Bosc, 1802 : 144 Autolytus Verrill 1873 : 398 Verrill, 1873 : 746 Webster, 1879 : 227 Andrews 1891 : 282 Proceraea Webster, 1879 : 230 Hartman 1944 : 338 Hartman 1944 : 338 Hartman 1945 : 16 Allen 1957 : 49 Pettibone 1963 : 141 Gardiner 1976 : 127 Proceraea filiformis Hartmann­Schröder, 1989 Hartmann­Schröder, 1989 : 33 Proceraea gigantea Nygren & Gidholm, 2001 Nygren & Gidholm, 2001 : 187 Revision of Autolytinae (Syllidae: Polychaeta). Nygren, Arne Zootaxa 2004 680 1 314 4MMRS Bosc, 1802 Bosc 1802 [264,647,1308,1334] Polychaeta Syllidae Proceraea Animalia Phyllodocida 48 49 Annelida species fasciata     Nereis fasciata  Bosc, 1802: 144, pl. 5, fig. 6.    Autolytus(?), banded species,  Verrill 1873: 398.    Proceraea ornata  Verrill, 1873: 746; Mensch 1900a; 1900c.    Proceraea tardigrada  Webster, 1879: 227–230;  Andrews 1891: 282–283; 1892: 188, pl. 11, fig. 41–43, pl. 12, fig. 57–58, 62–65, 69–70.    Proceraea? coerulea  Webster, 1879: 230.    Autolytus longisetosus  Hartman 1944: 338, pl. 13, fig. 1.    Autolytus alexandri  Hartman 1944: 338, pl. 13, fig. 2.    Autolytus ornatus  Hartman 1945: 16;  Allen 1957: 49–50    Autolytus fasciatus  Pettibone 1963: 141–143, figs 37A–B, 38–39; Allen 1964.    Proceraea fasciata  Gardiner 1976: 127–129, fig. 10E–H.   Material examined.  USA: holotypeof  Proceraea ornata Verrill, 1873, YPM24226, Connecticut, New Haven Co. Branford, Thimble Islands, shallow depths, among hydroids and bryozoans, 2 Oct 1873; 7 spms USNM52909(15), North Carolina, Bogue Sound, Morehead City, shallow depths, shell gravel, 6 Apr 1974.   Diagnosis.  Proceraeawith broad red­brown bands on nearly every segment, or on every second to fourth segment.   Description. Length 12–15 mmfor 83–90 chaetigers; width 0.5 mm. Live specimens white with transverse intersegmental red­brown bands on dorsal side on nearly every segment, or on every second to forth segment (Fig. 10A); nuchal epualettes brownish; parapodial bases with single red spot; eyes red. Segmental bands sometimes preserve. Ciliation present on prostomium, nuchal epaulettes, and a few segments ventrally. Eyes confluent (Fig. 10A); eye spots present. Palps in dorsal view projecting 1/4 of prostomial length (Fig. 10A), fused. Extension of nuchal epaulettes to end of chaetiger 1 (Fig. 10A). Median antenna reaching chaetiger 8–12 (n=7) in preserved specimens. Lateral antennae and dorsal tentacular cirri, length 2/3 of median antenna. Ventral tentacular cirri 1/3–1/2 as long as dorsal pair. First dorsal cirri as long as median antenna, second dorsal cirri as long as ventral tentacular cirri. Alternation in direction of cirri not assessed. Dorsal cirri from chaetiger 3, of equal length, 1/4–1/3 of body width (Fig. 10A). Cirrophores on tentacular segment and first dorsal cirri present; cirrophores otherwise absent. All appendages cylindrical. Parapodial lobes rounded conical, small (Fig. 10B). Anterior chaetigers with 2 aciculae, 1 inmedian and posterior. Chaetal fascicle with 10–15 compounds in anterior chaetigers, 3–10 inmedian and posterior. Compound chaetae with small distal tooth in anterior 10–15 chaetigers (Fig. 10C, D), more posterior with large distal tooth (Fig. 10E); serration present. Single thick bayonet chaetae (Fig. 10F), beginning between chaetiger 14–15. Pharynx with sinuation anterior to proventricle (Fig. 10A). Trepan in chaetiger 2 (Fig. 10A), with 18 unequal teeth, 9 large and 9 smaller; 1 large alternating with 1 small, arranged in 2 rings. Basal ring present; infradental spines absent. Proventricle equal in length to 2–2,5 segments in chaetiger 7–9 (Fig. 10A) with 35–38 rows of muscle cells (n=5). Anal cirri equal in length to 1/3 of body width.  Reproduction and morphology of reproductive stages. Schizogamy by anterior scissiparity. 3 specimenswith developing stolons behind chaetiger 13.  