Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits Rafał Gosik Peter Sprick Jiří Skuhrovec Magdalena Deruś Martin Hommes Zootaxa 2016 4108 1 1 67 4B4KP Goeze, 1777 Goeze 1777 [151,820,1319,1345] Insecta Curculionidae Otiorhynchus Animalia Coleoptera 47 48 Arthropoda species rugosostriatus Zustalestus   Material examined: 7 larvae( Figs. 219, 228). Larvae were obtained from a field with a large population at Wiesbaden-Schierstein ( Germany, South Hesse), where the ornamental grass  Panicum virgatumL. was grown ( Figs. 223, 225), and from two breeding attempts in the climate chamber of the JKI in Braunschweig. Despite the data on the pest status in strawberry fields, breeding in flowerpots with different plants proved to be difficult and revealed only one time a small number of mature larvae: JKI, breeding in flowerpots with  Dendranthemax grandiflorum, 3 ex. on 0 5.01.2012, and 4 ex. were collected in the above-mentioned field in Wiesbaden on 28.04.2011.   Remarks about breeding and development.The life-cycle of the “Rough Strawberry Root Weevil” is rather simple, and Wilcox et al.(1934)were the first who reported about it in detail. It is widely confirmed by current studies in Wiesbaden-Schierstein (see Sprick 2012, in Sprick & Stüben 2012). Wilcox et al.(1934)stated that this weevil emerges about 2 weeks later in the season than  Otiorhynchus ovatusand that oviposition is delayed until August and September. By this, it is the species with the latest egg-laying activity of all  Otiorhynchusspecies in which this has been studied. Wilcox et al.(1934)also report that some adults do overwinter, too, but that there are also sites without overwintering adults. In Wiesbaden-Schierstein overwintering adults and mature larvae were found in spring (larvae in April and May) and a few pupae and a newly hatched, white-colored adult on 31.05.2014(Sprick 2012, in Sprick & Stüben 2012) ( Fig. 230). Only one month later no more pupae or larvae could be found, despite of an intensive search at this locality with very high abundance of adult weevils. Young adults were found from June to mid-July and very rarely later in the season. Apparently there is a delay in egg deposition as  Otiorhynchusspecies usually do not need more than 3 weeks to start with oviposition after emerging on the soil surface.   FIGURES 144–149.  Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus; mature larva. 144—habitus, lateral view, 145—lateral view of thoracic segments, 146—lateral view of abdominal segment I, 147—lateral view of abdominal segments VIII–IX, 148—ventral view of abdominal segments VIII–X, 149—dorsal view of abdominal segments VIII–X. Abbreviations: Ab.—abdominal segment, Th.—thoracic s., I–X—number of segments, prns—pronotal seta(e), prs—prodorsal s., pds—postdorsal s., pda—pedal s., as—alar s., lsts—laterosternal s., eus—eusternal s., ps—pleural s., sps—spiracular s., sts—sternal s., ds—dorsal s., ts—terminal s.   FIGURES 150–154.  Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus; mature larva and mouthparts. 150—dorsal view of head, 151—labrum and clypeus, 152—epipharynx, 153—left mandible, 154—maxillo-labial complex. Abbreviations: des—dorsoepicranial seta(e), fs—frontal s., les—lateroepicranial s., ves—ventroepicranial s., pes—postepicranial s., at—antenna, st—stemmata, cls—clypeal s., lms—labral s., ams—anteromedial s., als—anterolateral s., mes—medial s., lr—labral rods, mds—mandible dorsal s., dms—dorsal malae s., vms—ventral malae s., mxps—maxillary palps s., pfs—palpiferal s., stps—stipal s., mbs—mandible basiventral s., prms—prelabial s., pms—postlabial s., ligs—ligular s.   TABLE 2.Number οf setae οf the studied  Otiorhynchusspecies∶ A-  indefinitus, B-  raucus, C-  sulcatus, D-  singularis, E-  armatus, F-  armadillo, G-  aurifer, Hmeridionalis, I-  clavipes, J-  fuscipes, K-  lugdunensis, L-  ovatus, M-  crataegi, N-  rugosostriatus.  Body part Setal code A B C D E F G H I J K L M N  Head capsule des(dοrsal epicranial) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 fs(frοntal epicranial) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 les(lateral epicranial) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ves(ventral epicranial) 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 pes(pοsteriοr epicranial) 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 lms(labral) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 cls(clypeal) 0 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 mds(mandibular) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2  Epipharynx als(anterοlateral) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ams(anterοmedial) 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 mes(medial) 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2  Maxilla dms(dοrsal malar) 7 7 8 6 6 5 4 7 7 7 6 5 7 6 vms(ventral malar) 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 stps(stipital) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 pfs(palpiferal) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 mbs(malar basiventral) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 mxps(maxillary palpal) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1  Labium prms(premental) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ligs(ligular) 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 so(sensοry οrgan) 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 pms(pοstmental) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3  Prothorax prns(prοnοtal) 7 10 10 9 88 9 9 8 9 9 107 8 prns1(macrοsetae) 4+3 5+5 4+6 3+6 4+4 4+4 4+5 4+5 4+4 4+5 4+5 4+6 6+1 4+4 prns2(micrοsetae) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ps(pleural) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 eus(eusternal) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 pda(pedal area) 5 5 6 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 4 ......continued on the next page Description( Figs. 144–154).     