A new species of Astronotus (Teleostei, Cichlidae) from the Orinoco River and Gulf of Paria basins, northern South America Lozano, Alfredo Perez Lasso-Alcala, Oscar M. Bittencourt, Pedro S. Taphorn, Donald C. Perez, Nayibe Farias, Izeni Pires ZooKeys 2022 2022-07-18 1113 111 152 https://zoobank.org/ECF46E72-25E7-4F1A-A0FC-53581D75241E Lozano & Lasso-Alcalá & Bittencourt & Taphorn & Perez & Farias, 2022 Lozano & Lasso-Alcalá & Bittencourt & Taphorn & Perez & Farias 2022 Actinopterygii Cichlidae Astronotus CoL Animalia Astronotus mikoljii Cichliformes 0 111 Chordata species mikoljii sp. nov.   ; Figs 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 8a-8 , 9 , 10  Synonymy.   Astronotus ocellatus. Fowler 1911: 437 (first description with specimens from Venezuela); Luengo 1963: 337 (listed);  Leon1966: 1127-1134 (brief note); Fernandez-Yepezand Anton1966: 83 (listed); Mago 1967: 259 (listed); Mago 1970a: 76, 78, 80, 87, 88, 92, 96 (biological data), 1970b: 20 (picture, notes), 1978: 14, 15, 17, 22 (picture, brief description); Novoa and Ramos 1978: 134-138 (note, picture); Kullander 1981: 682, 683 (morphological description of Orinoco specimens, distribution);  Roman1981: 62, 136 (identification key, picture, note);  Cervigon1982: 354 (picture); Novoa et al. 1982: 312-313, fig. 62 (biological and ecological data, picture);  Cervigon1983: 118-119 (experimental aquaculture);  Ginezand Olivo 1984: 159 (note);  Ginezet al. 1984: 184 (notes); Taphorn and Lilyestrom 1984: 70, 71, 74, 75, 75, 83, 84 (ecological data);  Roman1985: 33 (brief morphological description, note, picture); Kullander 1986: 68 (taxonomic status); Novoa 1986: 245 (note); Machado-Allison 1987: 30, 31, 32, 39, 42,43, 47, 48, 60, 61, 62, 94, 114 (biological and ecological data, juvenile picture); Machado-Allison et al. 1987: 136 (listed); Lasso 1988: 371, 372, 381 (list, note);  Roman1988: 62 (identification key, picture); Rengifo 1989: 9-16 (note); Winemiller 1989a: 180 (ecological data), 1989b: 241 (ecological data); Novoa 1990: 396 (listed); Rodriguezand Lewis 1990: 322 (listed); Winemiller 1990: 665-672 (ecological data), 1991: 360 (ecological data); Monente 1992: 137 (note);  Roman1992: 33 (picture, notes); Machado-Allison 1993: 30, 31, 39, 43, 48, 61, 94, 114 (biological and ecological data, picture); Machado-Allison and Moreno 1993: 83 (note); Royero 1993: 98 (listed); Barbarino-Duque and Taphorn 1994: 100, 101 (note, picture); Winemiller 1996: 111, 112, 129 (ecological data); Winemiller et al. 1996: 26, 38 (biological and ecological data); Rodriguezand Lewis 1997: 114 (ecological data); Fuller et al. 1999: 415 (listed); Lasso et al. 1999: 28 (listed, note); Mojica 1999: 564 (listed, note); Maldonado-Ocampo 2001; 68, 71 (listed, note): Lasso et al. 