Cohen & Davis, 1969 :321 Trimma tevegae and T. caudomaculatum revisited and redescribed (Acanthopterygii, Gobiidae), with descriptions of three new similar species from the western Pacific Winterbottom, Richard Zootaxa 2016 4144 1 1 53 58V57 [151,380,1221,1247] Actinopterygii Gobiidae Trimma Animalia Perciformes 35 36 Chordata species corerefum sp. nov.   Figs. 11, 24–27, 31    Trimma tevegae: ( non  Cohen & Davis, 1969:321)—Winterbotton et al., 2014:88 (Group 1 only).   Material examined.All type specimens collected off the main islands of Palau.    Holotype.  ROM 100151, 15.2mm SL female, Uchelbeluu Reef(aka the Short Drop-off), SE of Koror Island, vertical wall with small caves and crevices, hard corals (  Acropora,  Montipora), hydroids, 07°16'28.7"N, 134°31'32.1"E,  13.7−25.9 m, 21 May, 2004, R. Winterbottom et al.    Paratypes.  ROM74795, 48(7.3–17.0), SW corner of Uchelbeluu Reef, hydroids, sea fans, variety of hard corals, 07°16'54.3"N, 134°31'38.7"E,  15.2–26.5 m, rotenone,  28 May, 2004, R. Winterbottom et al.   ROM80390, 23(8.3–14.4), Uchelbeluu Reefnear east tip, drop-off wall and steep gully with sand, numerous small caves, overhangs and crevices, 7°16'29.2"N, 134°31'32.0"E,  19.8–27.4 m, rotenone,  31 Mar., 2006, R. Winterbottom et al. (plus tissue specimen, ROMT00715).   ROM81393, 37(7.2–16.2), Uchelbeluu Reef, 07°15.963'N, 134°31.236'E, drop-off,  15 m, quinaldine,  10 May, 2007, P. Colin(all tissue specimens, ROMT07599–T07635). ROM 99084, 37(7.8–15.7), collected with the holotype.  ROM99086, (17.1), outer reef off Ulongpass to N of Ngerumekaul Pass, hydroids, sea fans, various hard corals, 07°18'11.2"N, 134°14'06.2"E,  15.2–30.5 m, rotenone,  26 May, 2004, R. Winterbottom et al.  ROM99087, (13.0), just N of pass to W of Ulong Idouter reef, some gorgonians,  Acropora,  Pocillopora, sponges, 07°17'44.2"N, 134°14'18.9"E,  18.3–30.5 m, rotenone,  7 Jun., 2004, R. Winterbottom et al.   ROM99088, 43(7.5–17.7), off SE coast of KororId, SW corner of Uchelbeluu Reef, corals, hydroids, 07°16'26.9"N, 134°31'29.3"E,  12.2–21.3 m, rotenone,  20 May, 2004, R. Winterbottom et al. ROM 1916CS, 4(13.2–19.7), collected with ROM 99088.   FIGURE 24.  Trimma corerefum, head papillae. A: left lateral view, 15.2 mm SL female, ROM 99084; B: dorsal view, 16.3 mm SL female, ROM 74795; C: ventral view, as for A. Papillae in a given row joined by yellow lines. Photos by R. Winterbottom.   FIGURE 25.  Trimma corerefum. A: Live specimens, Liang, Bunaken, Sulawesi. B: Freshly collected, lateral view of 14.4 mm SL female paratype, ROM 80390, Uchelbeluu Reef, Palau. Note displacement of right eye below left eye, and extruded gut between pelvic and anal fin bases. Photos: A by M.V. Erdmann, B by R. Winterbottom.    Othermaterial: Indonesia,  Sulawesi: ROMT12777–79, 3(11.8–13.2), Bunaken Id, Liang, south coast, 01°37.132'N, 124°45.473'E,  10 m, clove oil, 0  9 July, 2012, M. V. Erdmann.   ROM64645, 2(11.5–14.7), Manado, Bunaken Id, north side, base of drop-off, 01°37'41"N, 124°45'36"E,  16 m, rotenone,  29 Oct., 1991, J. Randall et al.    Othermaterial (identification not confirmed by genetic analysis): Philippines,  Negros Oriental,  ROM 101079, 6(14.4–18.5), SiquijorId, TongaPoint, 09°12'16"N, 123°27'16"E,  15.2–21.3 m, rotenone,  12 May,1987, R. Winterbottom et al.   ROM 101080, 1(16.2), SiquijorId, TongaPoint, 09°12'17"N, 123°27'14"E,  9.1–21.3 m, rotenone,  22 May, 1987, R. Winterbottom et al.   Diagnosis. A speciesof  Trimmawith a bony interorbital about three-quarters pupil diameter (68–85%), a fully scaled nape with the anterior rows cycloid in adults, a second dorsal spine that usually reaches the middle of the second dorsal fin, only two cephalic sensory papillae in row fon the chin and in row ron the top of the snout, 2–5 (usually 4) papillae in row dʹ immediately behind the maxilla, usually 13 (range = 12–14) unbranched pectoral-fin rays, and an unbranched fifth pelvic-fin ray that is 34–45% the length of the fourth ray. Freshly collected specimens have a reddish head and anterior nape except below a line bounded by the horizontal limb of preopercle, where they are white, the opercular region and abdomen are red with a liberal sprinkling of large, dark brown melanophores, a pupil-diameter wide white band across peduncle anterior to the caudal spot, which is an approximately pupildiameter dark marking on the posterior part of the peduncle and extending onto the bases of the caudal fin rays. Preserved specimens have four distinct groupings of small round black melanophores situated at the 3, 4:30, 6 and 9 o’clock positions around the eye.   