TABLE 2.(Cοntinued)    Body part Setal code  A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N   Meso- and metathorax prs(prοdοrsal) 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1   pds(pοstdοrsal) 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4   as(alar) 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1+1 1+1 1   ss(spiracular) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0   eps(epipleural) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1   ps(pleural) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1   eus(eusternal) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1   pda(pedal area) 5 5 6 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 5   Abdominal segments prs(prοdοrsal) I‾vII I̶VIII prs(prοdοrsal) vIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1   pds(pοstdοrsal) I‾vII 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5   pds(pοstdοrsal) vIII 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4   ss(spiracular) I‾vII 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2   ss(spiracular) vIII 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1   eps(epipleural) I‾vII 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2   eps(epipleural) vIII 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2   ps(pleural) I‾vII 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2   ps(pleural) vIII 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2   lsts(laterοsternal) I‾vII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1   lsts(laterοsternal) vIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1   eus(eusternal) I‾vII 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2   eus(eusternal) vIII 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2   Abdominal segment ds(dοrsal) IX ps(pleural) 3 1 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 4 1 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 1 3 2 3 1   sts(sternal) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2   Abd. seg. X ts(anal) 1 0 2‾3 3 2‾3 0 1‾2 3 2‾3 2‾3 1 2 0 2‾3  Coloration. Head light brown; all thoracic and abdominal segments from dirty yellow to brown.  Bodyelongated ( Fig. 144). Chaetotaxy: Setae different in length, relatively long, filiform, bicolored (basal part brownish, apical white). Thorax. Prothorax with 4 long and 4 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps,different in length. Mesothorax with 1 medium long prs; 4 pds(ordered: 2 medium long, 1 long and 1 medium long); 1 medium long as; 1 medium long eps; and 1 long ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar, except pds(ordered: 1 medium long, 1 long and 2 medium long). Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 5 pda,different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus( Fig. 145). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I–VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds(ordered: 2 short, 1 long, 1 short and 1 long); 1 long and 1 minute sps[abd. seg. VIII only with 1 minute spsand 4 pds(1 long, 1 very short, 1 long, and 1 medium long)]; 2 eps,different in length; 1 long and 1 minute ps; 1 medium long lsts; and 2 eus( Figs. 146, 148, 149). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length; 1 psvery long; and 2 sts,equal in length ( Figs. 147–149). Lateral lobes of abdominal segment X with 2–3 minute tseach.  Headsubglobose, slightly narrowed bilaterally ( Fig. 150). Head capsule with 4 long des, des1 and des2 placed on central part of epicranium, des3 located on frontal suture, des5 located anterolaterally; 2 long fs, fs4 placed anteromedially, fs5 located near to antenna; 2 long les; 1 short ves; and 1 minute pes; all des, lesand fsequal in length. Stemmata (2 pairs) well visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 2–3 filiform sensilla. Clypeus3.7 times as wide as long with 2 cls,placed anterolaterally ( Fig. 151). Labrumabout 2 times as wide as long with 3 straight lmsof different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms2 distinctly longer than other setae, lms1 and lms3 only a little exceeding the outline of the labrum; the anterior margin of labrum double sinuate ( Fig. 151). Epipharynxwith 3 finger-like als,different in length; 2 ams,different in length; and 2 very short mes, labral rods (lr) elongated, almost parallel; surface of epipharynx densely covered by triangular, cuticular processes ( Fig. 152). Mandible( Fig. 153) feebly bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 mds,different in length; internal edge with a small triangular tooth. Maxilla( Fig. 154) with 1 very long stpsand 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 very short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 6 dms,different in length and 4 vms, straight, almost equal in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres; basal palpomere a little larger than distal; basal palpomere with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 7 conical, cuticular processes apically; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabiumheart-shaped ( Fig. 154), with 2 very short ligsand 1 long prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; basal palpomere longer than distal; praemental sclerite well visible. Postlabiumwith 3 pms, different in length; pms2 very long, at least 5 to 6 times as long as pms1 and pms3 ( Fig. 154).   Differential diagnosis. See “Key to larvae of selected  Otiorhynchusspecies” and Tables 1, 2.