Combining target enrichment and Sanger sequencing data to clarify the systematics of the diverse Neotropical butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) Espeland, Marianne Nakahara, Shinichi Zacca, Thamara Barbosa, Eduardo P. Huertas, Blanca Marín, Mario A. Lamas, Gerardo Benmesbah, Mohamed Brévignon, Christian Casagrande, Mirna M. Fåhraeus, Christer Grishin, Nick Kawahara, Akito Y. Mielke, Olaf H. H. Miller, Jacqueline Y. Nakamura, Ichiro Navas, Vanessa Patrusky, Brooke Pyrcz, Tomasz W. Richards, Lindsay Tan, Denise Tyler, Stephanie Viloria, Angel Warren, Andrew D. Xiao, Lei Freitas, André V. L. Willmott, Keith R. Zoological Research 2023 2023-02-15 2023 1 73 8ZZNB 366012 Butler 1867 [818,951,1371,1396] Insecta Nymphalidae Amphidecta Animalia Lepidoptera 12 13 Arthropoda genus  The ‘  Amphidectaclade’ is well-supported (FULL dataset, 97.9/97, Figure 6) as containing three described genera:  Amphidecta(4 species),  Zischkaia(12 species),  Argentaria gen.n.(14 described species), two species whose generic status is under study (Nakahara et al., in preparation) and which remain for the moment in the genus in which they were described,  Euptychia(‘  Euptychia’  ordinataand ‘  Euptychia’  insignis, listed by Lamas [2004]as incertae sedis), and one species currently placed in  Pharneuptychia(  P. innocentia), closely related to  Pharneuptychia innocentia_01 in Figure 6, based on research by Barbosa et al. (unpublished data). As mentioned above, the placement of  Zischkaiain this clade was not supported in the backbone analysis ( Figure S1), but the increased taxon sampling within the FULL dataset seems to have helped in placing the genus ( Figures 6and S 2). The same relationship is found in the 4GENES dataset ( Figure S3), but support is slightly lower (96.5/87). The relationships among genera in the group, is however, still largely unresolved in all trees, with only the relationships between  Amphidectaand the undescribed genus containing ‘ E.’  ordinataand ‘ E.’  insigniswell-supported. Peña et al. (2010)similarly found these five generic-level clades to cluster together, except that  Hermeuptychiawas also placed in the same clade, as sister to  Amphidecta+  ordinata/  insignis. In our tree ( Figure 1), the  Amphidectaclade,  Hermeuptychiaclade,  Pindis,  Lazulina gen.n.and  Cristalinaiaare all separated by very short branches, and the much larger amount of sequence data available in our study in comparison to Peña et al. (2010)perhaps explain these topological disagreements. Here, we synonymize  Rareuptychia Forster, 1964  syn.n., with  Amphidecta, since the typespecies of the former,  Euptychia clio Weymer, 1911, is nested deep within  Amphidecta, being sister to  A. reynoldsi. Recently, the known species diversity of  Zischkaiaincreased by the addition of nine new species (Nakahara, Zacca, et al., 2019), and multiple  Argentaria gen.n.species require description. As noted above, the generic classification of this clade also requires additional work, with the description of two new genera in forthcoming papers (Barbosa et al., in preparation; Nakahara et al., in preparation). Currently, 33 species are recognized, but with the inclusion of undescribed species the clade is estimated to contain approximately 46 species. Members of the ‘  Amphidectaclade’ range from being relatively small to large, and, in general, females present a paler wing colour pattern than males. Some species of  Amphidecta, ‘  Euptychia’  ordinataand ‘ E.’  insignishave the uncus of the male genitalia inflated at its base in lateral view.  Zischkaiaspeciesin the ‘  saundersiiclade’ and  Amphidecta pigneratorhave a small but recognizable dome-like structure located posteriorly on the tegumen.  Amphidecta clio comb.n.also has reduced brachia and males of ‘  Euptychia’  ordinataand ‘ E.’  insignishave a developed eighth tergite with a weakly sclerotized region in the middle. Many species in the clade show rather notable modifications of the VHW ocelli, which may be elongated, split or partially fused with those in adjacent cells. The clade ranges from Mexicoto south-eastern Brazil, with its highest diversity in the south-western Amazon (southern Peruand adjacent areas of Brazil). As is common for most members of Euptychiina, hostplants for members of this clade are either bamboo or grasses in the family Poaceae( Beccaloni et al., 2008; Freitas, 2004, 2022; Freitas, Barbosa, & Marín, 2016; Nakahara, Zacca, et al., 2019).