Taxonomic revision of the Spilomelinae (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae s. l.) of the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador Bernard Landry Revue suisse de Zoologie 2016 123 2 315 399 B. Landry & M. A. Solis B. Landry & M. A. Solis [190,645,1613,1637] Insecta Pyralidae Desmia Animalia Lepidoptera 8 323 Arthropoda species mordor sp. nov. Spilomelinae   Figs 12, 13, 82, 98, 144    Material examined    Holotype: ♀, ‘ ECUADOR[sideways on left side] | GALÁPAGOS| Sta Crúz, Media | Luna, Pampa Zone|  8.II.1989, M[ercury]V[apour]L[ight]| B. Landry’. ‘HOLOTYPE | Desmia| mordor| Landry & Solis’. Deposited in CNC.   Paratypes: 20 ♂, 19 ♀from  Ecuador, the Galápagos Islands: – Fernandina: 1 ♂(dissected, slide MHNG- ENTO-8671), SW side, crater rim, GPS: 1341 m, S 00° 21.910’, W 091° 34.034’, 13.ii.2005, u[ltra]v[iolet]l[ight] (B. Landry, P. Schmitz). –  Isabela: 1 ♂, 3 kmN S[an]to Tómas, Agr[iculture]. Zone, M[ercury]V[apor]L[ight], 8.iii.1989(B. Landry); 1 ♂, 2 ♀, Punta Albermarle, SW of old U[nited]S[tates] radar site, Alt[itude]. ± 10 m, 27.iii.[19]70 (R. Silberglied); 1 ♂, V[olcan]. Darwin, 630 melev[ation]., 17.v.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀(slide MHNG-ENTO-8980), ± 15 kmN P[uer] to Villamil, 25.v.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♂, Sierra Negra, Alemania, xi.1974(T.J. de Vries, B.M. 1976–58). – Pinta: 1 ♂, N 00° 34.591’, W 90° 45.137’, 421 melev., 17.iii.2006, uvl (P. Schmitz, L. Roque). –  Santa Cruz: 2 ♂(one dissected, slide CNC PYR352), Los Gemelos, 31.i.1989, MVL (B. Landry); 2 ♀, Media Luna, pampa zone, 8.ii.1989, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀, Horneman Farm, 220 m, 10.iii.1964(D. Q. Cavagnaro); 1 ♂, idem except 5.iv.1964; 1 ♂, idem except 3.v.1964; 2 ♀(slides MHNG- ENTO-8670, 8978), Finca Vilema, 2 kmW Bella Vista, 1.iv.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♂, no precise locality, iv.1969(R. Perry, Tj. de Vries, B.M. 1969-693); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Los Gemelos, 4.v.2002, uvl (B. Landry, L. Roque); 1 ♀, Los Gemelos, 27.v.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Horneman Farm, 200 m, 24.vi.1965(J. DeRoy); 2 ♀, idem except 26.vi.1965; 3 ♀, idem except 27.vi.1965; 3 ♂, 1 ♀, idem except 28.vi.1965. –  Santiago: 1 ♀, NE side, close to Caseta, GPS: 686 melev., S 00°14.177’, W 90°44.619’, 6.iii.2005, uvl (P. Schmitz); 3 ♂(one dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8668), Aguacate [camp], 520 melev., 6.iv.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀, Central[camp], 700 melev., 9.iv.1992, MVL (B. Landry); 1 ♀(dissected, slide MHNG-ENTO-8667), Aguacate [camp], 520 melev., 12.iv.1992, MVL (B. Landry). Deposited in AMNH, BMNH, CAS, CNC, MCZ, MHNG, and USNM. 1 ♂from  Brazil: –   Bahía: 1 ♂(slide MHNG- ENTO-8963), Camacan, Res[erva]. Serra Bonita, 800 m, 15°23’ S, 39°33’W, 24.xi.-2.xii.2013, u[ltra]v[iolet] l[ight] (B. Landry, V. Becker). Deposited in MHNG.  28 ♂, 27 ♀, 3 of unknown sex from  Costa Rica: –  Alajuela: 1 ♂, 12-SRNP-1518, Area de Conservacion  Guanacaste, Sector RinconRain Forest, Camino Albergue Oscar, 560 m, Lat: 10.87741, Long: -85.32363, 15.iv.2012, eclosed 4.v.2012from  Psychotria panamensis(E. Araya); 1 ♂, 12-SRNP-1517, idem except eclosed 5.v.2012(E. Araya); 1?sex, 13-SRNP-475, idem except 26.i.2013, eclosed 16.ii.2013(C. Cano); 1 ♂, 12-SRNP- 86729, Area de Conservacion  Guanacaste, Camino Francia, Sector RinconRain Forest, 410 m, Lat: 10.90425, Long: -85.28651, 21.xi.2015, eclosed 21.xi.2012from  Psychotria panamensis(. Cordoba); 1 ♂, 13-SRNP- 3341, Area de Conservacion  Guanacaste, Finca San Gabriel, Sector  San Cristobal, 645 m, Lat: 10.87766, Long: -85.39343, 26.vi.2013, eclosed 15.vii.2013from  Psychotria