2003a: 188 (listed, note), 2003b: 244 (listed, note), 2003c: 287 (listed, brief description, note); Machado-Allison 2003: 568 (listed, note);  Ajiaco-Martinezet al. 2012: 144 (listed); Herrera et al. 2012: 65 (listed); Machado-Allison et al. 2013: 305, 307, 332 (listed, note); Ortega-Lara 2016: 81 (picture, listed);  Ramirez-Giland Ajiaco-Martinez2016: 131 (table 3: listed); DoNascimiento et al. 2017: 99 (listed, note); Winemiller et al. 2018: 5, 6 (listed, ecological data).  Astronotus cf. ocellatus. Lasso et al. 1999: 28 (listed); Lasso and Machado-Allison 2000: 56, 57, 154 (diagnostic features, type locality, note, picture); Lasso et al. 2003b: 244 (listed, note), 2003c: 287 (listed, taxonomic note); Lasso 2004: 377,378 (diagnostic, features, biological and ecological data); Taphorn et al. 2005: 24, 30, 32, 34 (listed, notes); Medina and Bonilla 2006: 3, 4, 6, 9 (picture, genetic data); Marcano et al. 2007: 46 (listed); Brito et al. 2011: 310 (diagnostic features, note, picture);  Echeverriaand Machado-Allison 2015: 81, 83 (listed), Machado-Allison et al. 2018: 442, 443, 454, 455, 483 (picture, painting, morphologic description, biological and ecological data).   Astronotussp. Lasso et al. 2003a: 188 (ecological data);  Rodriguez-Olarteet al. 2003: 205, 211 (listed ecological data); Antonio and Lasso 2004: 92, 93, 107 (diagnostic features, comparative material, note); Campo 2004: 59 (listed); Hoeinghaus et al. 2004: 88, 92 (listed, notes); Lasso et al. 2004: 148 (listed, note);  Lopez-Fernandezet al. 2005: 646, 649-651 (morphological characters); Galvis et al. 2007: 272, 394 (diagnostic features, note, picture); Lasso et al. 2009a: 119 (listed, note), 2009b: 143 (listed, note), 2010: 57, 71 (listed, brief description, note); Machado-Allison et al. 2010: 223 (listed); Lasso et al. 2011a: 64 (listed, note), 2011b: 102-108 (listed, identification key); Villa-Navarro et al. 2011: 277 (listed); Machado-Allison et al. (2013): 305, 307, 332 (listed, notes); Lasso et al. 2014: 103 (note, picture); Usma et al. 2016: 117 (listed).  Type material.   Holotype.MCNG 56677 (225.1 mm SL), Venezuela. Estado Apure, Pedro Camejo Municipio in a small stream (tributary of the Arauca River), 07°33'14.08"N, 67°38'44.06"W, 13 Jun 2015, PerezA. and Alfonso R. leg. (Fig. 3; Tables 1, 2).   Figure 3.  Astronotus mikoljiisp. nov., preserved holotype MCNG 56677 (240.12 mm SL), Venezuela., Estado Apure, Municipio Pedro Camejo in a small stream tributary of Arauca River. Photograph: Ivan Mikolji.   