Banks, 1898 : 218
Hormiga & Döbel 1990 : 202
Cabra-García et al . 2014 : 1029
Chamberlin, 1925 : 216
G. centralis
Bufo
G. foxi
Glenognatha
G. centralis
G. minuta
G. centralis
G. minuta
Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae)
Jimmy Cabra-García
Antonio D. Brescovit
Zootaxa
2016
2016-01-27
4069
1
1
183
3G97D
Banks, 1898
Banks
1898
[151,561,1218,1245]
Arachnida
Tetragnathidae
Glenognatha
GBIF
Animalia
Araneae
147
148
Arthropoda
species
minuta
Glenognatha minuta Banks, 1898: 218, pl. 15, fig. 15. (male syntype from Baja California, San Jose del Cabo, Mexico, Eisen & Vaslit leg., deposited in MCZ 125505, examined); Hormiga & Döbel 1990: 202, figs. 25–30; Cabra-García et al. 2014: 1029, figs. 1O, 3D, 4F, 6D, 8E, 9N; World Spider Catalog 2015. Glenognatha centralis Chamberlin, 1925: 216(male holotypefrom Panama, R. V. Chamberlinleg., deposited in MCZ 125347, examined). New synonymy. Synonymy justification. We examined the male holotypeof G. centralis(MCZ 125347) (collected from the stomach of a toad, Bufosp.) and concluded that the specimen is a subadult male due to the undeveloped male palp sclerites. This conclusion was supported by the finding of a subadult male of G. foxi(from Arizona, AMNH), caught in the molting process, that exhibits a similar palp morphology. After comparison with numerous Glenognathaspecimens collected in Panama, we concluded that the morphology of the chelicerae in G. centralisis too similar with the diagnostic morphology found in G. minutaspecimens; which is characterized by enlarged Ret2 and Ret3 ( Figs. 123A–C). The chelicerae orientation and the size of the tegulum, cited as diagnostic for G. centralisby Hormiga & Döbel (1990), are not sufficient to maintain a separate species, as these characters can vary in G. minuta. The unusual shape of the conductor, cited by Hormiga & Döbel (1990)also as a diagnostic character, could be an artifact of the developmental stage of the specimen, the preservation and the digestive process suffered.
Diagnosis.Males of G. minutacan be easily distinguished from all other Glenognathaspecies by the morphology of the chelicerae, which has a small Ret1 and prominent Ret2 and Ret3, the latter being bigger ( Figs. 123A–C). Females can be distinguished from all other Glenognatha(except G. emertoni) by the presence of an anterior cheliceral bulge ( Fig. 123F); distinguished from G. emertoniby the well-developed spermathecae ( Figs. 125A–D) and the oval-shaped chelicerae in mesal view ( Fig. 123F).
Description.Male described by Hormiga & Döbel (1990). Additional data. Male ( Mexico, Jalisco, Atenquique, AMNH). Habitus as in Figures 122A–D. Carapace brown, darker along furrows. Sternum brown with darker edges. Abdomen oval, dorsally with diffused irregular lateral bands. Silver guanine spots scattered in dorsal and lateral surfaces. Venter pale greyish with scattered silver guanine spots. Tracheal spiracle well-sclerotized. Legs yellow-brownish. Total length 2.37. Cephalothorax 1.10 long, 0.82 wide, 0.62 high. Abdomen 1.30 long, 1.12 wide, 1.07 high. Sternum 0.55 long, 0.60 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09. ALE 0.07. PME 0.08. PLE 0.08. AME-AME 0.06, AME-ALE 0.08, PME-PME 0.075, PME-PLE 0.075, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 1.8. Chelicerae brown. Three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth ( Figs. 123A–C). Ret2 and Ret3 enlarged ( Fig. 123B–C). Leg measurements: I: femur 1.37, patella 0.35, tibia 1.25, metatarsus 1.15, tarsus 0.65, total 4.77; II: 1.30, 0.32, 1.25, 1.05, 0.65, 4.57; III: 0.87, 0.25, 0.62, 0.65, 0.40, 2.80; IV: 1.08, 0.25, 0.87, 0.85, 0.47, 3.53. DTS 0.20. DTE 0.50. Palp as in Figures 124E–H. Distal end of the conductor lamina sharp ( Figs. 124B–C, 125H–J). FIGURE 123. Glenognatha minutafrom Mexico (AMNH). A–C, male left chelicerae. A, anterior. B, posterior. C, mesal. D–F, female left chelicerae. D, anterior (arrow, cheliceral basal segment projection). E, posterior. F, mesal (arrow, cheliceral bulge). Scale bars, 100 µm. Prt: promarginal tooth. Ret: retromarginal tooth. Female ( Mexico, Yucatán, AMNH)(Note: the female is here described for the first time). Coloration and general habitus as in male ( Figs. 122E–H). Abdomen with silver guanine spots arranged in two longitudinal bands that extends to the lateral surfaces. Venter with a median diffused dark band. Total length 2.95. Cephalothorax 1.27 long, 0.92 wide, 0.85 high. Abdomen 1.75 long, 1.57 wide, 1.52 high. Sternum 0.17 long, 0.21 