Banks, 1898 : 218 Hormiga & Döbel 1990 : 202 Cabra-García et al . 2014 : 1029 Chamberlin, 1925 : 216 G. centralis Bufo G. foxi Glenognatha G. centralis G. minuta G. centralis G. minuta Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) Jimmy Cabra-García Antonio D. Brescovit Zootaxa 2016 2016-01-27 4069 1 1 183 3G97D Banks, 1898 Banks 1898 [151,561,1218,1245] Arachnida Tetragnathidae Glenognatha GBIF Animalia Araneae 147 148 Arthropoda species minuta     Glenognatha minuta  Banks, 1898: 218, pl. 15, fig. 15. (male syntype from Baja California, San Jose del Cabo, Mexico, Eisen & Vaslit leg., deposited in MCZ 125505, examined);  Hormiga & Döbel 1990: 202, figs. 25–30;  Cabra-García et al. 2014: 1029, figs. 1O, 3D, 4F, 6D, 8E, 9N; World Spider Catalog 2015.     Glenognatha centralis  Chamberlin, 1925: 216(male holotypefrom Panama, R. V. Chamberlinleg., deposited in MCZ 125347, examined). New synonymy.  Synonymy justification. We examined the male holotypeof  G. centralis(MCZ 125347) (collected from the stomach of a toad,  Bufosp.) and concluded that the specimen is a subadult male due to the undeveloped male palp sclerites. This conclusion was supported by the finding of a subadult male of  G. foxi(from Arizona, AMNH), caught in the molting process, that exhibits a similar palp morphology. After comparison with numerous  Glenognathaspecimens collected in  Panama, we concluded that the morphology of the chelicerae in  G. centralisis too similar with the diagnostic morphology found in  G. minutaspecimens; which is characterized by enlarged Ret2 and Ret3 ( Figs. 123A–C). The chelicerae orientation and the size of the tegulum, cited as diagnostic for  G. centralisby Hormiga & Döbel (1990), are not sufficient to maintain a separate species, as these characters can vary in  G. minuta. The unusual shape of the conductor, cited by Hormiga & Döbel (1990)also as a diagnostic character, could be an artifact of the developmental stage of the specimen, the preservation and the digestive process suffered.   Diagnosis.Males of  G. minutacan be easily distinguished from all other  Glenognathaspecies by the morphology of the chelicerae, which has a small Ret1 and prominent Ret2 and Ret3, the latter being bigger ( Figs. 123A–C). Females can be distinguished from all other  Glenognatha(except  G. emertoni) by the presence of an anterior cheliceral bulge ( Fig. 123F); distinguished from  G. emertoniby the well-developed spermathecae ( Figs. 125A–D) and the oval-shaped chelicerae in mesal view ( Fig. 123F).   Description.Male described by Hormiga & Döbel (1990). Additional data.  Male (  Mexico, Jalisco, Atenquique, AMNH). Habitus as in Figures 122A–D. Carapace brown, darker along furrows. Sternum brown with darker edges. Abdomen oval, dorsally with diffused irregular lateral bands. Silver guanine spots scattered in dorsal and lateral surfaces. Venter pale greyish with scattered silver guanine spots. Tracheal spiracle well-sclerotized. Legs yellow-brownish. Total length 2.37. Cephalothorax 1.10 long, 0.82 wide, 0.62 high. Abdomen 1.30 long, 1.12 wide, 1.07 high. Sternum 0.55 long, 0.60 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09. ALE 0.07. PME 0.08. PLE 0.08. AME-AME 0.06, AME-ALE 0.08, PME-PME 0.075, PME-PLE 0.075, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 1.8. Chelicerae brown. Three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth ( Figs. 123A–C). Ret2 and Ret3 enlarged ( Fig. 123B–C). Leg measurements: I: femur 1.37, patella 0.35, tibia 1.25, metatarsus 1.15, tarsus 0.65, total 4.77; II: 1.30, 0.32, 1.25, 1.05, 0.65, 4.57; III: 0.87, 0.25, 0.62, 0.65, 0.40, 2.80; IV: 1.08, 0.25, 0.87, 0.85, 0.47, 3.53. DTS 0.20. DTE 0.50. Palp as in Figures 124E–H. Distal end of the conductor lamina sharp ( Figs. 124B–C, 125H–J).   FIGURE 123.  