Paratypes.MCNG 56678 (5, 175.3-200.4 mm SL); MBUCV 35750 (1,144.4 mm SL); MHNLS 26123 (1, 140.4 mm SL); INPA-ICT 057800 (2, 112.3-143.4 mm SL); EBRG 11061 (1, 152.2 mm SL), Venezuela, Estado Apure, Municipio Pedro Camejo, small tributary stream of the Arauca River, same date and collectors as holotype; Venezuela, ANSP 37896 (1, 124.5 mm SL). Estado Monagas, Las Piedritas CanoUracoa, 24.9 km SW of Uracoa, 8°48'9.00"N, 62°28'25.00"W, 12 Feb 1911, Bond F. and Brown S. leg.; MHNLS 198 (5, 97.5-116.7 mm SL) Estado Apure, Achaguas, RioApure, 7°55'35"N, 68°28'47"W, 10, Jan 1951, Fernandez-YepezA. leg.; MHNLS 3551 (2, 109.1-121.9 mm SL). Estado AnzoateguiLaguna de Mamo, 1 km south of Juasiullal, right bank of the Orinoco River, 7°25'57"N, 63°7'8"W, 22 Jan 1981, Feo G., PerezL., Ovidio H. leg.; MHNLS 3776 (3, 98.7-115.9 mm SL) Estado Bolivar, Orinoco River, Fajardo Island Main channel, May 05, 1975, KoepkeH.; MHNLS 3777 (1, 119.1 mm SL) Estado Bolivar, Orinoco River, Fajardo Island Main channel, 19 Apr 1974, KoepkeH. leg.; MHNLS 4850 (1, 79.1 mm SL) Estado Bolivar, Rio Claro Lagoon, approximately 15 Km East of San Felix, 02 Apr 1986, PerezL. leg.; MHNLS 4914 (1, 121.7 mm SL) Estado Bolivar, Residual Lagoon, Hato Puga; approximately 25 km East of San Felix, 11 Apr 1986, PerezL. leg.; MHNLS 4915 (1, 121.6 mm SL) Estado Bolivar, Laguna Chirere approximately 30 km west of Puerto Ordaz, 04 Apr 1986, PerezL. leg.; MHNLS 4916 (1, 117.3 mm SL) Estado Bolivar, Laguna RioClaro approximately 15 km East of San Felix, 07 Apr 1987, Lasso C. PerezL. leg.; MHNLS 7860 (2, 94.0-107.5 mm SL) Estado Cojedes, El Baul, 8°54'48.60"N, 68°17'17.52"W, 15 Apr 1984, B. Romanleg.; MHNLS 9022 (1, 85.3 mm SL) Estado Bolivar, Caicara del Orinoco, Rio Aripao to Chaviripa River, 26 Mar 1986, B. Romanleg.; MHNLS 9050 (1, 125.6 mm SL) Estado Guarico, Esteros de Camaguan, 6 May 1984, B Romanleg.; MHNLS 11719 (1, 118 mm SL) Estado Apure, CanoGuaritico Hato El Frio, 7°52'35.00"N, 66°55'57.00"W, 18 Jan 1991, Lasso-AlcalaO. Lasso C. leg.; MHNLS 13094 (1, 201.5 mm SL) Estado Bolivar, Laguna Patiquinfloodplain CanoMato, tributary of Caura River, 7°9'16.00"N, 65°11'57.00"W, 23 Mar 1998, Vispo, C. leg.; MHNLS 13812 (2, 108.7-119.3 mm SL) Estado Delta Amacuro, Orinoco River Delta, CanoIbaruma, Serraniade Imataca, 8°1'0.00"N, 60°47'0.00"W, 24 Jan 2003, Ponte V. leg.; MCNG 3608 (1, 148.9 mm SL) Estado Apure, Modules of UNELLEZ area adjacent to south of dike CanoCaicara, 7°25'30.00"N, 69°32'20.00"W, 2 Jun 1981, Donald Taphorn leg.; MCNG 2522 (1, 106.6 mm SL) Estado Apure, 3.4 km south of Bruzual bridge west side of road, 8°01'20.00"N, 69°20'50.00"W, 17 Nov 1980, Donald Taphorn leg.; MCNG 1832 (1, 118.5 mm SL) Estado Apure, 3.4 km south of Bruzual bridge 8°01'20.00"N, 69°20'50.00"W, 15 Nov 1980, Donald Taphorn leg.; MCNG 5993 (1, 101.3 mm SL) Estado Apure, Hato el Frio, 30 Sep 1979, Craig Lilyestrom leg.; MCNG 4994 (3, 193.1-210.1 mm SL) Estado Apure, Modules Fernando Corrales (UNELLEZ) dike east, 7°29'30.00"N, 69°31'W, 27 Nov 