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09. ALE 0.07. PME 0.08. PLE 0.07. AME-AME 0.07, AME-ALE 0.12, PME-PME 0.13, PME-PLE 0.13, ALE-PLE 0.01. Clypeus height 1.60. Chelicerae brown. Cheliceral basal segment with a mesally oriented distal projection ( Fig. 123D) and anterior bulge ( Fig. 123F). Three promarginal and four retromarginal teeth. ( Figs. 123D–F). Leg measurements: I: femur 1.57, patella 0.40, tibia 1.47, metatarsus 1.27, tarsus 0.67, total 5.40; II: 1.47, 0.47, 1.30, 1.20, 0.65, 5.10; III: 0.95, 0.30, 0.65, 0.70, 0.37, 2.97; IV: 1.37, 0.30, 1.05, 0.80, 0.50, 4.02. DTS 0.08. DTE 0.14. Tracheal system as in Figures 125E–G. Genitalia with well-developed spermathecae ( Figs. 125A–D). Uterus externus with a median projection ( Figs. 125A, C). FIGURE 124. Glenognatha minutafrom Mexico (AMNH). A–D, male left palp, schematic. A, ventral. B, conductor, ventral. C, conductor, dorsal. D, embolus, ventral. E–H, male left palp. E, ventral. F, dorsal. G, prolateral. H, retrolateral. Scale bars, 100 µm. C: conductor. CB: cymbium. CRa: conductor retrolateral apophysis. E: embolus. ED: ejaculatory duct. EMg: embolic medial groove. P: paracymbium. T: tegulum. FIGURE 125. Glenognatha minuta. A–C, female genitalia. A, dorsal (arrow, uterus externus median projection). B, ventral. C, lateral (arrow, uterus externus median projection). D, spermathecae. E–G, female tracheal system. E, dorsal. F, median and lateral trunks. G, tracheal spiracle, posterior view. H, male left pap ventroretrolateral. I–J, embolus and conductor. I, ventroretrolateral. J, dorsal. K, paracymbium. Scale bars, 100 (A–C, E, H, K), 20 (F–G, I–J), 10 (D). C: conductor. CD: copulatory duct. CRa: conductor retrolateral apophysis. E: embolus. EMg: embolic medial groove. LSD: long-stem ducts. LT: lateral trunk. MC: membranous chamber. MT: median trunk. S: spermathecae. T: tegulum. TAG: tracheal atrium gland. UE: uterus externus. Variation.Male total length 2.1–2.6 ( N= 10; average 2.3), cephalothorax length 1.0–1.2 ( N= 10; average 1.1), femur I length 1.3–1.6 ( N= 10; average 1.5). Female total length 2.2–3.5 ( N= 10; average 2.9), cephalothorax length 1.0–1.7 ( N= 10; average 1.32), femur I length 1.2–2.0 ( N= 10; average 1.5). In specimens from Panamathe cheliceral anterior bulge is more sharpened.
Distribution.Known in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Cubaand Republica Dominicana( Fig. 137).
Additional material examined (N = 30). CUBA: Cienfuegos: Soledad, [Jardín Botánico de Cienfuegos], [ 22º7´N, 80º20´W], elev. [ 50m], 1–11.viii.1934, P. J. Darlington leg., 1♂( MCZ125505). New records. MEXICO: Jalisco: Atenquique, [ 19º31´N, 103º26´W], elev. [ 1168m], 5.xii.1948, H.B. Leechleg., 1♂( AMNH). Nayarit: Ixtlan del Rio, [ 21º1´N, 104º21´W], elev. [ 1051m], 22.ix.1962, B. Malkinleg., 1♀( AMNH). Nuevo León: Monterrey, [ 25º37´N, 100º17´W], elev. [ 599m], 10.vi.1936, Davisleg., 1♂( AMNH); Allende: Rio Ramos, [ 25º16´N, 100º52.13´W], elev. [ 663m], 18.viii.1954, F. N. Youngleg., 1♂( AMNH). San Luis Potosí: Tamazunchale, [ 21º15´N, 98º47´W], elev. [ 135m], 25.xi.1938, A. M. & L. I. Davisleg., 1♂( AMNH); Tamazunchale, arroyo La Chorrera, [ 21º15´N, 98º47´W], elev. [ 135m], 28.iii.1937, A. M. & L. I. Davisleg., 1♂( AMNH); 10 mi. N.E. Xilitla, 21º27´N, 98º55´W, elev. [ 132m], 19.iv.1963, W. J. Gertsch& W. Ivieleg., 2♂ 1 immature( AMNH). Sinaloa: Piaxtla( River), 23º50´N, 106º40´W, elev. [ 33m], 16.v.1963, W. J. Gertsch& W. Ivieleg., 1 immature( AMNH). Sonora: Hermosillo, [ 29º5´N, 110º56´W], elev. [ 235m], 9–16.vii.1953, B. Malkinleg., 1♀( AMNH). Yucatán: Chichen Itza, Cenote Stolc., [ 20º40´N, 88º34´W], elev. [ 35m], 10.vii.1948, C. & M. Goodnightleg., 1♀( AMNH); 26.v.1980, J. Coddingtonleg., 3♀ 1♂( USNM); 1♀( USNM). GUATEMALA: Petén: Tikal, [ 17º12´N, 89º37´W], elev. [ 312m], 1931, Dice& Bartlettleg., 1♀( MCZ 125478). REPUBLICA DOMINICANA: La Romana: Guaymate(14 KmN), [ 18º41´N, 68º58´W], elev. [ 264m], 16.ix.1984, R. Faitouteleg., 1♀( USNM). COSTA RICA: [ San José]: San Jose, [ 9º56´N, 84º4´W], elev. [ 1152m], E. Schmidtleg., 1♀( AMNH); Machuca, [ 10º48´N, 83º36´W], elev. [ 14m], N. Banksleg., 1♀( MCZ 66544). PANAMA: [ Chiriquí]: Elvolcán, [ 8º46´N, 82º37´W], elev. [ 1400m], 26.ii.1936, W. J. Gertschleg., 3♀ 3♂( AMNH). [ Panamá]: Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, [ 9º9´N, 79º50´W], elev. [ 150m], vi.1950, A. M. Chickeringleg., 1♀( MCZ 125496); Canal Zone, Forest reserve, [ 9º9´N, 79º50´W], elev. [ 150m], 29.i.1958, A. M. Chickeringleg., 1♂( MCZ 129050).
