Review of Pseudoaerumnosa Rudzinski (Diptera, Sciaridae), with the description of twenty-four new species Vilkamaa, Pekka Halenius, Pentti Ševčík, Jan Zootaxa 2019 2019-08-13 4656 1 1 42 6Z6Q 2058813 Rudzinski, 2006 Rudzinski 2006 [286,718,333,360] Insecta Sciaridae Pseudoaerumnosa Animalia Diptera 1 2 Arthropoda genus 6Z6Q 2058813 Rudzinski 2006 [496,709,1988,2015] Insecta Sciaridae Pseudoaerumnosa Animalia Diptera 2 3 Arthropoda genus   Redescription.Male. Small to medium-sized Sciaridae, wing length 1.4–3.5 mm.  Head. Brown, face concolorous with antenna. Eye bridge 1–4 facets wide. Face with 1–25 setae. Mouth parts strongly reduced, clypeus non-setose ( Rudzinski 2006: Figs. 62, 64). Antennal scape and pedicel normal. Antennal flagellum with 14 flagellomeres, body of flagellomeres asymmetrical, frontal part larger, with distinct apical margin, with dense, short and curved setosity, setae shorter than width of the flagellomeres; with some rod-like sensilla, neck of flagellomeres shorter than wide, body of 4th flagellomere 1.3–2.3x as long as wide in frontal view ( Fig. 1 B, C). Mouthparts reduced; maxillary palpus with one segment, with 1–6 pointed setae, with a dorsal patch of long sensilla ( Rudzinski 2006: Fig. 62, 64, 65).   FIGURE 1. A.Apical part of fore tibia, prolateral. B.4 thantennal flagellomere, frontal. C.4th antennal flagellomere, lateral. A:  Pseudoaerumnosa obovata  sp. n.(paratype from Ladan). B, C:  P. clavidactyla  sp. n.(paratypes from Danum Valley). Scale 0.10 mm.  Thorax. Brown; setae dark. Notum with many short laterals, with robust dorsocentrals. Postpronotum with some setae, anterior pronotum with 1–11 setae, proepisternum with 1–8 setae. Scutellum with 2 or 4 moderately long and many short setae. Wing ( Figs 2, 3). Fumose. Normal, broad (width/length 0.45–0.60), anal lobe variable. Veins distinct, R1 longer than R, joining before, at or beyond base of M-fork. Wing membrane non-setose, hind margin with dorsal setae, in some species also with ventral setae. Veins C and R5 with dorsal and ventral setae, R1 with dorsal setae, with or without ventral setae, bM and stCu non-setose, r-m non-setose or (rarely) with 1–2 setae. c/w 0.55–0.90, R1/R 1.15–2.65. Haltere with short stem. Legs. Yellow or pale brown, slender, setae dark. Tibial spurs 1:2:2. Fore tibial spur as long as or slightly longer than the subapical width of tibia. Left and right spurs of mid and hind tibia subequal. Tibiae without distinct spinose setae. Fore tibial organ unmodified, with a few slender setae only ( Fig. 1 A; Rudzinski 2006: Fig. 66). Tarsal claws simple, without teeth. Abdomen. Pale brown; plump, setae long, dark, and robust. Hypopygium. Brown, like the abdomen; setae robust and dark. Gonocoxa longer than or as long as gonostylus. Gonocoxaebasomedially fused, intergonocoxal area broad and short, without lobe(s), with or without microtrichia, medially with or without non-setose area ( Fig. 4), ventromedial margin distinct, semicircular or U-shaped. Gonocoxa with strongly sclerotized apical margin, with long setosity, setae slightly shorter at medial margin, apicomedial seta well developed or indistinguishable from surrounding setae, in most species microtrichosity restricted to basal and lateral parts. Gonostylusventrally and dorsally impressed or not impressed, with sclerotized basolateral apophysis, with a medial lobe, variably developed in the species, or medial side of gonostylus broadly lobe-like produced, the lobe or lobe-like medial side with 2 to 12 megasetae; megasetae slender, hyalinous and nearly straight or curved; with long apical tooth with a distinct basal part, both dark, apical tooth with small megaseta attached to its basoventral side; with rich setosity, usually with some narrow elongated setae on the apical and basal/basoventral side of the tooth, microtrichosity restricted to basolateral parts. Tegmen without basal sclerotization, laterally variably sclerotized, smoothly roundish or curved or acuminate, hyalinous apically, in some species microtrichose, with or without apical finger-like process; with tiny aedeagal teeth in groups, basal apodemes short. Aedeagal apodeme usually distinct.  