1981, Donald Taphorn leg.; MCNG 32543 (1, 101.6 mm SL) Estado Barinas, culvert 10 km NW of Libertad on road to Barinas 8°20'3.00"N, 69°43'41.00"W, 25 Jan 1995, John Armbruster leg.; MCNG 1675 (4, 197.4-240.7 mm SL) Estado Barinas, borrow pit at end of runway at Arismendi, 8°29'50.00"N, 68°21'20.00"W, 14 Sep 1980, Donald Taphorn leg.; MCNG 32596 (1, 161.9 mm SL) Estado Barinas, RioCaipe, to the east of town La Luz, 8°24'31.00"N, 69°48'19.00"W, 26 Jan 1995, John Armbruster leg.; MCNG 26930 (2, 112.50-104.90 mm SL) Estado Cojedes, San Geronimo in Hato Santa Clara, 02 Nov 1991, Manuel Gonzalez Fernandez leg.; MCNG 789 (2, 185.6-193.4 mm SL) Estado Delta Amacuro, CanoPaloma Orinoco River Delta, 21 Feb 1978, John Lundberg leg.; MCNG 32033 (1, 195 mm SL) Estado Guarico, P.N. Aguaro-Guariquito, RioAguaro at El Paso to Medano Gomez, 7°50'27.00"N, 66°30'23.00"W, 01 Nov 1995, Donald Taphorn leg.; MCNG 32006 (2, 152.2 mm SL) Estado Guarico, P.N. Aguaro-Guariquito, RioAguaro in Laguna Begonia, 7°52'6.00"N, 66°30'36.00"W, 01 Nov 1995, Donald Taphorn leg.; MCNG 25187 (1, 183.3 mm SL) Estado Guarico, Calabozo highway, Camaguan, 14 Jan 1982, Otto Castillo leg.; MCNG 32739 (1, 180.1 mm SL) Estado Guarico, P.N. Aguaro-Guariquito, Laguna Medano Gomez, 06 Aug 1995, Aniello Barbarino-Duque leg.; MCNG 11580 (2, 101.8-122.3 mm SL) Estado Guarico, borrow pit in savannah 2.3 km from San Fernando de Apure between km 305 and 306, 7°55'20.00"N, 67°28'20.00"W, 22 Mar 1981, Donald Taphorn leg.; MCNG 26815 (3, 90.5-109.0 mm SL) Estado Portuguesa, CanoMaraca, 8°53'11.00"N, 69°29'18.00"W, 13 Jan 1992, Larry Page, Pat Ceas, Brooks Burr, Steve Walsh, Chris Taylor, Leo Nico, Kirk Winemiller leg.; MCNG 15461 (1, 127.4 mm SL) Estado Portuguesa, Brazo del CanoMaraca at ranch of DarioUrriola, 26 Oct 1984, Kirk Winemiller leg.; MCNG 9097 (3, 112.3-138.1 mm SL) Estado Portuguesa, borrow pit N of Moritas east of Guanare-Las Moritas road, 8°45'30.00"N, 69°34'30.00"W, 03 Jan 1979, Donald Taphorn leg.; MCNG 5740 (1, 110.6 mm SL) Estado Portuguesa, CanoMaraca at bridge via Guanarito, Km 60, 8°49'50.00"N, 69°20'20.00"W, 28 Aug 1980, Donald Taphorn leg.; MCNG 29650 (1, 112.3 mm SL) Estado Portuguesa, CanoSan Josebetween Guanarito and La Capilla, 8°41'9.00"N, 68°56'49.00"W, 01 Mar 1994, John Armbruster leg.; Colombia • MHNLS 23575 (1, 114.7 mm SL), Departamento de Vichada, Canodrainage of Laguna Cajaro right bank of the Guaviare River, 3°58'14.00"N, 67°59'8.00"W, 16 Feb 2008; C. Lasso M. Sierra. M. PatinoF. Villa. A. Ortega. leg.; MHNLS 24053 (1, 218 mm SL), Departamento de Vichada, CanoVitina right bank affluent, Rio Iniridaupstream from Caranacoa beach, 3°44'30.00"N, 67°56'10.00"W, 21 Feb 2008, C. Lasso. M. Sierra M. PatinoF. Villa A. Ortega. leg.; MHNLS 24054 (1, 