Pettibone (1963)gives descriptions on stolon morphology. Stolons with same colour pattern as in stock. Asjudged from figures (  Pettibone 1963: figs 37A, 39A, B) all appendages cylindrical, both in male and female. Malestolons with 6+(21–29)+(13–53) chaetigers. Nuchal epaulettes triangular, reaching half of first segment (  Pettibone 1963: fig. 37A). Tentacular cirri 2 pairs, first dorsal cirri situated above achaetous knobs (  Pettibone 1963: fig. 37B). Female stolons with 6+(19–24)+(38–48) chaetigers. Nuchal epaulettes reaching half or end of chaetiger 1 (  Pettibone 1963: fig. 39B). Tentacular cirri 2 pairs, first dorsal cirri situated above achaetous knobs (  Pettibone 1963: fig. 39C). Eggs carried in a 3­lobed egg sac; eggs whitish, blue or purplish. Breeding occurs almost all year round ( Allen 1957).  Habitat. Intertidal to 40 m, among algae, hydrozoans and bryozoans.   Distribution. North West Atlantic. Massachusetts to South Carolina, Puerto Rico.   Remarks.  Proceraea fasciatais unique among  Proceraeain its colour pattern. The colour pattern is not always retained in preserved specimens, and can thus be confused with preserved specimens of P. p i c t a,  P. scapularis( Claparède, 1864), and  P. pleijeli sp. n., which all have about the same length in their nuchal epaulettes and about the same typeof compound chaetae. The proventricle is generally longer in these three species measuring 3–4 segments with>43 rows of muscle cells compared to 2–2.5 segments and 33–38 rows. The synonymy of  Proceraea tardigrada,  Proceraea? coerulea, and  Proceraea ornatais concluded from their descriptions.     Proceraea filiformis Hartmann­Schröder, 1989(Fig. 11A–F)    Proceraea filiformis  Hartmann­Schröder, 1989: 33, figs 47–51; 1991: 43.   Material examined.  Australia: holotype ZMH P­19669, Lake Macquarie, south of sea entrance, algae, 15 Jan 1976.   Diagnosis.  Proceraeawith large palps, large confluent eyes, and with an 8­sinuated pharynx.   Description. Length 2.2 mmfor 18 chaetigers, incomplete, width 0.2 mm. Preserved material whitish, no colour markings; eyes reddish orange. Ciliation not possible to assess. Eyes large, confluent; eye spots absent. Palps in dorsal view projecting 1/2 of prostomial length, fused (Fig. 11B). Extension of nuchal epaulettes to end of tentacular segment (Fig. 11A, B). Median antenna reaching chaetiger 6. Lateral antennae and dorsal tentacular cirri, length 2/3 of median antenna. Ventral tentacular cirri 1/3 as long as dorsal pair. First dorsal cirri lost, second dorsal cirri as long as ventral tentacular cirri. Dorsal cirri from chaetiger 3, of equal length, 1/3 of body width (Fig. 11A). Cirrophores on tentacular segment and first dorsal cirri present; cirrophores otherwise absent. All appendages cylindrical, including lost first dorsal cirri ( Hartmann­Schröder 1989). Parapodial lobes rounded conical, small (Fig. 11A). Anterior chaetigers with 2 aciculae, 1 inposterior. Chaetal fascicle with 5–6 compounds. Compound chaetae with small distal tooth in anterior 3 chaetigers (Fig. 11E), more posterior with large distal tooth (Fig. 11F); serration present. Single thick bayonet chaetae (Fig. 11F), beginning at chaetiger 15. Pharynx with twisted sinuation anterior to proventricle (Fig. 11A). Trepan in chaetiger 1, with 18 unequal teeth; 9 large and 9 smaller; 1 large alternating with 1 small (Fig. 11C, D), arranged in 2 rings. Basal ring present; infradental spines absent. Proventricle equal in length to 2.5 segments in chaetiger 8–10 with 35 rows of muscle cells. Pygidium lost.  Reproduction. Unknown  Habitat. Algae.   Distribution. South West Pacific. East coast of Australia.   Remarks.  Proceraea filiformisis most similar to  P. aurantiacawhich also may have a twisted pharynx. However, the nuchal epaulettes are shorter in  P. filiformisthan in  P. aurantiaca. See also remarks for  P. misakiensis.      Proceraea gigantea Nygren & Gidholm, 2001(Fig. 12A–F)  Proceraea gigantea  Nygren & Gidholm, 2001: 187–190, figs 8–10.   Material examined.  