Glenognatha minutafrom Mexico (AMNH). A–C, male left chelicerae. A, anterior. B, posterior. C, mesal. D–F, female left chelicerae. D, anterior (arrow, cheliceral basal segment projection). E, posterior. F, mesal (arrow, cheliceral bulge). Scale bars, 100 µm. Prt: promarginal tooth. Ret: retromarginal tooth.  Female (  Mexico, Yucatán, AMNH)(Note: the female is here described for the first time). Coloration and general habitus as in male ( Figs. 122E–H). Abdomen with silver guanine spots arranged in two longitudinal bands that extends to the lateral surfaces. Venter with a median diffused dark band. Total length 2.95. Cephalothorax 1.27 long, 0.92 wide, 0.85 high. Abdomen 1.75 long, 1.57 wide, 1.52 high. Sternum 0.17 long, 0.21 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09. ALE 0.07. PME 0.08. PLE 0.07. AME-AME 0.07, AME-ALE 0.12, PME-PME 0.13, PME-PLE 0.13, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 1.60. Chelicerae brown. Cheliceral basal segment with a mesally oriented distal projection ( Fig. 123D) and anterior bulge ( Fig. 123F). Three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth. ( Figs. 123D–F). Leg measurements: I: femur 1.57, patella 0.40, tibia 1.47, metatarsus 1.27, tarsus 0.67, total 5.40; II: 1.47, 0.47, 1.30, 1.20, 0.65, 5.10; III: 0.95, 0.30, 0.65, 0.70, 0.37, 2.97; IV: 1.37, 0.30, 1.05, 0.80, 0.50, 4.02. DTS 0.08. DTE 0.14. Tracheal system as in Figures 125E–G. Genitalia with well-developed spermathecae ( Figs. 125A–D). Uterus externus with a median projection ( Figs. 125A, C).   FIGURE 124.  Glenognatha minutafrom Mexico (AMNH). A–D, male left palp, schematic. A, ventral. B, conductor, ventral. C, conductor, dorsal. D, embolus, ventral. E–H, male left palp. E, ventral. F, dorsal. G, prolateral. H, retrolateral. Scale bars, 100 µm. C: conductor. CB: cymbium. CRa: conductor retrolateral apophysis. E: embolus. ED: ejaculatory duct. EMg: embolic medial groove. P: paracymbium. T: tegulum.   FIGURE 125.  Glenognatha minuta. A–C, female genitalia. A, dorsal (arrow, uterus externus median projection). B, ventral. C, lateral (arrow, uterus externus median projection). D, spermathecae. E–G, female tracheal system. E, dorsal. F, median and lateral trunks. G, tracheal spiracle, posterior view. H, male left pap ventroretrolateral. I–J, embolus and conductor. I, ventroretrolateral. J, dorsal. K, paracymbium. Scale bars, 100 (A–C, E, H, K), 20 (F–G, I–J), 10 (D). C: conductor. CD: copulatory duct. CRa: conductor retrolateral apophysis. E: embolus. EMg: embolic medial groove. LSD: long-stem ducts. LT: lateral trunk. MC: membranous chamber. MT: median trunk. S: spermathecae. T: tegulum. TAG: tracheal atrium gland. UE: uterus externus.  Variation.Male total length 2.1–2.6 ( N= 10; average 2.3), cephalothorax length 1.0–1.2 ( N= 10; average 1.1), femur I length 1.3–1.6 ( N= 10; average 1.5). Female total length 2.2–3.5 ( N= 10; average 2.9), cephalothorax length 1.0–1.7 ( N= 10; average 1.32), femur I length 1.2–2.0 ( N= 10; average 1.5). In specimens from  Panamathe cheliceral anterior bulge is more sharpened.   Distribution.Known in  Mexico,  Guatemala, Costa Rica,  Panama, Cubaand Republica Dominicana( Fig. 137).  Additional material examined (N = 30).   CUBA:  Cienfuegos: Soledad, [Jardín Botánico de Cienfuegos], [ 22º7´N, 80º20´W], elev. [ 50m], 1–11.viii.1934, P. J. Darlington leg., 1♂( MCZ125505).  New records.   MEXICO:  Jalisco: Atenquique, [ 19º31´N, 103º26´W], elev. [  1168m],  5.xii.1948, H.B. Leechleg., 1♂( AMNH).   Nayarit: Ixtlan del Rio, [ 21º1´N, 104º21´W], elev. [  1051m],  22.ix.1962, B. Malkinleg., 1♀( AMNH).   Nuevo León: Monterrey, [ 25º37´N, 100º17´W], elev. [  599m],  10.vi.1936, Davisleg., 1♂( AMNH);  Allende: Rio Ramos, [ 25º16´N, 100º52.13´W], elev. [  663m],  18.viii.1954, F. N. Youngleg., 1♂( AMNH).   