panamensis(E. Araya); 1 ♂, 13-SRNP- 3640, idem except 12.vii.2013, eclosed 15.vii.2013from  Psychotria remota(O. Espinoza); 1 ♀, 13-SRNP- 4027, idem except 2.viii.2013, eclosed 21.viii.2013from  Psychotria panamensis(E. Araya); 1 ♂, 12-SRNP-2294, idem except 2.vi.2012, eclosed 2.vi.2012from  Psychotria panamensis(E. Araya); 1 ♀, 12-SRNP-3247, idem except 30.vii.2012, eclosed 27.viii.2012from  Psychotria graciliflora(O. Espinoza); 1 ♀, 12-SRNP-3677, idem except 30.viii.2012, eclosed 2.x.2012from  Psychotria remota; 1 sex?, 12-SRNP-283, idem except 25.i.2012, eclosed 21.ii.2012, from  Psychotria panamensis; 1 ♂(slide USNM106,927), Finca San Gabriel, 16 kmENE Queb[rada]. Grande, 650 m, 1-10.vii.1986(I. Gauld & J. Thompson); 1 ♀, idem except 11-15.vii.1986; 1 ♀, 13-SRNP-69246, Area de Conservacion  Guanacaste, Sector San Gabriel, Flecha, 491 m, Lat: 10.94741, Long: -85.31501, 2.ii.2013, eclosed 28.ii.2013from  Psychotria jimenezii(E. Apu); 1 ♀, 12-SRNP-82060, idem except 7.xii.2012, eclosed 29.xii.2012; 1 ♂, 12-SRNP-81734, Area de Conservacion  Guanacaste, Sector RinconRain Forest, Jacobo, 461 m, Lat: 10.94076, Long: -85.3177, 4.x.2012, eclosed 2.xi.2012, from  Psychotria panamensis(E. Apu); 1 ♂, 12-SRNP-81556, idem except 20.ix.2012, eclosed 18.x.2012, from  Psychotria jimenezii; 1 ♂, 12- SRNP-3539, Area de Conservacion  Guanacaste, Sector RinconRain Forest, Sendero Albergue Crater, 980 m, Lat: 10.84886, Long: -85.3281, 17.viii.2012, eclosed 5.ix.2012from  Psychotria panamensis(E. Araya); 1 ♀, 12-SRNP-3955, Area de Conservacion  Guanacaste, Sector  San Cristobal, Sendero Colegio, 520 m, Lat: 10.89296, Long: -85.3788, 15.ix.2012, eclosed 10.x.2012from  Psychotria remota(C. Cano); 1 sex?, 12-SRNP-3947, idem except eclosed 6.x.2012from  Psychotria panamensis(E. Araya); 1 ♀, 12-SRNP-723, Area de Conservacion  Guanacaste, Sector  San Cristobal, Sendero Huerta, 527 m, Lat: 10.9305, Long: -85.37223, 25.ii.2013, eclosed 24.iii.2012from  Hamelia patens(identification suspect) (G. Sihezar); 1 ♀, 13-SRNP- 1836, Area de Conservacion  Guanacaste, Sector San Gabriel, Sendero Perdido, 620 m, Lat: 10.8794, Long: -85.38607, 12.iv.2013, eclosed 1.v.2013from  Psychotria remota(G. Sihezar); 1 ♀, 13-SRNP-1835, idem; 1 ♀, 13-SRNP-40840, Area de Conservacion  Guanacaste, Sector RinconRain Forest, Sendero Rincon, 430 m, Lat: 10.8962, Long: -85.27769, 26.ii.2013, eclosed 30.iii.2013from  Psychotria panamensis(J. Perez); 1 ♂(slide USNM106,959), 1 ♀, Estacion Pitilla, 9 kmS. Santa Cecilia, vii.1988(Espinosa & Chaves); 1 ♂(slide USNM106,949), 1 ♀, F[in]ca. La Campana, El Ensayo, 7 kmNW Dos Rios, 15-17.iii.1986(D.H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs); 1 ♂(slide USNM106,964), San Lorencito, Res[erva]. For[estal]. San Ramon, 5 kmN. Col. Palmarena, 800 m, 1-4.xi.1986(I. &. Chacon). –  Cartago: 1 ♂, (slide USNM106,957), Tapanti, Grande de Orosi, 1300-1400 m, 9.iv.1984(D.H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs). –   Guanacaste: 2 ♂(slides USNM106,955 & USNM106,951), 2 ♀, Estacion Mengo, SW side Volcan Cacao, 1100 m, 29.vii.1987(D.H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs); 1 ♀, 13-SRNP-30124, Area de Conservacion  Guanacaste, Sector Pitilla, Sendero Laguna, 680 m, Lat: 10.9888, Long: -85.42336, 10.i.2013, eclosed 30.i.2013from  Psychotria panamensis(F. Quesada); 1 ♀, 13-SRNP-31124, Area de Conservacion  Guanacaste, Sector Pitilla, Sendero Orosilito, 900 m, Lat: 10.98332, Long: -85.43623, 19.viii.2013, eclosed 16.ix.2013from  Psychotria panamensis(M. Rios); 1 ♀, 13-SRNP-31126, idem; 1 ♂, 13-SRNP-31127, idem except eclosed 14.ix.2013; 2 ♂(slides USNM106,950 & USNM106,954), 2 ♀, W. of Carmona, Nicoya, 600- 700 m, 19.viii.1982(D.H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs). – Heredia: 1 ♂(slide