227.5 mm SL), Departamento de Vichada, CanoVitina tributary right bank Rio Inirida, upstream from Playa de Caranacoa, 3°44'30.00"N, 67°56'10.00"W, 21 Feb 2008, C. Lasso M. Sierra M. PatinoF. Villa; A. Ortega leg.; MHNLS 24059 (1, 205.5 mm SL), Departamento de Vichada, Peluame Lagoon, left Bank Guaviare River, near Guaviare-IniridaConfluence, 3°57'51.00"N, 67°55'W, 17 Feb 2008, C. Lasso M. Sierra M. PatinoF. Villa A. Ortega; S. Usma leg.; MHNLS 24061 (1, 211.5 mm SL), Departamento de Vichada, Laguna Bolivar, left bank, flooded area, Orinoco River, between Guanayana and Amanaven farms, 4°7'N, 67°45'W, 26 Feb 2008, C. Lasso M. Sierra M. PatinoF. Villa leg.; MHNLS 24064 (1, 226 mm SL), Departamento de Vichada, CanoVitina, tributary right bank Rio Inirida, upstream of Playa de Caranacoa, 3°44'30.00"N, 67°56'10.00"W, 21 Feb 2008, C. Lasso M. Sierra M. PatinoF. Villa; A. Ortega leg.   Table 1.Comparison of morphometric data from  Astronotus mikoljiisp. nov.,  A. ocellatusand  A. crassipinnis. The measurements are expressed in mm; all other measurements are expressed as percentage of SL as mean ( X); standard deviation ( +/-SD), and range (min - max).    Morphometric variable   A. mikoljiisp. nov.   A. crassipinnis   A. ocellatus   X( +/-SD) (min-max)  X( +/-SD) (min-max)  X( +/-SD) (min-max)  Head length (H) 36.72 +/-1.85 (31.78-42.76) 35.01 +/-1.25 (32.44-36.75) 33.26 +/-1.65 (30.50-36.50)  Snout length (snout) 11.53 ( +/-1.23) (9.09-14.86) 5.36 ( +/-0.85) (4.12-6.97) 10.67 ( +/-0.67) (9.18-1.73)  Body depth (body) 46.5 ( +/-3.43) (39.18-53.57) 51.26 ( +/-1.86) (49.03-55.50) 46.19 ( +/-3.36) (40.38-52.29)  Orbital diameter (O) 9.06 ( +/-1.09) (7.25-12.35) 7.36 ( +/-0.64) (6.14-8.36) 7.73 ( +/-1.18) (6.02-11.32)  Head width (HW) 21.83 ( +/-1.11) (19.49-25.41) 21.53 ( +/-1.32) (19.65-23.78) 19.64 ( +/-3.31) (8.13-23.25)  Inter-orbital width (Int-Orb) 13.8 ( +/-1.11) (12.2-17.89) 14.19 ( +/-1.39) (11.49-16.78) 14.79 ( +/-2.00) (13.32-21.89)  Pre-orbital depth (Pre-Orb) 14.22 ( +/-1.88) (11.09-18.06) 10.14 ( +/-1.13) (8.62-13.02) 15.91 ( +/-1.47) (13.98-18.72)  Caudal peduncle depth 17.29 ( +/-1.05) (15.01-20.14) 17.1 ( +/-0.62) (15.65-18.22) 16.45 ( +/-1.13) (14.43-18.41)  Caudal peduncle length 10.32 ( +/-2.17) (7.41-19.79) 11.09 ( +/-0.57) (10.02-12.17) 12.81 ( +/-0.74) (11.63-14.44)  Pectoral-fin length (P1) 29.29 ( +/-3.03) (23.02-36.15) 30.03 ( +/-2.33) (24.51-34.47) 29.66 ( +/-1.78) (27.38-33.22)  Pelvic-fin length (P2) 23.34 ( +/-4.45) (16.63-34.73) 23.49 ( +/-2.51) (19.38-27.85) 24.22 ( +/-4.71) (17.21-33.97)  Last dorsal spine length 9.92 ( +/-2.40) (6.46-15.46) 9.72 ( +/-1.78) (7.24-12.59) 7.59 ( +/-1.65) (5.07-12.18)   Table 2.Comparison of meristic data from  Astronotus mikoljiisp. nov.,  A. ocellatus, and  A. crassipinnis.    