San Luis Potosí: Tamazunchale, [ 21º15´N, 98º47´W], elev. [  135m],  25.xi.1938, A. M. & L. I. Davisleg., 1♂( AMNH);  Tamazunchale, arroyo La Chorrera, [ 21º15´N, 98º47´W], elev. [  135m],  28.iii.1937, A. M. & L. I. Davisleg., 1♂( AMNH);   10 mi. N.E. Xilitla, 21º27´N, 98º55´W, elev. [  132m],  19.iv.1963, W. J. Gertsch& W. Ivieleg., 2♂ 1 immature( AMNH).   Sinaloa: Piaxtla( River), 23º50´N, 106º40´W, elev. [  33m],  16.v.1963, W. J. Gertsch& W. Ivieleg., 1 immature( AMNH).   Sonora: Hermosillo, [ 29º5´N, 110º56´W], elev. [  235m],  9–16.vii.1953, B. Malkinleg., 1♀( AMNH).   Yucatán: Chichen Itza, Cenote Stolc., [ 20º40´N, 88º34´W], elev. [  35m],  10.vii.1948, C. & M. Goodnightleg., 1♀( AMNH);   26.v.1980, J. Coddingtonleg., 3♀ 1♂( USNM);  1♀( USNM).   GUATEMALA:  Petén: Tikal, [ 17º12´N, 89º37´W], elev. [  312m], 1931, Dice& Bartlettleg., 1♀( MCZ 125478).   REPUBLICA DOMINICANA:  La Romana: Guaymate(14 KmN), [ 18º41´N, 68º58´W], elev. [  264m],  16.ix.1984, R. Faitouteleg., 1♀( USNM).   COSTA RICA: [  San José]: San Jose, [ 9º56´N, 84º4´W], elev. [  1152m], E. Schmidtleg., 1♀( AMNH);  Machuca, [ 10º48´N, 83º36´W], elev. [  14m], N. Banksleg., 1♀( MCZ 66544).   PANAMA: [   Chiriquí]: Elvolcán, [ 8º46´N, 82º37´W], elev. [  1400m],  26.ii.1936, W. J. Gertschleg., 3♀ 3♂( AMNH). [  Panamá]: Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, [ 9º9´N, 79º50´W], elev. [  150m],  vi.1950, A. M. Chickeringleg., 1♀( MCZ 125496);  Canal Zone, Forest reserve, [ 9º9´N, 79º50´W], elev. [  150m],  29.i.1958, A. M. Chickeringleg., 1♂( MCZ 129050). 1701205226 MCZ R. V. Chamberlin Panama Panama 147 148 MCZ 125347 1 holotype 2556241805 152 153 2556241841 1948-12-05 AMNH H. B. Leech Mexico 1168 19.516666 Atenquique 1271 -103.433334 152 153 1 1 Jalisco 1701205245 1962-09-22 AMNH B. Malkin Mexico 1051 21.016666 Ixtlan del Rio 1265 -104.35 Ixtlan 152 153 1 1 Nayarit 1701205268 [274,1432,511,536] 1936-06-10 AMNH Davis Mexico 599 25.616667 Monterrey 1245 -100.28333 152 153 1 1 Nuevo Leon 1701205213 [151,1378,548,573] 1954-08-18 AMNH F. N. Young Mexico 663 25.266666 Rio Ramos 925 -100.868835 Allende 152 153 1 1 Nuevo Leon 1701205231 1938-11-25 AMNH A. M. & L. I. Davis Mexico 135 21.25 Tamazunchale 1264 -98.78333 152 153 1 1 San Luis Potosi 1701205221 1937-03-28 AMNH A. M. & L. I. Davis Mexico 135 21.25 La Chorrera 1264 -98.78333 Tamazunchale 152 153 1 1 San Luis Potosi 1701205260 1963-04-19 AMNH W. J. Gertsch & W. Ivie Mexico 132 21.45 Xilitla 1264 -98.916664 152 153 3 1 2 San Luis Potosi 1701205184 1963-05-16 AMNH W. J. Gertsch & W. Ivie Mexico 33 23.833334 River 1254 -106.666664 Piaxtla 152 153 1 1 Sinaloa 1701205209 1953-07-09 1953-07-16 1953-07-09 AMNH B. Malkin Mexico 235 29.083334 Hermosillo 1228 -110.933334 152 153 1 1 Sonora 1701205218 1948-07-10 AMNH C. & M. Goodnight Mexico 35 20.666666 Cenote Stolc 1266 -88.566666 Chichen Itza 152 153 1 1 Yucatan 2556241799 [515,1066,799,824] 1980-05-26 USNM J. Coddington Yucatan 152 153 4 3 1 2556241843 [1081,1230,800,824] USNM Yucatan 152 153 1 1 1701205261 1931 MCZ Dice & Bartlett Guatemala 312 17.2 Tikal 1279 -89.61667 152 153 MCZ 125478 1 1 GUATEMALA 1701205227 1984-09-16 USNM R. Faitoute Dominican Republic 264 18.683332 Km 1274 -68.96667 Guaymate 152 153 1 1 La Romana 1701205243 AMNH E. Schmidt Costa Rica 1152 9.933333 San Jose 1298 -84.066666 152 153 1 1 San Jose 2556241842 [269,1137,943,968] MCZ N. Banks Panama 14 10.8 Machuca 1297 -83.6 152 153 MCZ 66544 1 1 PANAMA 2556241798 1936-02-26 AMNH W. J. Gertsch Panama 1400 10.8 El 1297 -83.6 152 153 6 3 3 PANAMA 2556241821 1950-06 MCZ A. M. Chickering Panama 150 10.8 Canal Zone 1297 -83.6 Barro Colorado Island 152 153 MCZ 125496 1 1 3 PANAMA 2556241794 [151,1426,1052,1077] 1958-01-29 MCZ A. M. Chickering 150 9.15 Forest reserve 1300 -79.833336 Canal Zone 152 153 MCZ 129050 1 1