New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 2024 2024-08-09 64 1 104 49K 2315720 [1091,1194,1242,1267] Gastropoda Animalia Trochida 7 8 Mollusca order     Calliostoma sororSimone & Dornellas, new species( Figs. 5-6) https://zoobank.org/ CDE3E0AC-2CEB-47BA-998B-EEDB2896B840  Types:  Holotype MZSP 121819, spm.  Paratypes: MZSP 166230, 1shell with same data as holotype, MZSP114401, 1shell from type locality ( Abbatecol.,  15.vii.2013);  BRAZIL.  Espírito Santo; Trindade (Oceanic) Island, Enseada do Lixo( Paredão), 20°31′29.8″S 29°19′43.9″W,  15.4 m, MZSP 121827, 1shell ( J.B. MendonÇacol.,  04.xi.2014), Andradas, 20°28′47.69″S 29°18′24.03″W, MZSP 104811, 1shell ( C.H. Guimarãescol.,  23.i.2012), coast between Andradas and Tartagugas, 20°30′11.85″S 29°19′11.79″W, MZSP 136531, 1spm ( J.B. MendonÇacol.,  05.xi.2013).     Typelocality: BRAZIL.  Espírito Santo;  Trindade Island, Farol, 20°29′52.3″S 29°19′15.6″W[ Joel Braga MendonÇacol.,  08.iv.2014].   Diagnosis:Trindade species with ~ 10 mmof adult shell and suture well-marked. Sculptured by spiral cords composed of successive nodes; cords interspaces smooth, equivalent to cords width. Umbilicus mostly closed. Epipodium with papillated edge, and 5 tentacles in left side,with tentacle 2 bifid. Osphradium small. Radula with narrow and tall rachidian, with sharp pointed, curved tip; robust lateral teeth.   Description:Shell ( Figs. 5A-E, H-M, 6A-D) about 10 mm; trochiform, as tall as wide. Walls thick, iridescent inside ( Fig. 5A, K). Color light orange-brown; with small brown spots, as wide as spiral cords, relatively densely distributed in some specimens, joined with some axial white bands ( Fig. 5H-J), similar pattern, but more scantly distributed in other specimens ( Fig. 6A-C); white bands absent with scanty brown minute spots in other specimens ( Fig. 5A-C), up to some specimens practically unicolor ( Fig.5K-M),with only some scanty spots in inferior surface; umbilicus always white ( Figs. 5C, J, M, 6C). Protoconch usually dark brown, protruded, with 1 whorl, of ~ 0.5 mm; first 0.5 whorl smooth, last 0.5 whorl with strong, successive axial threads ( Figs. 5D, E, 6D). Spire with angle ~70, teleoconch of ~7 convex whorls; suture relatively deep, performing angle ~150°. Sculpture of punctuated spiral cords, 7 inpenultimate whorl; smooth interspaces, with same width as cords; each cord composed of successive, aligned hemispheric punctuations, very evident in most specimens ( Fig. 5A-E, K-L), but in rare cases cords slightly smooth in last whorl, being punctuated in spire and in inferior surface ( Fig. 6A-C); last whorl with ~25 spiral cords.Aperture rounded,occupying ~45% of shell width, ~36% of shell height; prosogyre, ~30° with longitudinal axis. Outer lip with cutting edge, undulating reflecting spiral sculpture. Inner lip with strong vertical rafter as edge, flanked by shallow ( Fig. 5A, H) to relatively deep ( Figs. 5K, 6A) furrow; remaining as smooth callus. Umbilicus usually totally occluded by callus ( Fig. 5C, J) more rarely with shallow concavity ( Fig. 5M), still rarer with deeper concavity ( Fig. 6C).  Figure 6.  Calliostoma sororshells and anatomy of type specimens:(A-C) paratype MZSP 104811 (W 10.5 mm), frontal,apical and inferior views;(D) detail of apex of paratype MZSP 114401, apical view,scale: = 0.5 mm; (E-H) holotype details of anatomy, scales:= 1 mm; (E) pallial roof, ventral-inner view; (F) head-foot,left view;(G) same,right view; (H) same,ventral view;(I-K) holotype radula in SEM;(I) detail of right side,scale:= 100 µm;(J) detail of central region,scale:= 30 µm; (K) detail of marginal region,scale:= 100 µm. Operculum ( Fig. 5F, G): Rounded, highly multispiral, nucleus