Description.The description is based on up to 22 specimens, 13.0– 17.3 mmSL (mean 15.7) from four collections from the main islands of Palau. Dorsal fin VI + I 8(once I 7, n = 21), second spine elongated, usually reaching to about middle of second dorsal fin (adpressed tip of spine to bases 2– 4–7th rays of second dorsal fin, mean 4.1, n = 20, see also Table 1), all fin rays branched except for posterior element of last (first dorsal ray unbranched in two specimens), last ray 28– 37–39% (mean 33.5%, n = 13) of distance between its base and first dorsal procurrent caudal fin ray; anal fin I 8(n = 21), first ray usually branched (unbranched in 5 of 21 specimens), last ray 22– 35–37% (mean 30.0, n = 12) of distance between its base and first ventral procurrent caudal fin ray; pectoral fin 12– 13(mean 12.8, n = 21), rays unbranched, reaching posteriorly to vertical line above urogenital papilla to base of second element of anal fin; pelvic fin I 5, fifth ray unbranched and 34–45% (mean 39.2%, n = 17, broken in holotype) length of fourth ray, which reaches posteriorly to between bases first to fourth anal ray, pelvic rays 1–4 with a single sequential branch point; basal membrane only just forms a fold across midline beneath last prepelvic scale or attaches to sides of body near midline; no fraenum. Lateral scales 23; anterior transverse scales 8– 10(mean 9.1, n = 11); posterior transverse scales 7– 9(mean 8.1, n = 12); predorsal midline scales 10–11 (mean 10.4, n = 14), anteriormost scales cycloid ( Fig. 24B) but may be up to five scales with at least some cteni in posterior part of series, scales rimming orbit usually cycloid, scales reaching anteriorly to above anterior to middle of pupil; cheek with 1–2 rows of cycloid scales, uppermost row (if present) of one scale, row below it of 6–7 scales (mean 6.8, n = 8); opercle with 2–3 horizontal rows of 5–10 mostly cycloid scales (mean 6.8, n = 4, scales missing in holotype), often with 1–2 very small supernumerary cycloid scales dorsally, some larger scales may be ctenoid, dorsalmost row with 3–4 scales (mean 3.3, n = 4), second row 2–4 (mean 2.8, n = 4), third row, if present, 1–2 (mean 1.7, n = 3); pectoral base with 2– 3vertical rows of cycloid scales, with 0– 3inanterior row (if present), 2– 4innext row, and  3–4 inouter row; 6– 7cycloid prepelvic scales in midline; area between pelvic spine and ventral margin of pectoral fin base, midline of belly and sometimes anteriormost row beneath axil of pectoral fin base with cycloid scales, those adjacent to bases of dorsal and anal fins may be cycloid or ctenoid. Upper jaw with outer row of closely spaced, slightly curved conical teeth, decreasing slightly in size and becoming less curved posteriorly, reaching almost to posteroventral tip of premaxilla, inner row of conical teeth, larger near symphysis, decreasing in size posteriorly, reaching almost to end of premaxilla. Lower jaw with outer row of about 5–7 enlarged, slightly curved, spaced canines ending at bend in dentary, a single row of smaller conical teeth from symphysis to anterodorsal tip of coronoid process of dentary, additional short irregular inner row ending a little posterior to bend of dentary (description of teeth based on cleared and stained specimens). Tongue truncately pointed. Gill opening extending anteroventrally to below mid-pupil; gill rakers 2– 3+ 12– 14–15= 14– 17–18 (mean 2.9 + 14.2 = 17.1, n = 20). Anterior nares a short tube reaching anteriorly to above anterior