USNM106,956), 1 ♀, El Angel Waterfall, 8.2 kmdownhill Vara Blanca, 1350 m, i.1981(D.H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs); 2 ♂(slides USNM106,952 & USNM106,953), 2 ♀, Finca La Selva (OTS), Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui, 50 m, 14-15.xi.1982(D.H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs); 1 ♂(slide USNM106,932), La Selva Biol. Sta., Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui, 40 m, v.1987(M.M. Chavarria). – Puntarenas: 1 ♂(slide USNM106,960), 1 ♀, Monte Verde, 15-16.v.1980(D.H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs); 1 ♂(slide USNM106,948), Tajo Cafrosa, Z.P. Las Tablas, 1300 m, 25.xi.1987(I. Chacon). –  San Jose: 1 ♂(slide USNM106,961), 1 ♀, Estacion Carrillo, Par[que]. Nac[ional]. Braulio Carrillo, 700 m, v.1985(I. &. Chacon); 1 ♀, Estacion Zurqui (El Tunel), Par. Nac. Braulio Carrillo, 1500 m, vii.1985(W. I. &. Chacon); 1 ♂(slide USNM106,947), idem except ix.1985(W. I. &. Chacon); 1 ♂(slide USNM106,926), 1 ♀, La Montura, Braulio Carrillo Nat[ional]. P[ar]k., 1100 m, 17.xii.1981(D.H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs). Deposited in USNM.  Figs 9-16. Specimens of Spilomelinae, size not to scale. (9)  Cheverella galapagensis♀, Galápagos, Santa Cruz, Los Gemelos, 27.v.1992, MHNG. (10, 11)  Cryptobotys zoilusalis. (10) ♀, Brazil, Bahía, Camacan, Res. Serra Bonita, 800 m, 8.iv.2011, MHNG. (11) ♂, same locality, 27.iii.2011, MHNG. (12, 13)  Desmia mordor. (12) ♂ paratype, Galápagos, Santa Cruz, Los Gemelos, 4.v.2002, MHNG. (13) ♀ holotype, CNC. (14)  Diaphania galapagensis♂ paratype, Galápagos, Isabela, NE slope Alcedo, near pega-pega camp, 483 m, 31.iii.2004, MHNG. (15)  Diaphania hyalinata♂, Galápagos, Santa Cruz, Los Gemelos, 4.v.2002, MHNG. (16)  Diaphania indica♂, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haut Katanga, Tshinkolobwe, 12.iii.1931, MHNG.  1 ♂from   Mexico: –  Veracruz: 1 ♂(slide USNM106,939), La Gloria, Cardel, iii.1937(J. Carmelo G.). Deposited in USNM.   Diagnosis:The new species is externally similar to  D. vulcanalisFelder, Felder & Rogenhofer, described from Volcan Chiriqui,  Panama, and Veragua. They have similar markings and absence of obvious modification of the male antenna, but externally  D. vulcanalismales are larger ( holotype= 21 mmforewing length, but most specimens are larger than 16 mm), the females of both species are almost the same size,  D. vulcanaliscolour is more chocolate brown than black,  D. vulcanalislacks the femoral and tibial modified scaling that occurs in the new species, the white markings on both wings are broader in both sexes, and in the males only, the basal areas of both wings have longer scales that give these areas a ‘fluffy’ look. In the male genitalia, the valvae are similar, but in  D. vulcanalisthe apex is round with a small fold that is absent in the new species, the ventrobasal section also with a small, triangular, marginal projection, but much more prominent in  D. vulcanalis. Most obvious are the differences in the transtilla that is very straight in the new species, but with two lobes in  D. vulcanalis,the juxta is about as long as wide in  D. vulcanalis, whereas in the new species it is about twice as long as wide, and the saccus is wider and about twice as large in  vulcanalisthan in the new species. In the phallus both species have two sets of cornuti on the vesica, but in  D. vulcanalisit is 2 lines of straight spines, about 5 on each side, decreasing in size posteriorly, whereas in the new species they form curving structures with differing sizes and arrangement of spines. In the female genitalia of  D. vulcanalisthe anterior apophyses are almost three times as long as the posterior apophysis, they are only twice as long in the new species. In  D. vulcanalisthe ductus bursae is shortly membranous followed by a sclerotized, square-shaped colliculum with a short extension into another membranous anterior part of the ductus bursae, the colliculum in the new species is wide and rectangular. The corpus bursae are similar, but in  D. vulcanalisit is less broad at the cephalic end. In the Galápagosthis species is unlike any other by virtue of its black wings adorned with white spots and bands.  