Meristic variable   A. mikoljiisp. nov.   A. crassipinnis   A. ocellatus  mode (min-max) mode (min-max) mode (min-max)  Dorsal-fin rays (D) 20 (17-21) 18 (16-24) 18 (17-21)  Anal-fin rays (A) 18 (16-20) 18 (15-21) 17 (16-20)  Longitudinal scales (E1) 38 (35-41) 35 (33-41) 33 (31-35)  Upper lateral line scales (ULL) 20 (18-21) 21 (19-22) 19 (18-22)  Lower lateral line scales (LLL) 18 (15-21) 16 (12-20) 13 (11-16)  Scales above lateral line (ALL) 7 (7-8) 7 (7-8) 6 (6-7)  Scales below lateral line (BLL) 10 (6-12) 12 (11-14) 12 (12-13)  Circumpeduncular scales (SPC) 28 (26-32) 30 (26-31) 29 (27-30)  Ceratobranchial gill rakers 10 (9-11) 9 (9-12) 11 (10-11)  Opercular scales 3 (3-5) 4 (3-5) 4 (3-5)  Cheek scales 8 (7-11) 10 (7-11) 11 (7-11)  Comparative material.   Astronotus ocellatus. NPA-ICT 026472 (1) Brazil, Amazonas,  Catalao, rio SolimoesBacia do Solimoes, 3°9'34.00"S, 59°54'44.00"W, 20 Dec 2002; INPA-ICT 050911 (1) Brazil, Amazonas, rio Solimoes, Ilha da Paciencia, 3°20'5.60"S, 60°12'11.30"W, Manaquiri, 18 Dec 2011; J. Santos, R. Orta, F. Penaleg.; INPA-ICT 050912 (1) Brazil, Amazonas, rio Solimoes, Ilha da Paciencia, 3°20'5.60"S, 60°12'11.30"W, Manaquiri, 18 Dec 2011; J. Santos, R. Ota, F. Penaleg.; INPA-ICT 033076 (1) Brazil, Tabatinga, rio Solimoes, 3°57'32.00"S, 69°20'19.00"W, town of Palmares, 02 Sept 2003; Jansen Zuanonleg.; INPA-ICT 033913 (1) Brazil, Amazonas,  Sao Sebastiaode Uatuma, rio Uatuma, 30 Oct 2009; R. Leitao, R. Lazzarottoleg.; INPA-ICT 033889 (1) Brazil, Amazonas, rio Nhamunda, 2°13'51.00"S, 56°46'23.00"W, municipio Nhamunda, 21 Sept 2009; R. Leitao, R. Lazzarottoleg.; INPA 050452 (2) Brazil, Amazonas, rio Preto da Eva, 2°44'38.10"S, 59°28'38.60"W, highway AM-010, km 110, 20 Aug 2014; INPA 22331 (1) Brazil, Amazonas, Lago do Boto, RDS do lago Piranha, Manacapuru, 30 Jan 2003;  Ivanildo; INPA-ICT 033437 (2) Brazil, Amazonas, Lago Ressaca Grande, rio Solimoes, 2°28'26.00"S, 66°9'17.00"W, Fonte Boa, 08 Sept 2003; Jansen Zuanonleg.; INPA 17486 (1) Brazil, Amazonas, pool in Lago Secado, rio Purus, Santa Lucia, 03 Jun 2001; Lucia Rapp-Danielleg.; INPA 17364 (3) Brazil, Amazonas, Lago Campinas, rio Purus, 05 Jun 2001; Lucia Rapp Py-Danielleg; INPA-ICT 029312 (49) Brazil, Amazonas, RDS Uacari, stream near community of Pupunha; 5°35'47.00"S, 67°47'13.00"W; 26 Nov 2007; Martins, A.R.leg.; INPA-ICT 007143 (1) Brazil, Para, Rio Cupari, near mouth of Tapajon River, 3°44'31.00"S, 55°23'25.00"W, 27 Oct 1991; Zuanon, J.A.leg.; INPA-ICT 007170 (1) Brazil, Para, Rio Cupari, near mouth of Tapajos River; 27 Oct 1991; Zuanon, J.A.leg; INPA-ICT 007333 (1) Brazil, Tocantins, Rio Tocantins, Icangui; Brazil,  Para,  Tucurui, 3°49'49.80"S, 49°38'21.84"W, 28 Jun 1980;  Equipe de Ictiologiado INPA leg.; INPA-ICT 