Two new species of semiaquatic Anolis (Squamata: Dactyloidae) from Costa Rica Chaves, Gerardo Ryan, Mason J. Bolaños, Federico Márquez, Cruz Köhler, Gunther Poe, Steven Zootaxa 2023 2023-07-25 5319 2 249 262 675PJ Chaves & Ryan & Bolaños & Márquez & Köhler & Poe, 2023 Chaves & Ryan & Bolaños & Márquez & Köhler & Poe 2023 [151,343,1792,1819] Squamata Dactyloidae Anolis Animalia 5 254 Chordata species robinsoni sp. nov.     Holotype. UCR 2463 ( Fig. 4) collected  15 March 1969by Oscar Blanco, an adult male from Palmastream bridge 5.1 kmsouth of Santa Marta de Santiago de Puriscal, 9.79230 N, - 84.39530 W, ca.  800 masl, San José Province, Costa Rica.    Paratypes(all from Costa Rica: San José Province ).  Adultmales: SMF 92437(collected  27 March 2010by Gunther Köhler) from Zona Protectora El Rodeo( Universidadpara la Paz), 9.90392 N, - 84.28169 W, ca.  825 masl;  SMF 92438(collected  27 March 2010by Gunther Köhler) from Zona Protectora El Rodeo( Universidadpara la Paz), 9.90355 N, - 84.28192 W, ca.  780 masl; UCR 2464 (same data of the holotype); UCR 16048 (collected  28 October 2001by Mason J Ryan, Robert Puschendorfand Brian Kubicki) from the west slope of the Cerros de Escazú, Río Jaris( 9.88460 N, - 84.27650 W, 500 ca. masl), close to the Zona Protectora El Rodeo( Universidadpara la Paz);  MCZR-186162 (collected  27 December 2007by Steve Poeand MasonJ. Ryan) from Quebrada La Palma in Alto Palma de Puriscal( 9.78890 N, - 84.39440 W, ca.  1000 masl).  Adultfemales:  SMF 92439, 92450–51(collected  27 March 2010by Gunther Köhler) from Zona Protectora El Rodeo( Universidadpara la Paz), 9.90364 N, - 84.28182 W, ca.  820 masl; UCR 2558 (collected 15 March 1969by Oscar Blanco and Douglas Robinson) and  MCZR-186161 (collected  27 December 2007by Steve Poeand MasonJ. Ryan) both of them from Quebrada La Palma in Alto Palma de Puriscal( 9.78890 N, - 84.39440 W, ca  1000 masl).   Diagnosis.  Anolis robinsoni  sp. nov.is a semiaquatic anole that is distinguished from all other  Anolisof Central America by male dewlap coloration (chocolate brown with ill-defined brick red horizontal streaks, Fig. 4B). The only other species with which  A. robinsoni  sp. nov.might be confused in the field are the other Middle American semiaquatic anoles  A. aquaticus,  A. lionotus,  A. poecilopus, and  A. barkeri.  Anolis lionotusand  A. poecilopusare easily distinguished from  A. robinsoni  sp. nov.by male dewlap color (dull orange-yellow in these species, chocolate brown with ill-defined brick red horizontal streaks in  A. robinsoni  sp. nov.), presence of enlarged postcloacal scales in most males (absent in  A. robinsoni  sp. nov.), and presence of a longitudinal zone of 10–24 enlarged middorsal scales (0–3 scales enlarged in  A. robinsoni  sp. nov.).  Anolis aquaticusmay be distinguished from  A. robinsoni  sp. nov.by male dewlap color (orange-red with yellow in  A. aquaticus, Fig. 5A) and possession of larger dorsal scales of the head and body (e.g., 15–20 scales across the snout between second canthals in  A. robinsoni  sp. nov.( Fig. 4C), 7–14 in  A. aquaticus; Fig. 5B, Table 1) and the size of the middorsal caudal row scales relative to adjacent scales (no more than two times in  A. robinsoni  sp. nov.( Fig. 4D), more than three times in  A. aquaticus( Fig 5C).  Anolis barkeriis most easily distinguished from  A. robinsoni  sp. nov.by its larger size (maximum SVL 91 mmin  A. barkeri, 74 mmin  A. robinsoni  sp. nov.), lack of distinctly expanded toe pads (ratio width of expanded pads/width of distal phalanx 1.8–2.2 in  A. robinsoni  sp. nov.versus 1.4–1.6 in  A. barkeri), and presence of a double row of middorsal caudal scales (single row in  A. robinsoni  sp. nov.).   Description of the holotype( Fig. 4). Adult male as indicated by dewlap and everted hemipenes; SVL 63.9 mm; HL 17.5 mm; HL/SVL 0.28; HW 10.1 mm; EOH 2.36 mm; IL 1.18 mm; IL/EOH 0.50; SLS-I 0.18 mmmm; AGL 23.1 mm; FL 16.6 mm; T4L 15.1 mm; T4W 1.42 mm; TL 10.4 mm, tail complete; TL/SVL 0.38; T4L 15.1 mmand T4W 1.42 mm. 18 scales across the snout between second canthals; two scales separate the nasal opening from rostral scale; nine postrostral scales between supralabials; nine supralabial scales from rostral scale to level of middle of eye; six scales separating supraorbital semicircles; one rows of scales separate subocular scales from supralabials; two slightly elongate superciliary scale; eight scales separating interparietal scale from supraorbital semicircles; 12 enlarged scales in supraocular disk; 11 loreal scales in column just anterior to eye; 11 postmental scales posteriorly in contact with mental scale between infralabials; 16 scales in the loreal region; 19 rows of single scales in the dewlap (10–42 scales per row, rows somewhat irregular); 2 middorsal scale rows slightly larger than adjacent scales; 16 dorsal scales in 5% of SVL; 12 ventral scales in 5% of SVL; 220 scales around midbody; 23 expanded lamellae under fourth toe; 26 small middorsal caudal scales before the first large caudal scale ( Fig. 4D). Preoccipital, enlarged infralabial, tail crest, middorsal, and postcloacal scales absent; supraocular disc presents small scales. Frontal region of head concave; scales in supraocular disc unicarinate; rostral scale with