margin of upper lip, posterior opening porelike with raised rim, separated from bony front of orbit by 3– 4times its diameter (mean 3.6, n = 8), nasal sac raised and on anterior one-third of snout. Bony interorbital 68– 85% (mean 74.5%, n = 11) pupil diameter; shallowly concave with slightly raised median fleshy ridge forming broadly rounded W in cross section; epaxialis extending anteriorly to point above posterior of pupil. Caudal peduncle depth as percentage caudal peduncle length 28.6–42.7 (mean 36.8, n = 11); head length as percentage SL 30.4–33.5 (mean 31.8, n= 17); as percentage head length, horizontal eye diameter 32.2–38.5 (34.6, n = 17); snout length 20.8–27.7 (mean 24.1, n = 17), cheek depth 9.0–15.9 (mean 12.4, n = 14). Cephalic sensory papillae as in Fig. 24, number of papillae in each row given in Table 2, occasional supernumerary papillae may be present. Abdominal/caudal vertebral transition TypeA, with haemal arches of first two caudal vertebrae expanded (based on 4 cleared and stained specimens).  Colour pattern. Live( Fig.25A). Sulawesispecimens overall reddish with a greenish-gold tinge dorsally below dorsal fin bases, dark blotch over width of end of peduncle and onto bases of caudal fin rays where it grades to dark red posteriorly, slate-blue lateral stripe tapering anteriorly and continuing over top of eye, constricted over dorsal margin of pupil to form two rounded spots connected by thin stripe, specimen on left of Fig. 25A with dorsoventral expansion of stripe to form light peduncular bar just anterior to dark blotch, lateral stripe somewhat expanded dorsally below beginning and end of second dorsal fin, top of snout orange-red with no central blue stripe, lower half of head just below eye abruptly white, which continues posteriorly over abdomen, a light spot at top of pectoral fin base, an orange stripe in anal and dorsal fins at middle of height, caudal fin with traces of yellowish stripes in membranes, other fins apparently hyaline.     FIGURE 26.  Trimma corerefum, 15.2 mm SL female, ROM 99084, Uchelbeluu Reef, Palau. Lateral head and anterior body  showing pigmentation. The characteristic four groups of small round melanophores are circled in red. Photo by R.  Winterbottom.  Freshly collected.Only one image available (from Palau), specimen distorted with right eye displaced downwards and inwards into buccal cavity, and gut extruded from body cavity between pelvic and anal fin bases ( Fig. 25B). Head, lips and anterior nape reddish with some dark, round melanophores, except below line bounded by horizontal limb of preopercle, where white, opercular region and abdomen red with liberal sprinkling of large, dark brown, irregularly rounded chromatophores ending at pupil-diameter sized white band containing a few dark melanophores across peduncle anterior to caudal blotch; dorsum varying from off-white to reddish- or yellowishbrown, with scattered dark chromatophores and some scale pockets outlined with small round black melanophores, becoming lighter in region above mid-lateral septum; an approximately pupil-diameter dark blotch made up of both amorphous dark and more clearly rounded and even darker melanophores on a red background on posterior peduncle, extending onto bases of caudal fin rays. Dorsal fin elements reddish, no apparent colouration in membranes of any fin (other than extension of caudal blotch onto bases of caudal fin rays).  Preserved. (Note: specimens which have lost scales tend to have a somewhat distorted colour pattern). Body pale straw-yellow, head with four diffuse round to oval groupings made up of small rounded black melanophores around eye at the 3, 4:30, 6 and 9 o’clock positions (circumscribed by red ovals in Fig. 26), a few slightly larger black rounded and diffuse brown melanophores on cheek, and few of latter on side of snout and on lips. Pigment on top of snout primarily of small, round dark brown to black melanophores ( Fig. 24B), with scattered larger, brown, amorphous pigment cells anteriorly, and more or less confined to central