020454 (1) Brazil, Tocantins, Lagodas Ariranhas, rio Araguaia; Brazil, Tocantins, Caseara, 9°14'5.28"S, 49°57'59.76"W, 11 Nov 2000;  Equipe de Ictiologiado INPA leg.; INPA-ICT 020663, (2) Brazil, Tocantins, Rio Tocantins,  Jabutizao, 7°43'55.56"S, 49°28'31.80"W, 10 May 2000; Santos, G.M.leg; INPA-ICT 040585 (1) Brazil,  Para, Mercado do Porto, collected from stream tributary to Xingu River, near  Vitoriado Xingu, 2°52'51.00"S, 52°0'45.00"W, 23 Sept 2013; Sabaj, M. H.leg; INPA-ICT 043339 (6) Brazil,  Para, Xingu River, specimens bought in market, near Tucuristream around  Vitoriado Xingu; 07 Mar 2014; Martins, A.R.leg.   Astronotus crassipinnis. INPA-ICT 021697 (1) Brazil,  Rondonia, rio Novo,  Guapore, 11°29'29.00"S, 64°34'34.00"W, 27 Jul 2003;  Torrente Vilara; INPA-ICT 038549 (2) Lago do Bodo, Bom Jardim, Porto Velho( Brazil,  Rondonia), 8°32'31.00"S, 63°37'26.00"W, 12 Ago 2011, L. Costas, F. Viera, leg.; INPA-ICT 049921 (3) Brazil,  Rondonia, Rio Guapore, Surpresa, 10°06'11"S, 65°38'44"W, 21 Set 1985; G.M. dos Santosleg.; INPA-ICT 049922 (2) Brazil,  Rondonia, mouth of  GuaporeRiver, near Surpresa, 11°19'44"S, 64°60'11"W, 16 Jun 1984; Costa Marques, G.M. dos Santosleg.; INPA-ICT 049923 (1) Brazil,  Rondonia, Rio Pacaas-Novos, blackwater flooded forest ca. 15 kmupstream from mouth of  PacaasNovos River,  Guajara-Mirim, 02 Apr1987, G.M. dos Santosleg.  Diagnosis. The new species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: two or three supraneural bones (Fig. 4) (vs. two); absence of the spinous process (hypurapophysis) on the anterosuperior border of the parahypural bone (hypural complex) in  Astronotus mikoljiisp. nov. (vs. present in  A. ocellatusand  A. crassipinnis) (Fig. 5). The sagitta otolith in  A. mikoljiisp. nov. is oval, with strongly crenulated ventral and dorsal margins (vs. elliptical and smooth-lobed margins in  A. crassipinnis, and elliptical and smooth-dentate margins  A. ocellatus); the rostrum is projected with an elongated process, in  A. mikoljiisp. nov. (vs. rostrum process short in  A. crassipinnisand  A. ocellatus); the posterior region of the sagitta otolith is rounded in  A. mikoljiisp. nov. (vs. straight or flat in  A. crassipinnisand  A. ocellatus) (Fig. 6). The aspect ratio of sagitta otoliths in  A. mikoljiisp. nov. (AR = 0.665) is higher than that of  A. ocellatus(AR = 0.606), and  A. crassipinnis(AR = 0.585), and the differences are statistically significant at P<0.05. The roundness index was highest in  A. mikoljiisp. nov. (Rd = 0.597) vs.  