weak cleft and overlaps mental scale; ear opening vertically ovoid; dorsal edge of ear lacks ornamentation; mental scale partially divided posteriorly and with its posterior edge convex; dewlap extends well on to chest with anterior insertion at level of anterior portion of the eye and without protruding scales at distal edge; dorsal scales small, keeled with two middorsal scale rows slightly larger than adjacent scales; ventral scales in diagonal rows, keeled and larger than dorsal scales; lateral scales homogeneous; tail is compressed and triangular in cross-section with the base taller than wide; middorsal caudal scales in single row and its size is less than three times than the adjacent scales ( Fig. 4D); the longest toe of adpressed limb reaches anterior to eye and, supradigital scales keeled and multicarinate.  Color in life(male based on field notes and color photographs; Fig. 4A and 4B). The dewlap of males in life is chocolate brown with lighter orange-brown bars located centrally. The dorsal ground color is olive to chestnut brown with transverse olive–green bars across dorsum down flanks extending to tail. The head is uniformly dark or light brown. A cream-colored line extends posteriorly from the labial scales down the side of the body. Scattered small greenish spots are present on the dorsum. Scales on the tip of the snout with black pigmentation. The dorsum and tail are marked with olive–green transverse bars and the limbs marked with pale green to yellowish transverse bars with small punctuations.  Variation.  Anolis robinsoni  sp. nov.showed variation in the SVL of reproductive males (58.6 ± 11.0, 42.1–73.8 mm). Table 1shows the variation in lepidosis. The gular region of females is white with brown streaks. Females have a small brown to black dewlap. Transverse, dorsal olive-green bands of males varied between 7–8, with 10–12 tail bands; females had 7–8 olive–green dorsal transverse bars with 9–11 tail bands. In life, the dorsal coloration of both sexes may vary with transverse bands darker when cold or stressed (e.g., when held in hand).  Hemipenis morphology.The almost completely everted hemipenis of SMF 92438 ( Fig. 7A) is a stout bilobed organ. The sulcus spermaticus is bordered by well-developed sulcal lips opening into two broad concave areas, one on each lobe. A small asulcate ridge is present. The apex is strongly calyculate, truncus with transverse folds.   Etymology. The specific epithet is a patronym in honor of the late Douglas C. Robinson, who contributed enormously to the herpetological knowledge of Costa Ricathrough extensive field collections and by inspiring a generation of Costa Rican biologists. He received his Ph.D. from Texas A&M University in 1968 and studied the Mexican semiaquatic anole,  Anolis barkeri.   Distribution.  Anolis robinsoni  sp. nov.is known from the riparian gallery forests of the Río Candelaria basin ( Fig. 1), the foothills of the Montañas de Turrubares in the northwestern section of the Cordillera de Talamanca, and Río Jaris along the western border of the Zona Protectora El Rodeo. These areas are within the Tropical Wet and Humid Premontane forest life zones ( Holdridge 1967).  Anolis robinsoni  sp. nov.has been found at elevations between 500 and 1100 masl.   Ecology. Most of the following observations are from Márquez–Baltán (1994) and Márquez et al.(2005)from Quebrada La Palma. During the day this species is found on bare rocks and boulders along streams with dense canopy cover. At night it is found sleeping on moss and vegetation on boulders near the splash zones of small and medium waterfalls. Both sexes and juveniles were found no more than two meters from the edge of a stream. The operational sex ratio is approximately equal proportions of males to females ( Márquez et al.2005), and males share territories with one to three females. The estimated population density varied from 100 to 200 individuals per hectare and population size fluctuated monthly with a peak during the dry season. Reproduction occurs throughout the year with a lull in the wet season (May to November). Females lay 1 eggper clutch in cracks and interstitial spaces of boulders in streams. Up to 6 eggshave been found together suggesting that this species lays eggs in communal nest sites. Incubation times ranged between 75–82 days, and hatchlings are approximately 25 mmSVL ( Márquez et al.2005). 4164459313 1969-03-15 Costa Rica Santa Marta de Santiago de Puriscal 800 9.7923 Oscar Blanco 1 -84.3953 Palma 5 254 1 San Jose holotype 4164459307 2010-03-27 SMF Costa Rica 825 9.90392 San Jose Province 1 -84.28169 5 254 SMF 92437 1 San Jose paratype 4164459311 2010-03-27 SMF Costa Rica 780 6 255 9.90355 1 -84.28192 5 254 SMF 92438 1 San Jose paratype 4164459317 2001-10-28 SMF Costa Rica Cerros de Escazu 780 9.8846 Zona Protectora El Rodeo 1 -84.2765 Rio Jaris 6 255 1 San Jose holotype 4164459301 2007-12-27 MCZ Costa Rica 1000 9.7889 Adult 1 -84.3944 Quebrada La Palma in Alto Palma de Puriscal 6 255 1 San Jose paratype 4164459306 2010-03-27 SMF Costa Rica 820 9.90364 1 -84.28182 6 255 SMF 92439, 92450-51 1 San Jose paratype 4164459312 2007-12-27 MCZ Costa Rica 1000 9.7889 Quebrada La Palma in Alto Palma de Puriscal 1 -84.3944 6 255 1 San Jose paratype