central; margin flexiclaudent, fragile; inner surface glossy. Head-foot of ~½ whorl ( Fig. 6F-G), head as wide as foot; ommatophores (om) elongated, with dark eye at tip; cephalic tentacles (te) located just dorsal to ommatophores, tapering uniformly. Snout (sn) of ⅙whorl. Foot large (~75% of head-foot volume), pigmented by light brown, with small white spots; cephalic flaps (cf) relatively small, simple; epipodium as short fold, with papillated edge ( Fig. 6H: ep), bearing 4 right, and 5 left epipodial tentacles ( Figs. 6F: 1-5, G: 1-4), each tentacle simple, tapering uniformly up to pointed tip, anterior tentacle as largest; second left tentacle small, white, bifid. Columellar muscle (cm) of 1.5 whorl, right posterior side slightly longer ( Fig. 6H). Opercular pad ( Fig. 6H: op) in middle level of dorsal foot surface. Pallial cavity of ~ ⅕whorl ( Fig. 6E). Gill very elongat- ed, posterior half of uniform width, anterior half tapering gradually up to bluntly pointed tip. Gill suspensory stalk (gs) with almost half of gill length. Osphradium (os) small, located in base of gill suspensory stalk. Rectum (rt) narrow, simple, full of fecal matter. Anus (an) siphoned (non-sessile), located posterior from mantle edge, close to right limit of mantle cavity. Radula ( Fig. 6I-K) about twice odontophore length. Rachidian occupying ~10% of radular ribbon width, ~twice longer than wide; stem rectangular; tip strongly curved inwards, tapering up to sharp pointed tip, having minute secondary cusps at both edges. Lateral teeth as 5 pairs ( Fig. 6J), base wide, oval, ~ ⅓of rachidian width; abrupt diminishing in long, flattened rod, as long as rachidian; narrow, arched inwards, tip sharp pointed; distal half of this rod with both edges bearing aligned small secondary cusps, each secondary cusp barb-like, minute, very narrow and pointed. Marginal teeth with ~35 pairs ( Fig. 6I, K), mote central teeth ~twice longer than rachidian, ~ ⅓its width; elongated, ~10-times longer than wide; basal 80% weakly arched, tip 20% strongly arched inwards,slightly broader, with both edged bearing 12-15 pairs of secondary cusps, each cusp triangular, ~3-times longer than wide in base, located close from each other; marginal row strongly arched, teeth gradually diminishing towards edges, more marginal teeth ~ ⅓size of more central teeth; inner set of cusps slightly longer than outer set of cusps.   Etymology:The specific epithet is based on the Latin word  soror,meaning sister, in allusion in being sister species of  C. depictumDall, 1927from the mainland coast.   Distribution:Endemic of Brazilian oceanic islands of Trindade and Martin Vaz.  Habitat:on rocks, from intertidal up to ~ 10 m, usually found by diving.   Measurements (W, H in mm): HolotypeMZSP 121819 ( Fig. 5A-C):8.3 by 8.3. Paratypes:MZSP 121827 ( Fig. 5H-J): 9.9 by 10.0; 114401 ( Fig. 5K-M): 7.7 by 7.9; 104811 ( Fig. 6A-C): 10.5 by 9.3.  Additional material examined:  BRAZIL.  Espírito Santo; Trindade(Oceanic)Island, PontadaCalheta, 20°30′18.72″S 29°18′31.67″W, MZSP 136733, 4spm ( J.B. MendonÇacol.,  25.vi.2015), 20°30′28.3″S 29°18′38.8″W, MZSP 104780, 4shells ( C.H. Guimarãescol.,  10.ii.2012), Tartaruga, 20°31′03.93″S 29°18′08.45″W, MZSP 104150, 1shell ( C.H. Guimarãescol.,  27.ii.2012), Andradas, 20°30′45.7″S 29°18′21.9″W, MZSP 140568, 6shells ( J.B. MendonÇacol.,  21.vii.2013), 20°28′47.69″S 29°18′24.03″W, MZSP 105364, 1spm (  06.ii.2012), Enseada do Lixo, 20°31′43.5″S 29°19′28.1″W, MZSP 105380, 1shell (  21.ix.2012), Farrilhões, 20°31′22.4″S 29°19′52.0″W, MZSP 115734, 2spm (  08.vii.2013), off E of, 20°30′15″S 29°18′22″W,  8 m, MZSP 101197, 1shell (  23.vii.2011);  Ilha de Martin Vaz, Westcoast, 20°28′32.32″S 28°52′00.38″W(  23.vii.2013), MZSP 115412, 4shells, MZSP 115403, 1spm.   