa County, Antioch. HT ♂, CAS.  E. personella: Lopes (1969: 3), incorrect subsequent spelling of persollaReinhard, 1965.  E. persola: Lopes (1982: 427), incorrect subsequent spelling of persollaReinhard, 1965.  Redescription. Male (Figs 1, 3, 4). Body length 8.0 mm (Fig. 1A). Head almost entirely yellowish, including gena, postgena, occipital bridge and median occipital sclerite. Occiput greyish black. Eyes bare. Fronto-orbital and parafacial plates with whitish or silvery grey pollinosity, parafacial about 1.5 xas broad as fronto-orbital plate at its narrowest point, bare or with some very small, black setulae forming an ill-defined brown colour antero-ventrally (i.e., along lower margin close to genal groove). Frontal vitta reddish yellow, wide, about 1.8 xas wide as fronto-orbital plate in median part, sparsely pollinose in upper part. Frons at vertex 0.3 xhead width, with rows of 10 or 11 frontal setae. Outer vertical seta well differentiated from postocular setae. Inner vertical seta strong and more than 2.0 xas long as outer vertical seta. Two proclinate and one reclinate fronto-orbital setae. Fronto-orbital plate otherwise with only a few setulae at vertex. One pair of strong ocellar setae directed antero-laterally. Gena silvery pollinose on pale ground colour, with sparse and short black setae, 0.3 xeye height in lateral view. Antenna orange (postpedicel may be dirty orange). Arista entirely brown or with third aristomere orange in proximal part (up to 0.4 of length), 1.4 xas long as postpedicel, thickened in proximal half, with micropubescence (most distinct just distal to middle). Postpedicel about as long as palpus. Vibrissa well developed, with a few supravibrissal setulae. Proboscis brown. Palpus orange or dark yellowish.  Figure 1. Eumacronychia persollaReinhard, 1965. ♂ from California, Imperial County, Algodones Dunes (NHMD). A Habitus, lateral view B Head, lateral view C Abdomen, dorsal view D Head, anterior view. Scale bars: A, C = 2.0 mm; B, D = 1.0 mm. Thorax black in ground colour; scutum with grey pollinosity and with three black dorsal vittae. Chaetotaxy: acrostichals 0+1, dorsocentrals 2+3, intra-alars 0, supra-alars 2, postalars 2, postpronotals 2, notopleurals 2; scutellum with two pairs of lateral, one pair of discal, and one pair of apical setae. Wing hyaline, subcostal sclerite and basicosta yellow; colour of tegula with at least the distal margin orangish or light brown; costal spine not differentiated; node of R2+3-R4+5 with 5-6 setae dorsally. Legs blackish. Fore femur with rows of postero-ventral and postero-dorsal setae; fore tibia with a row of six antero-dorsal setae and 1 sub-median posterior seta. Mid femur with 4 ventral setae and 2 posterior setae; mid tibia with a row of antero-dorsal setae, 2 postero-dorsal setae and 1 ventral seta. Hind femur with a row of 5 antero-dorsal setae and a row of 6 ventral setae in basal half; hind tibia with a row of antero-dorsal setae, 1 sub-median antero-ventral and 2 postero-dorsal setae. Abdomen long oval, ground colour usually blackish except for tergite 5, which is reddish (dark or 'dirty'reddish anteriorly, although specimens with an almost entirelyreddish abdomen are known (Fig. 1C), possibly a result of bleaching from storage in ethanol), tergites 3-5 each with a broad band of silvery pollinosity anteriorly, covering about 75% of tergite 3, 50% of tergite 4 and 30% of tergite 5. Tergite 3 with a pair of median marginal setae, tergites 4 and 5 with a complete row of strong marginal setae. Terminalia reddish to orange. Syntergosternite 7+8 bare. Epandrium with scattered short setae, especially in dorsal part. Cercus gently curved anteriorly in profile, tapering, basal third with long dense setae dorsally. Surstylus broad in proximal 0.8, narrowing to a truncated apex with postero-apical 'corner'slightly twisted laterally (Fig. 3B). Pregonite long and pointed; postgonite with a fine seta close to apex. Distiphallus elongate and sickle-shaped, with a small subapi calconstriction before the lightly sclerotised tip, ventro-median sclerotisation running the full length of distiphallus. Dorsal part of distiphallus entirely membranous, armed with small cuticular spines on most of its surface (Fig. 3A). Epiphallus short, tapering and slightly curved, with a pointed apex and slanting at an angle of about 45° (Fig. 3C). Female (Fig. 2). Body length 6.0 mm. Similar to male but with frontal vitta narrower and about 1.1 xas broad as fronto-orbital plate at its narrowest point. Abdomen broadly ovate, median marginal setae on tergite 3 absent.  Figure 2. Eumacronychia persollaReinhard, 1965. ♀ from California, Imperial County, Algodones Dunes (NHMD). A Habitus, lateral view B Head, lateral view C Abdomen, dorsal view D Head, anterior view. Scale bars: A = 2.0 mm; C = 1.0 mm; B, D = 0.5 mm.  Material examined. Holotype male [examined from photographs]: USA, California, Contra Costa County, Antioch, 3.X. 1985, J Powell leg. (CAS); 1 male, 1 female: USA, California, Imperial County, Algodones Dunes, 33°02'N 115°08'W, 17-22.IX.2008, RB Kimsey & TJ Zavortink leg., Malaise trap (NHMD); 1 male: USA, California, Davis, 20.VII.1953, EC Carlson leg., "Fish meal bait" (NHMD); 1 male: USA, California, Sacramento, 31.VII.1952, PH Arnaud leg. (NHMD); 1 male: USA, Oregon, Josephine County, Whisky Creek, 27.VI.2002, W Reeves leg. (NHMD).  Remarks. The almost entirely reddish abdomen in both males and females from the Algodones Dunes (Figs 1, 2) is noteworthy, but the available material is insufficient to decide whether this is a natural condition or an artifact from being preserved in ethanol. Differences in the male terminalia between the holotype (Fig. 4D) and the male from Algodones Dunes (Fig. 3) are here considered to be due to differences in preservation as well as minor differences in orientation. The distiphallus of the dry-mounted holotype has the membranous lateral and dorsal parts of the distiphallus mostly collapsed against the ventro-median sclerotisation, while the KOH-treated phallus stored in glycerine and examined for the present study has the distiphallic membrane fully expanded (Fig. 3A). The slightly skewed cerci in Fig. 4D make them appear more slender than in the perfectly aligned and strict lateral view (Fig. 3B).  Figure 3. Eumacronychia persollaReinhard, 1965. ♂ from California, Imperial County, Algodones Dunes (NHMD). A Phallus and associated structures, lateral view B Epandrium, surstylus and cercus, lateral view C Phallus and associated structures, posterior view. Abbreviations: bp = basiphallus; cerc = cercus; dp = distiphallus; epand = epandrium; epiph = epiphallus; hypd apod = hypandrial apodeme; ph apod = phallapodeme; pogt = postgonite; prgt = pregonite; sur = surstylus. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.  Figure 4. Eumacronychia persollaReinhard, 1965. Holotype ♂ from California, Contra Costa County, Antioch (CAS). A Habitus, lateral view B Head, anterior view C Habitus, dorsal view D Terminalia, lateral view E Labels. Abbreviations: cerc = cercus; dp = distiphallus; epand = epandrium; sur = surstylus. Scale bars: A, C = 1.0 mm; B = 0.5 mm; D = 0.2 mm. [California Academy of Sciences, photos by Rachel Diaz-Bastin]  Distribution. Nearctic - Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Sonora), USA (Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon [new record], Utah, Washington).