1701205226
MCZ
R. V. Chamberlin
Panama
Panama
147
148
MCZ 125347
1
holotype
2556241805
152
153
2556241841
1948-12-05
AMNH
H. B. Leech
Mexico
1168
19.516666
Atenquique
1271
-103.433334
152
153
1
1
Jalisco
1701205245
1962-09-22
AMNH
B. Malkin
Mexico
1051
21.016666
Ixtlan del Rio
1265
-104.35
Ixtlan
152
153
1
1
Nayarit
1701205268
[274,1432,511,536]
1936-06-10
AMNH
Davis
Mexico
599
25.616667
Monterrey
1245
-100.28333
152
153
1
1
Nuevo Leon
1701205213
[151,1378,548,573]
1954-08-18
AMNH
F. N. Young
Mexico
663
25.266666
Rio Ramos
925
-100.868835
Allende
152
153
1
1
Nuevo Leon
1701205231
1938-11-25
AMNH
A. M. & L. I. Davis
Mexico
135
21.25
Tamazunchale
1264
-98.78333
152
153
1
1
San Luis Potosi
1701205221
1937-03-28
AMNH
A. M. & L. I. Davis
Mexico
135
21.25
La Chorrera
1264
-98.78333
Tamazunchale
152
153
1
1
San Luis Potosi
1701205260
1963-04-19
AMNH
W. J. Gertsch & W. Ivie
Mexico
132
21.45
Xilitla
1264
-98.916664
152
153
3
1
2
San Luis Potosi
1701205184
1963-05-16
AMNH
W. J. Gertsch & W. Ivie
Mexico
33
23.833334
River
1254
-106.666664
Piaxtla
152
153
1
1
Sinaloa
1701205209
1953-07-09
1953-07-16
1953-07-09
AMNH
B. Malkin
Mexico
235
29.083334
Hermosillo
1228
-110.933334
152
153
1
1
Sonora
1701205218
1948-07-10
AMNH
C. & M. Goodnight
Mexico
35
20.666666
Cenote Stolc
1266
-88.566666
Chichen Itza
152
153
1
1
Yucatan
2556241799
[515,1066,799,824]
1980-05-26
USNM
J. Coddington
Yucatan
152
153
4
3
1
2556241843
[1081,1230,800,824]
USNM
Yucatan
152
153
1
1
1701205261
1931
MCZ
Dice & Bartlett
Guatemala
312
17.2
Tikal
1279
-89.61667
152
153
MCZ 125478
1
1
GUATEMALA
1701205227
1984-09-16
USNM
R. Faitoute
Dominican Republic
264
18.683332
Km
1274
-68.96667
Guaymate
152
153
1
1
La Romana
1701205243
AMNH
E. Schmidt
Costa Rica
1152
9.933333
San Jose
1298
-84.066666
152
153
1
1
San Jose
2556241842
[269,1137,943,968]
MCZ
N. Banks
Panama
14
10.8
Machuca
1297
-83.6
152
153
MCZ 66544
1
1
PANAMA
2556241798
1936-02-26
AMNH
W. J. Gertsch
Panama
1400
10.8
El
1297
-83.6
152
153
6
3
3
PANAMA
2556241821
1950-06
MCZ
A. M. Chickering
Panama
150
10.8
Canal Zone
1297
-83.6
Barro Colorado Island
152
153
MCZ 125496
1
1
3
PANAMA
2556241794
[151,1426,1052,1077]
1958-01-29
MCZ
A. M. Chickering
150
9.15
Forest reserve
1300
-79.833336
Canal Zone
152
153
MCZ 129050
1
1