Pairs in copulation of the highly dimorphic genus Pristocera Klug (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from Madagascar solve taxonomic problems of male-female associations Azevedo, Celso O. Alencar, Isabel D. C. C. Colombo, Wesley D. Zootaxa 2018 2018-06-11 4433 1 1 49 Klug 1808 [365,489,1442,1468] Insecta Bethylidae Pristocera GBIF Animalia Hymenoptera 2 3 Arthropoda genus    1. Mandible with four distal teeth........................................................................... 2  - Mandible with five distal teeth........................................................................... 4   2. Petiole very setose in ventral view (Fig. 9D); hypopygium with inner margin not dentate (Fig. 9I); genitalia with apical lobes long, ocuppying more than apical half of aedeagus; lateral margin of aedeagus parallel (Fig. 9J–K)......  P. julieni  sp. nov.  - Petiole glabrous in ventral view ( Fig. 13E); hypopygium with inner margin dentate, at least partially ( Figs 13J, 21F); genitalia with apical lobes short, ocuppying less than apical half of aedeagus; lateral margin of aedeagus sinouos ( Fig. 13K)........ 3   3. Petiole with midlength 4.0 × midwidth; hypopygeal chamber with latero-basal margin somewhat angled ( Fig. 21F); paramere shorter than basiparamere; subbifid, apical margin strongly emarginated, digitiform process absent ( Fig. 21G–H)..............................................................................................  P. levicolllis(Kieffer)  - Petiole with midlength 5.0 × midwidth; hypopygeal chamber with latero-basal margin smoothly curved ( Fig. 13J); paramere longer than basiparamere; apical margin outcurved, digitiform process present, thin, very short ( Fig. 13K–L)..................................................................................................  P. mauricei  sp. nov.   4. Petiole very long and tubular, midlength 6.5 × midwidth ( Fig. 17E); hypopygium with apical third abruptly narrower than base ( Fig. 17K); paramere without digitiform process; aedeagus subcircular ( Fig. 17L–M)...................  P. teetsi  sp. nov.  - Petiole never so long and tubular, midlength 5.0 × midwidth at maximum; hypopygium with apex somewhat narrower than base; paramere with digitiform process; aedeagus generally subconical........................................... 5   5. Basivolsella ventral surface folded....................................................................... 6  - Basivolsella ventral surface smooth...................................................................... 7   6. Hypopygium with apex beak-like (Fig. 5K); paramere with digitiform process curved upward (Fig. 5L)...  P. martyi  sp. nov.  - Hypopygium with apex hook-like ( Fig. 15J); paramere with digitiform process not curved upward ( Fig. 15K).................................................................................................  P. makungai  sp. nov.   7. Hypopygium with apex hook-like (Fig. 3K).....................................................  P. alexi  sp. nov.  - Hypopygium with apex beak-like (Fig. 1K)................................................................ 8   8. Parameral apex very curved inward; digitiform process apical in dorsal view ( Fig. 23 J–K); apical margin with small spine in ventral view ( Fig. 23 K); dorsal margin sinuous ( Fig. 23 J)............................................  P. cambouei   -Parameral apex not curved inward; digitiform process placed subapically in dorsal view; apical margin without small spine in ventral view; dorsal margin convex....................................................................... 9   9. Parameral apical margin at least somewhat concave (Fig. 1M; 19 L)............................................ 10  - Parameral apical margin convex ( Fig. 11J)................................................................. 11   10. Parameral apical margin strongly concave (Fig. 1M)..........................................  P. melmani  sp. nov.  - Parameral apical margin somewhat concave ( Fig. 19L)..........................................  P. zubai  sp. nov.   11. Paramere very expanded in dorsal view, about 2.0 × basiparamere width ( Fig. 11I)....................  P. morti  sp. nov.  - Paramere moderately large expanded in dorsal view, about 1.4 × basiparamere width (Fig. 7H)..........  P. gloriae  sp. nov.