A Possible Heptaxodontine and Other Caviidan Rodents from the Quaternary of Jamaica MacPhee, R. D. E. Flemming, Clare American Museum Novitates 2003 2003-12-09 3422 1 43 R D E Macphee & Clare Flemming, 2003 R D E Macphee & Clare Flemming 2003 [757,1010,464,488] Mammalia Heptaxodontidae Xaymaca GBIF Animalia Rodentia 15 16 Chordata species fulvopulvis sp. nov.    HOLOTYPE AND ONLY REFERRED SPECIMEN: AMNHM 268011, a left hemimandible retaining the incisor (presumptive i1) and excessively worn p4 (figs. 7–11). Recovered (but not then identified) in  January 1995by the senior author with the assistance of Lisa DeNault, Don McFarlane, and Alan and Adam Fincham.   TYPE LOCALITY: Brown Dust Passage of Drum Cave, near Entrance#3 (fig. 1). Drum Cave, part of the ‘‘upper’’ sequence of the ~  10 kmJackson’s Bay cavesystem ( Fincham, 1997), is located on the south slope of Portland Ridgenear Jackson’s Bay, in the southernmost part of Clarendon Parish, Jamaica. Entrance#3 is located at approximately 17°44'05̎N, 77°13'15̎W.  ASSOCIATED FAUNA AND DISTRIBUTION: A provisional vertebrate faunal list for late Quaternary levels in the PortlandRidge (Jackson’s Bay) caves has been assembled by McFarlane et al. (2002). The birds, which include some extinct forms, were identified and are now under study by Storrs Olson (Smithsonian Institution). Mammalian taxa recovered in Brown Dust Passage are either extant or survived until very recently (MacPhee and Horovitz, in press). The most significant agent of small­mammal bone concentration in Jamaican cave deposits is the extant barn owl,  Tyto alba. Since  Xaymacais evidently rare in such deposits, perhaps its size or behavior made it unlikely to be tracked by owls.  Quemisia gravis, a relatively large species, is likewise known from very few specimens ( McFarlane et al., 2000), although in Hispaniolan localities remains of other endemic rodents are encountered in great abundance ( Woods, 1989b).   ETYMOLOGY: Species name (‘‘of the brown dust’’) is a manufactured Latin adjective in the nominative singular in agreement with the genus name. Reference is to typelocality, Brown Dust Passage of Drum Cave.  DIAGNOSIS: Hystricognathous, lower premolar cylindriform and apparently hypselodont, showing marked apical hypertrophy. Other cheekteeth probably also cylindriform and hypselodont. Inferred features of cheektooth root development closest (among Antillean caviidans) to heptaxodontines  Amblyrhizaand  Elasmodontomys. Attributes of cheektooth ontogeny, alveolar construction, incisor procumbency, and other minor features are consistent with tentative allocation to Heptaxodontinae(family incertae sedis). The jaw is hystricognathous because its angular process is morphologically lateral to a parasagittal plane drawn through the incisor alveolar sheath ( Landry, 1957). Cheektooth crown morphology not yet known. As may be seen plainly in figure 9 (bottom), the shape of the deeply striated p4 and the structure of the alveoli for m1–m 3 in  Geocapromys browniiimmediately rule out referral to this taxon, the only extant hystricognath on the island and the only endemic of any age in the new species’ body size range. Not an echimyid, because cheekteeth of all known species of Antillean spiny rats exhibit furcated roots, prominent cervix, and deep enamel infolds. Not a clidomyine, because all known clidomyines are far too large to be confused with the new taxon and in any case exhibit a substantially different tooth pattern.  EXCAVATION RECORD ANDDATING: Detailed discussion of the stratigraphy, dating protocols, and chronology of the secondary deposits in Drum and associated caves is presented by McFarlane et al. (2002). The following remarks pertain to discovery of the  Xaymaca holotype. Pit 2, which yielded the holotype, was first opened in January 1995and subsequently extended in July and September 1996. This relatively large amount of attention given to one site in one cave was warranted because the pit also yielded a well­preserved humerus of the extinct endemic monkey  Xenothrix mcgregoriand a number of jaws of the equally extinct endemic rice rat  Oryzomys antillarum. The pit is located near Entrance #3, a major collapse feature (fig. 1). Excavations exposed ~ 1 mof deposits that have entered the cave through the collapse. A loose surface layer of limestone fragments, cave earth, and modern owl pellet debris 20 cmthick is underlain by a discontinuous calcite layer (< 2 cm). This calcite caps a distinctive and sharply delineated dark­brown layer of subfossil bat guano 34 cmthick, designated ‘‘Guano I’’, beneath which 6 cmof limestone fragments, clay, and huge concentrations of bone extend down to a second guano layer ( 3 cmthick) designated ‘‘Guano II’’. Beneath this, material extends to a solid calcite floor at 125 cmbelow surface, beyond which excavation did not continue. The enormous quantity of lightly cement­ ed small bones present in parts of Pit 2 formed a ‘‘bone cake’’ that had to be broken out and divided by hand. In this situation, dry screening was the only feasible method of recovering specimens. On the screen, representative samples of lizards, snakes, bats, and  Geocapromyswere collected by handpicking, but much material was also simply bagged for later identification. The jaw which became the holotypespecimen of  Xaymacawas missed on the screen and was not recognized as distinctive until we sorted the material at the AMNH in New York.  Boneis present throughout the Brown Dust Passagesection, but bone recovered from the Guano Iand II horizons (including the  Xaymaca holotype) is invariably and characteristically stained a deep brown color not seen in other layers. Thus, although it is known that AMNHM 268011came from a ~12­cm interval between the bottom of Guano Iand the bottom of the thin Guano IIhorizon, its stratigraphic position cannot be fixed more firmly. Fortunately, however, its temporal position can be fixed with considerable accuracy. Radiocarbondating of the acid­insoluble organic component (crude chitin) of Guano Iprovided isotopically corrected dates of 10,250 ± 80, 11,050 ± 70, and 11,260 ± 80 BP in correct stratigraphic sequence; similarly, Guano IIdated to 11,980 ± 80 BP (see McFarlane et al., 2002). Thusalthough there is some uncertainty about the exact position of the holotypewithin Pit2, its age can be fixed as lying between 10,090 – 11,420BP (2 sigma error), or the terminal part of the late Pleistocene. Improved constraints on the ‘‘last occurrence’’ date for Fig. 7. 3312995302 859340793 1995-01 AND, ONLY, REFERRED, SPECIMEN https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/859340793 15 16 AMNHM 268011 1 holotype 3312995303 TYPE, LOCALITY Jamaica Entrance Brown Dust Passage of Drum Cave Jackson's Bay 15 16 1 Portland 3312995304 16 17 Brown Dust Passage of Drum Cave 15 16 1 3312995301 AND 16 17 1 holotype