USA: holotype(LACM­POLY 1966), 1 paratype(LACM­AHF POLY1967) and additional 6 spms (2 mounted for SEM), Santa Catalina Island, Wrighley Marine Science center, the vicinity, 33°24’N, 118°30’W, dredge, 10 m,  Haliotiswith algae, sponges, vermetids, 15 Apr 1971; 1 spm, Santa Catalina Island, Wrighley Marine Science center, the harbor, 33°27’N, 118°29’W, 0.5 m, eel­grass, stones and green algae, 14 Apr 1971; 5 spms (rear ends in author's collection for DNAanalyses), California, Santa Catalina Island, 33°26.70'N 118°29.05'W, 1 m, floating dock, outside Wrighley marine science center, amongst hydroids, sponges, bryozoans, 14–17 Jan 2001.   Diagnosis. Large  Proceraea, up to 50 mm, with large teeth in trepan, orange in colour with single red spot in parapodial lobes.   Description. Length up to 48 mmfor 118 chaetigers in live specimens. Length in preserved specimens 4.8–36.8 mmfor 43–118 chaetigers, width 0.15–0.42 mm. Live specimens without colour markings, yellowish to orange (Fig. 12A), sometimes with scattered reddish­brown pigments anteriorly; parapodial bases with single red spot (Fig. 12B); intestine yellowish­brown without light reflecting granular accumulations; proventricle pinkish­orange; eyes red. Preserved specimens without colours. Ciliation present on prostomium, nuchal epaulettes, and a few segments ventrally. Eyes confluent or almost confluent; eye spots present. Palps in dorsal view projecting c. 1/2 of prostomial length (Fig. 12A), fused. Nuchal epaulettes extending over anterior part of chaetiger 1 (Fig. 12A). Median antenna reaching chaetiger 15–20 inlive specimens (n=6). Lateral antennae and dorsal tentacular cirri, length 1/3–2/3 of median antenna. Ventral tentacular cirri 1/3– 1/2 as long as dorsal pair. First dorsal cirri 2/3 of median antenna, second dorsal cirri 1–1.5 times ventral tentacular cirri. Alternation in direction of cirri not assessed. Dorsal cirri from chaetiger 3, of equal length, 1/3–1/2 of body width (Fig. 12A). Cirrophores on tentacular segment and first dorsal cirri present; cirrophores otherwise absent. All appendages cylindrical. Parapodial lobes rounded conical, small. Anterior chaetigers with 3–4 aciculae, 1–2 inmedian and posterior. Chaetal fascicle with 8–16 compounds in anterior chaetigers, 4–7 inmedian and posterior. Compound chaetae with small distal tooth (Fig. 12D) in anterior 5– 10 chaetigers, more posterior with large distal tooth (Fig. 12E); serration present. Single thick bayonet chaetae beginning between chaetiger 5–20 (Fig. 12F). Pharynx with 1 sinuation anterior and lateral to anterior half of proventricle (Fig. 12A). Trepan in chaetiger 2–3 (Fig. 12A), with 18 unequal teeth (Fig. 12C), 9 large and 9 smaller; 1 large alternating with 1 small in 2 rings. Basal ring present; infradental spines absent. Proventricle equal in length to 3–5 segments in chaetiger 6–10 (Fig. 12A) with 50– 60 rows of muscle cells (n=6). Anal cirri equal in length to 1/2–2/3 of body width.  Reproduction. Schizogamy by anterior scissiparity. A few specimens are in different stages of developing heads behind chaetiger 13 (collected in January). Specimens with developed swimming chaetae not observed.  Habitat. Among algae, sponges and hydroids on stones and shells. Shallow water to c. 18 mdepths.   Distribution. North East Pacific. California. Only known from typelocality.   Remarks.  Proceraea giganteawas described as the largest known  Proceraea, and with extraordinary large teeth in its trepan. Size is not a very good character for separating taxa as the size­range for other  Proceraeais not fully understood. Large trepan teeth is also found in  P. monoceros Ehlers, 1907, and  P. longilappeta Imajima, 1966; these taxa have longer nuchal epaulettes reaching end of chaetiger 1 and beginning of chaetiger 2 respectively; further these taxa have small distal tooth in all chaetigers. Assize of teeth in the trepan of  P. misakiensisis not known, synonomy with this taxon cannot be excluded.