Hymenia perspectalis(Hübner)and  Spoladea recurvalis(Fabricius)are superficially similar, but they are paler brown and they have the forewing paler markings that touch the costa as well as the dorsum, whereas the white spots on the forewing of  D. mordordo not touch either margin.   Etymology:The new name, treated as a noun in apposition, means ‘Black Land’ in Sindarin, a fictional language used in The Lord of the Rings, the epic high-fantasy novel written by English author J. R. R. Tolkien ( 1892-1973) (  Wikipedia, 2016). Mordoris volcanic and partly arid, like the Galápagos. As Mordoris the land controlled by Sauron, the evil lord in Tolkien’s tale, this name also refers to the tendency of earlier authors to attribute names in relation to death to species of  Desmia, such as  D. tages(Cramer, 1777),  D. sepulchralis Guenée, 1854, or  D. mortualisHampson, 1912.   Description: Male(n=50) ( Fig. 12). Head with frons flat, dark blackish brown except for thin white line along margin of eye ventrally from antennal base, broad scales on dorsal half of frons not entirely appressed, slightly elevated, longer and thinner scales between antennae projecting anterodorsally, longer hair-like scales behind ocelli projecting dorsomedially; antenna filiform, without modified flagellomeres but with pair of thickened setae arising laterally on each side of scale coating before middle of flagellomeres except first few, short on first flagellomeres on which they appear and then about twice as wide as corresponding flagellomeres at maximum length, vestiture dark blackish brown on scape and first few flagellomeres, paler greyish brown beyond, with white longitudinal line ventrally on scape; maxillary palpus minute, smaller than pilifer, with greyish brown scales; labial palpus bicolored, white ventrally on most of first segment and base of second, dark greyish brown elsewhere, slightly paler medially toward apex of second and tiny third segment; haustellum greyish brown at base, white to light cream beyond. Thorax dorsally mostly dark greyish brown, slightly darker at base of collar scales, with thin, paler, whitish scales at base of mesoscutum hidden by collar scales, white laterally and sometimes also basally on metascutum. Tegula extending to posterior margin of mesoscutum, scales extending to first abdominal segment. Foreleg coxa dark greyish brown with white at base and apex; femur with chocolate brown brush of short erect scales of equal length ventrally from base to 3/4, with greyish brown at base and white apically; tibia greyish brown with white and cream at base and apex, with long greyish brown scales at base of epiphysis and projecting over it, with short projecting scales laterally on distal half; tarsomeres cream coloured. Midleg femur greyish brown with white and cream at base and white subapically, ventral edge at base with row of mediumlength hair-like scales; tibia greyish brown with black at base and white and cream at tip, spurs cream with greyish brown; tarsomere I dirty cream with greyish brown on distal half dorsally; tarsomeres II-V pale cream. Hindleg femur dirty white at base, greyish brown subapically, snow white apically; tibia dark greyish brown, spurs cream dorsally and white ventrally; tarsomere I dirty cream with greyish brown on distal half