Pourtalès, 1868 : 131 Verrill, 1883 : 26 Wright & Studer, 1889 : 24 Chrysogorgia fewkesi : Versluys, 1902: 55 Kükenthal, 1919 : 533 Thomson, 1927 : 21 Deichmann, 1936 : 222 Chrysogorgia Castro et al., 2006 : 170 Cairns, 2001 : 768 Deep-water octocorals (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) from Brazil: Family Chrysogorgiidae Verrill, 1883 Cordeiro, Ralf T. S. Castro, Clovis B. Pérez, Carlos D. Zootaxa 2015 4058 1 81 100 5Z2CL Verrill, 1883 Verrill 1883 [151,583,655,682] Anthozoa Chrysogorgiidae Chrysogorgia Animalia Alcyonacea 6 87 Cnidaria species fewkesii     Chrysogorgia Fewkesii  Verrill, 1883: 26.    Chrysogorgia fewkesii:  Wright & Studer, 1889: 24.    Chrysogorgia fewkesi: Versluys, 1902: 55–56.—  Kükenthal, 1919: 533–534; 1924: 405.—?  Thomson, 1927: 21–22, Pl. 1, Figs. 6–7.—  Deichmann, 1936: 222, 230–231, Pl. 23, Figs. 41–50.—Tixier-Durivault & D’Hondt, 1974: 1409.    Chrysogorgiasp. -  Castro et al., 2006: 170(in part: MNRJ 4189–4191)    Chrysogorgia fewkesii:  Cairns, 2001: 768–772, Figs. 9, 10.   Types:Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard MCZ 4850 ( Lectotype) ( Cairns, 2001).    Typelocality: 13°10’10”N, 61°18’15”W(off southwestern St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles), 1048 mdepth.  New records: MNRJ6703, 02°15’30”S, 38°16’00”W(Canopus Bank), 260 mdepth; MOUFPE-CNI 201, 04º40’11”S, 36°23’52”W(Potiguar Basin), 897–1001 mdepth (3 colonies); MOUFPE-CNI 202, 04º40’18”S, 36º23’42”W(Potiguar Basin), 960–1202 mdepth (2 colonies); MOUFPE-CNI 203, 04°45’56”S, 36°08’02”W(Potiguar Basin), 1040–1216 mdepth (2 fragments); MNRJ4191, 15°07'09"S 38°40'32"W, 1026 mdepth (1 colony and 1 fragment); MNRJ4189, 13°24'58"S 38°38'16"W, 727-801 mdepth (3 fragments); MNRJ4190, 13°29'28"S 38°37'56"W, 1044-1275 mdepth (1 colony); MNRJ5966, REVIZEE Bahia (Thalassa RV), unknown depth (4 colonies).   Diagnosis(based on Cairns, 2001): Colonies bottlebush-shaped, but bushy; colonies to 22.5 cmin height. Branching sequence 2/5R. Distance between branches is 3–6 mmand orthorstiche interval 17–20 mm. First internode robust; terminal twigs quite narrow, colony wiry. Number of nodes per branch usually 5–7, rarely to 10. Polyps per internode 2–4. Polyps small, about 1 mmin height. Coenenchymal sclerites of main stem and branches flattened, elongate, pointed plates up to 0.95 mmlong and 0.05–0.06 wide, having prominent compound warts on their faces and edges. Body wall sclerites transversely arranged, consisting of curved, slightly flattened spindles, to 0.71 mmin length and 0.04–0.06 mmin width. Tentacular sclerites similar to those of body wall but longitudinally arranged and containing some shorter blunt rods 0.18–0.30 mmin length and 0.04–0.06 mmin diameter.   Description:Colonies bottlebrush shaped, densely branched, up to 12 cmin height ( Fig. 2C, E). Axis golden, wiry, with an average of 1.80 mmin basal diameter. Branches in an ascendent spiral around the main stem, to 31 mmlong, diverging between 85° and 110° from the axis. Branching sequence is 2/5R and distance between branches is 3–5 mm. Orthostiche interval 8.00–24.00 mm. Calcareous holdfast, with root-like projections for attachment on soft bottoms. Polyps 1 mmlong, distributed in pairs or up to 4 polyps on the branches or isolated on the terminal twig. Coenenchymal scales of the main stem with sparse and low warts, 0.27–0.60 mmlong and 0.05– 0.07 wide ( Fig. 3C). Curved spindles from the body wall sparsely warted, transversely arranged, 0.24–0.54 mmlong and up to 0.06 mmwide ( Fig. 3A). Pinnular scales 0.05–0.16 mmlong ( Fig. 3D). Tentacular spindles similar to those from body wall, but straighter, 0.20–0.32 mmlong ( Fig. 3B).   Remarks:Brazilian specimens analyzed herein differ in some aspects from those analyzed by Cairns (2001), mainly by the shorter length of the coenenchymal sclerites (to 0.60 mmversus 0.95 mm). Brazilian specimens, apparently, have sclerites measurements closer to the St. Vincentand Dominicaspecimens analyzed by Deichmann (1936)(which does not give exact measurements, but estimates lengths around 0.7 mmin sclerites at the base of zooids and up to 0.35 mmin coenenchymal sclerites). Cairns mentioned the width of the basal spindles of the polyp as a consistent character to distinguish among specimens of  Chrysogorgia fewkesiiand  C. multiflora—spindles equal or larger than 0.07 mmin width and more flattened in the latter, while reaching 0.04–0.06 mmof width in the former. Although differences in lengths of spindles of polyps were found in the specimens analyzed, these differences are considered herein as intraspecific variation, as the width of these sclerites were always less than or equal to 0.06 mm. The statement of Cairns (2001), which states that an illustration of any colony of  C. multifloraor  C. fewkesiserves to illustrate both species is corroborated herein ( Figs. 2C,F). Here an image of a small colony of  C. fewkesii( Fig. 2E) is also provided (see Cairns, 2001: pg. 768, Fig. 7for comparison with  C. multiflora).   FIGURE 3.Sclerites of  Chrysogorgia fewkesiVerrill, 1883(MOUFPE-CNI 201). A: spindles from body wall; B: tentacular spindles; C: coenenchymal scales; D: pinnular scale. Scale bars: A, B: 0.10 mm; C, D: 0.10 mm.  Cairns (2001)did not examine specimens identified as  C. fewkesiiby Thomson (1927)and Tixier-Durivault & d’Hondt (1973) collected in the Eastern Atlantic. Keeping in mind that these records were based on fragments of specimens, Cairns (2001)chose not corroborate this. The record of the present work is the first of this species in the South Atlantic.   Distribution:Straits of Florida, Northwest Providence Channel, Jamaica, Lesser Antilles, off Guianas ( Cairns, 2001), Potiguar Basin, Brazil(present study); 430–1200 m. Eastern Atlantic? ( Thomson, 1927; Tixier-Durivault & d’Hondt, 1973).