Female. Unknown.   Distribution. Madagascar, Oriental Region, Papua New Guinea.   Discussion.  Pseudoaerumnosacan be distinguished from other genera of Sciaridaeby the following combination of characters: plump abdomen, maxillary palpus 1-segmented with a dorsal patch of sensilla, antennal flagellomeres asymmetrical with the frontal part larger (unique among the known Sciaridae) and with short curved setosity, the apical tooth of the gonostylus with broader basal part and a longer, narrower apical part with a short megaseta attached to the ventral side (such megasetae are also present in some species of  MohrigiaMenzeldescribed by Rudzinski (2006)); a medial (not dorsal or ventral) lobe on the gonostylus (a medial lobe is present in some species of  Scatopsciara( Xenopygina) Frey); hyaline, at least slightly curved gonostylar megasetae (hyaline megasetae present in various genera); a broad hypopygium with a short and evenly broad intergonocoxal area formed by the united gonocoxae (found also in  CratynaWinnertz); unmodified fore tibial organ (an unmodified tibial organ is also present in  EpidapusHalidayand  XylosciaraTuomikoski); tibiae without distinct spinose setae; a broad wing, a long wing vein R1 (always longer than R; a long R1 is also present in  CratynaWinnertz,  ScythropochroaEnderleinand  Trichosia( Mouffetina) Freyand in various undescribed groups of Sciaridae).  Pseudoaerumnosaalso always has a long c/w ratio. Like the subgenera of  Cratyna, Pseudoaerumnosahas setae on the postpronotum, although, if broken, their sockets may be difficult to detect in normal slide mounts. Furthermore, the colouration in most species is yellow or pale brown, contrasting strongly with the dark and robust setosity.  Phylogenetic characters of  Pseudoaerumnosa. Rudzinski (2006)postulated a close relationship between  Pseudoaerumnosaand  AerumnosaMohrigon the basis of reduced mouthparts (labrum, labellum and maxillary palpus); a long wing vein R 1 inrelation to R; R1 and R5 with ventral setae in addition to the usual dorsal ones, and a wide gonostylus with a group of mesial megasetae. However, the morphology of  Aerumnosadiffers strikingly from  Pseudoaerumnosain many characters: the body is larger, the whole hypopygium is highly modified with complex structures of the gonocoxa, gonostylus and tegmen, the antenna is unmodified and the fore tibial organ is large with a dense patch of setae (see Mohrig 1999).  Based on a phylogenetic analysis using four gene markers, ( COI, 16S, 18S and 28S) as characters, Vilkamaa et al. (2018)suggested that both  Aerumnosaand  Pseudoaerumnosabelong to the Cratyninae sensu Shin et al. (2013), with PeyerimhoffiaKieffer as the sister group of  Pseudoaerumnosa.  Furthermore,  Pseudoaerumnosais actually morphologically more similar to  Cratyna( Spathobdella)than to  Cratyna( Peyerimhoffia)in having the apical tooth with a broad basal part and a narrow apical part, the gonostylar megasetae of the similar hyalinous type, in having long slender setae apically and subapically on the gonostylus and in having a weakly sclerotized tegmen without basal sclerotization.  Pseudoaerumnosadiffers from Spathobdellain having the gonocoxae united, not separate, in lacking specialized setae apically on the gonostylus (on the dorsal side) and in having the antennal flagellomeres asymmetric, only a few setae in the fore tibial organ and the attached megaseta on the apical tooth of the gonostylus.