dorsally; tarsomeres II white with cream distally; tarsomeres III-V white. Forewing length: 12.0-14.0 mm (wingspan: 24.0-26.0 mm); vestiture with blue-tinged white markings as illustrated ( Fig. 12), reniform spot white, rectangular, orbicular and claviform white spots as one, rectangular, fringe with longer scales white above tornus. Hindwing broadly triangular, posterior margin length equal to costal margin, with white discal spot extending as a line to posterior margin, fringe with longer scales white on all of termen except anal sector. Abdomen tapering, 9 mmlong, longer than female’s, dorsally dark greyish brown to blackish brown on tergite VII, tergites II-VI with snowy white line on terminal margin, with line generally wider on tergite II, ultimate segment longer than wide, blackish brown with longitudinal lateral white lines ending in black hair-like scales surrounding genitalia; ventrally white except for dark greyish brown apex of ultimate sternite. Segment VIII with sclerotization pattern as shown ( Fig. 82). Male genitalia (n=21) ( Fig. 98). Uncus long and narrow, with broad base, down curved distally, apically expanded slightly, dorsoventrally flattened, and covered evenly with short, thick setae, with longer setae at base. Subscaphium long and narrow, about 1.5X length of uncus. Tegumen an inverted U with bifid lateral arms, the median pair more thickly sclerotized and partly covered by wider lateral pair. Parategumenal sclerites membranous, barely extending to saccus, with sclerotized edge, with small group of long, narrow scales and denser fan of shorter, narrow and apically bifid scales. Gnathos a narrow, weakly sclerotized (hardly visible) band, apparently not connected medially. Transtilla a pair of narrow, sclerotized sclerites sharply pointed distally (or adjoining costa of valva), narrowing toward middle and connected by membrane medially. Valva elongate, wider medially, narrowing toward almost square-like apex, with dorsal, more thickly sclerotized band ending at about 3/4, with oval-shaped ventrobasal section devoid of setae and ending in small, triangular, marginal projection, ventral margin set with long (as long as width of valva), thickly sclerotized, narrow scales easily detached and shorter toward apex. Juxta with slightly broader base, parallelmargined until blunt apex, slightly shorter than uncus. Vinculum with arms of medium width, as long as wide; saccus a bulbous projection directed anteriorly, only slightly wider than long from base of vinculum. Phallus straight, with ventral wall more thickly sclerotized, widening from middle, with short, narrower tongue-like projection apically, also with short membranous, bulbous, and shortly setose projection on each side ventrolaterally before apex; vesica with two cornuti formed by small attached spines, one curved with more than 10 slightly curved spines, the other bear paw-like, with about 12 straight apical spines.  Figs 25-32. Galápagos specimens of Spilomelinae, size not to scale. (25-27)  Lineodes corinnae. (25)  Lineodes corinnae♀ holotype, CNC. (26) ♀ paratype, Isabela, NE slope Alcedo, ca. 400 m up Los Guayabillos camp, 892 m, 1.iv.2004, MHNG. (27) ♂ paratype, Isabela, Alcedo, lado NE, camp Guayabillos, 700 m, 16.iv.2002, MHNG. (28)  Lineodes fontella♂, Santa Cruz, NNW Bella Vista, 225 m, 18.ii.2005, MHNG. (29, 30)  Lineodes vulcanalis. (29) ♀ paratype, BMNH ©,the Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London. (30) ♂ holotype, BMNH ©, the Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London. (31, 32)  Loxomorpha cambogialis. (31) ♀, Isabela, 11 km N Pto Villamil, 13.iii.1989, CNC. (32) ♀, Santa Cruz, transition zone, recently cut road, 12.iii.2004, MHNG.  