ridge in interorbital region. Posterior edges of scale pockets on nape and dorsal margin of pectoral fin base with small black round melanophores, a few irregular brown pigment cells on nape and opercle, becoming more concentrated on lower pectoral fin base and between it and pelvic fin origin. On body ( Fig. 27), posterior margins of scale pockets above midlateral scale row with diffuse bands of small black rounded melanophores with a scattering of larger, light brown amorphous pigment cells more concentrated near the dorsal margin, midlateral scale row with a few small rounded black melanophores on dorsal half and even fewer large light brown irregular pigment cells on ventral half; body below midlateral scale row with only latter pigmentation with number of cells decreasing towards ventralmost scale row. Caudal spot as for fresh specimen, but red colouration not apparent and at least some of pigmentation appears to be internal.   Etymology.The name  corerefumis an arbitrary combination of letters reflecting the Coral Reef Research Foundation in Palau. This organization, established and operated by Pat and Lori Colin, has not only spearheaded marine research in Palauthrough the efforts of its founders, but has also provided laboratory and research facilities while acting as a home away from home for innumerable scientists working on marine organisms of the Palauan Islands for almost a quarter of a century. The name is to be treated as a noun in apposition, and is pronounced “core-ref-um”.   Distribution.Based only on material examined in this study, the range of  T. corerefumis, with two exceptions, confined to sheltered outer reefs in the central one-third of the main archipelago of the Palauan islands, from off Ulong Islandin the south-west to Uchelbeluu Reef in the north-east ( Fig. 11). It was not collected during a three week expedition to the SouthWest Islands of Palau, nor at any other localities in the main islands. Two formalinfixed specimens, identified by morphology only, were collected on the north coast of Bunaken Island, northern Sulawesi. Three tissue samples from Liang (on the south coast of Bunaken Island) were analysed for COI, and nest within the 38 tissue samples of  T. corerefumfrom Palau. Six formalin-fixed from Siquijor Island, Philippines, were identified as this species(see “Other Material” above). It appears to prefer depths of 12– 30 m.  Comparisons.See under  Trimma tevegaefor differences between various similar-looking species.   Discussion.Females of this speciesappear to reach a larger maximum size than the males (17.2 vs. 14.6 mmSL in the typeseries). The largest specimen, an 18.6 mmSL female, is from the Philippines, as is the largest male ( 16.6 mmSL). Too few males were available to permit testing for sexual dimorphism in the length of the second dorsal spine of the first dorsal fin. 1288048879 ROM Iceland 20 7.274639 Uchelbeluu Reef 1 134.52557 35 36 ROM 100151, 15.2 1 Koror holotype 1288048878 1928-05 ROM R. Winterbottom 21 7.28175 Uchelbeluu Reef 1 134.52742 35 36 ROM 74795, 48 1 paratype 1288048882 1931-03 ROM R. Winterbottom 24 7.274778 Uchelbeluu Reef 1 134.52556 35 36 ROM 80390, 23 1 paratype 1288048865 2010-05 ROM P. Colin 15 7.26605 Uchelbeluu Reef 1 134.5206 35 36 ROM 81393, 37 1 paratype 1288048886 1926-05 ROM R. Winterbottom 23 7.303111 Ngerumekaul Pass 1 134.23506 Ulong 35 36 1 paratype 1288048863 7 Jun. ROM R. Winterbottom 24 7.295611 Ulong Id 1 134.23859 35 36 1 paratype 1288048885 1920-05 ROM R. Winterbottom 17 7.274139 Uchelbeluu Reef 1 134.5248 35 36 ROM 99088, 43 1 Koror paratype 1288048875 9 July ROM M. V. Erdmann Indonesia Other 10 1.6188667 Liang 1 124.75788 Bunaken Id 37 38 1 Sulawesi 1288048866 1929-10 ROM J. Randall Indonesia 16 1.6280556 Bunaken Id 21 124.76 Manado 37 38 ROM 64645, 2 1 Sulawesi 1288048869 2012-05 ROM R. Winterbottom Philippines 18 9.204444 Other 21 123.454445 37 38 ROM 101079, 6 1 Negros Oriental 1288048871 1922-05 ROM R. Winterbottom Tonga 15 9.204722 Siquijor 21 123.45389 37 38 ROM 101080, 1 1 Siquijor