Remarks:the present species I coauthored with Ana Paula S. Dornellas[Universidade Federal de Sergipe, E-mail: dornellas.anapaula@gmail.com], a Vetigastropodaspecialist.  Calliostoma sororis only similar to  C. depictumin the Brazilian region,as both species have deep suture,relatively small size, and the shell color pattern.  Calliostoma sororpossibly is derived from an isolated  C. depictumpopulation that reached the remote Trindade Island, or both species are derived from the same calliostomatids branch.  Calliostoma depictumwas recently reviewed, including anatomical aspects, which facilitates the present comparison ( Dornellas & Simone, 2013). Only some details distinguish both species.  Calliostoma sororhas its shell with the spiral cords entirely composed of successive nodes, this does not occur in  C. depictum,except for its first whorls, but the nodes fuse with each other, producing smooth spiral cords at least in the last two worlds ( Dornellas & Simone,2013);  C.sororhas punctuated spiral cords um to the last whorl. A single exception was found ( Fig. 6A-C), but the smooth spiral cords are restricted to last whorl and to superior region only.The spiral arrangement of nodes in  C. sororin first whorls are coarser and fewer than that of  C. depictum,in the third whorl, for example,  C. sororhas 4 spiral cords, while  C. depictumhas 5. The suture of  C. sororis usually shallower, while that of  C. depictumusually is deeper.The umbilicus of  C. sororis closed in most specimens ( Fig. 5C, J), slightly opened umbilicus is exceptional; wile  C. depictumthe umbilicus is always deep. Related to the anatomy,  C. sorordiffers in having 5 epipodial tentacles in left side, with the tentacle 2 bifid ( Fig. 6F), while  C. depictumhas 4 epipodial tentacles in both sides. The epipodium edge is entirely papillated in  C. soror( Fig. 6H: ep), while it is smooth in  C. depictum.The projected portion of the gill and of the anus of  C. soror( Fig. 6E: an, gs) are longer than those of  C. depictum.The osphradium of  C. soror( Fig. 6E: os) is very small if compared to that of  C. depictum( Dornellas & Simone, 2013: fig. 79). The radula of  C. soror( Fig. 6I-K) adds more distinctions if compared to that of  C.depictum( Dornellas & Simone, 2013: figs. 48-50); the rachidian of  C. sororis much narrower and longer, with a terminal tip much more pointed than that of the other species; the lateral teeth of  C. sororare more robust, while those of  C. depictumare almost filiform; the marginal teeth are similar in shape, but differ in number, being mush more abundant, ~50 pairs. There is no other  Calliostomaspeciesin which  C. sororcan be confused. [880,1217,1498,1523] MZSP 7 8 MZSP 121819 1 holotype 2013-07-15 MZSP Abbate 7 8 MZSP 166230, 1, MZSP114401 1 paratype 2012-01-23 2014-11-04 2012-01-23 MZSP J. B. MendonCa & C. H. Guimaraes Brazil Trindade (Oceanic) Island 15 -20.503292 Paredao 1 -29.319942 Enseada do Lixo 7 8 MZSP 121827, 1, MZSP 104811, MZSP 136531 1 Espirito Santo paratype [794,1225,1850,1875] Brazil Espirito Santo 7 8 1 Espirito Santo holotype 2014-04-08 Joel Braga MendonCa Brazil -20.497862 Farol 1 -29.321001 Trindade Island 7 8 1 Espirito Santo holotype 2011-07-23 2015-06-25 2011-07-23 MZSP J. B. MendonCa & C. H. Guimaraes & Tartaruga & Farrilhoes Brazil Trindade (Oceanic) Island 8 -20.504168 Andradas 21 -29.30611 PontadaCalheta 10 11 MZSP 136733, 4, MZSP 104780, MZSP 104150, 1, MZSP 140568, 6, MZSP 105364, MZSP 105380, MZSP 115734, 2, MZSP 101197 1 Espirito Santo 2013-07-23 MZSP Brazil -20.475645 West 1 -28.866772 Ilha de Martin Vaz 10 11 MZSP 115412, 4, MZSP 115403, 1 1 Espirito Santo