Female(n=47) ( Fig. 13): Antenna without pair of lateral setae from first few flagellomeres, but subsequently present and increasing slowly in length to reach slightly more than width of flagellomeres. Legs without femoral and tibial modified scales. Forewing length: 10.5- 13.0 mm (wingspan: 21.0-24.0 mm) ( holotype: 10.5 mmforewing length, 21.5 mmwingspan); reniform spot rectangular as in male; orbicular and claviform spots not rectangular, appearing as two spots adjoining, sometimes disconnected. Hindwing differing from that of male in markings as illustrated ( Fig. 13); posterior margin length shorter than costal margin; white discal spot extending to posterior margin as two short, white lines. Abdomen similar in colour to male, dorsally with white lateral lines on ultimate segment shorter than those of male but reaching apex, < 6 mmin length, tergites II-VI not tapering, tergite VI much broader than ultimate segment giving it a square-like appearance, ultimate segment as long as wide. Female genitalia (n=4) ( Fig. 144). Papillae anales narrow, with setose surface slightly longer dorsally, ventral 1/3 flattened and slightly curving posteriorly; narrow basal sclerotized band slightly enlarging ventrally; posterior apophyses straight except for slight subbasal bend, about half as long as width of papillae anales. Segment VIII with tergum dorsally about 3Xventral length, with medium length setae more concentrated on distal half and dorsally; without sternal plates or other ventral modifications; anterior apophyses almost twice as long as posterior apophyses, slightly sinuate, with slight enlargement subbasally. Membrane around ostium bursae membranous, unmodified. Ductus bursae very short, with basal section occupied entirely by wide, rectangular colliculum dorsally thickly sclerotized and only so as basal band ventrally; constriction at base of colliculum followed by equally wide shorter membranous and spiculate section. Corpus bursae elongate, about thrice as long as ductus bursae, with basal section scobinated until medioventral inception of ductus seminalis, with following short section slightly narrower and without membrane ornaments, then slightly enlarged in broad triangle on right side with scobination slightly thicker on enlargement than at cephalic end.   Biology:One BMNH paratypespecimen from Santa Cruz Island, without specific locality, bearsa label recording ‘further specimen from larva taken on  Psychotria rufipes, Fernandina, October 1969’. This specimen is probably a CDRS specimen only labelled ‘105’, a number that refers to a note in a CDRS notebook mentioning that it was reared from ‘  Psychotria rufipes’. Many of the paratypesfrom Costa Ricahave been reared also from species of  Psychotria(  P. gracilifloraBenth.,  P. jimeneziiStandl.,  P. panamensisStandl.,  P. remotaBenth.). Most Galápagosspecimens were collected above 200 min elevation, up to 1341 mat the rim of the volcano on Fernandina, but a small series was taken near the sea shore at Punta Albermarle on Isabela. Collecting localities on Galápagosharbour a diverse set of habitats, from untouched to modified for lowintensity agriculture. Collecting dates of the Galápagosspecimens are from January to June and October.   Distribution:In the Galápagosthis species has been collected on the islands of Fernandina, Isabela, Pinta, Santa Cruz, and Santiago. On the continent it is known from  Mexico, Costa Rica, and Brazil.   Remarks: Rubiaceae,  Psychotria rufipesHook. f. is a vulnerable Galápagosendemic present on Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Pinta,  San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, and Santiago(Jaramillo Díaz & Guézou, 2015). 1324016921 1989-02-08 M [ercury] V [apour] L [ight] CNC B. Landry’ Ecuador Sta Crúz, Media | Luna, Pampa Zone 8 323 1 1 GALÁPAGOS holotype