A. ocellatus(Rd = 0.545) and  A. crassipinnis(Rd = 0.543) ( P<0.05). Also the morphometric index showed higher values in  A. mikoljiisp. nov. compared to  A. ocellatus(0.837 vs. 0.767) and  A. crassipinnis(0.735) (Suppl. material 1: Table S2). The new species also is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of morphometric characters: the mean head length of  A. mikoljiisp. nov. (36.72% SL) is longer than that of  A. crassipinnis(35.01% SL), and also  A. ocellatus(33.26% SL); the mean diameter of the orbit of  A. mikoljiisp. nov. (9.06% SL) is greater than that of  A. ocellatus(7.36%SL) and that of  A. crassipinnis(7.73% SL); the mean pre-orbital depth of  A. mikoljiisp. nov. (14.22% SL) is greater than that of  A. crassipinnis(10.14% SL) but less than that of  A. ocellatus(15.91% SL); the mean snout length of  A. mikoljiisp. nov. (11.53% SL) is longer than that of  A. crassipinnis(5.36% SL), and  A. ocellatus(10.67% SL) (Tables 1, 2).   Figure 4.Radiographs of paratypes of  Astronotus mikoljiisp. nov. and details of the supraneural bones AMHNLS 198 (116.7 mm SL) BMHNLS 26123 (140.4 mm SL) CMHNLS 24054 (227.5 mm SL). Scale bars: 10 mm.   Figure 5.Radiographs of the caudal skeleton in  Astronotusspecies showing magnified details A  A. mikoljiisp. nov. (MHNLS 24059, 205.5 mm SL) B  A. crassipinnisINPA-ICT 33889 (204.3 mm SL) C  A. ocellatusUSNM 284442 (79.6 mm SL). Abbreviations: hypurapophysis (PP) of parahypural bone (PH), epurals (E1 - E2) and neural spine (NEU2, diastema (D), preural centrum (CP), epaxial caudal rays (ECR), hypaxial caudal rays (HCR), epaxial procurrent caudal rays (EPCR) hypaxial procurrent caudal rays (HPCR). Scale bars: 2 mm.   Figure 6.Left sagitta otoliths (medial view) of A  Astronotus mikoljiisp. nov. B  A. crassipinnis C  A. ocellatus.Scale bars: 1 mm.  Description.   Morphology.Morphometric and meristic data are presented in Table 3. Body moderately oval; laterally compressed, widest at region of anterior flank and posterior part of head; Dorsal-fin base contour sloping from about middle of spinous portion. Caudal peduncle edges horizontal; ventral sometimes longer than dorsal. Head and snout short; orbit slightly below forehead contour, entirely in upper and anterior halves of head. Interorbital wide, slightly convex. Tip of exposed maxilla extending to anterior edge of orbit; lower jaw articulation below middle of orbit. Both lip folds interrupted, junction of upper and lower lips African type. Opercula and pectoral girdle bones smooth. Interorbital convex; pre-pelvic contour straight; greatest body depth at pelvic-fin bases.   Table 3.Morphometric and meristic data (mm) of holotype and paratypes of  Astronotus mikoljiisp. nov., with specimen number (n); mean ( X); standard deviation (SD); variation coefficient (CV); minimum value (Min); maximum value (Max).    Morphometric variable (mm) Holotype Paratypes ( n= 65)   X SD CV Min Max  Standard length 240.12 134.61 42.42 31.52 79.11 240.12  Head length 76.50 48.91 13.75 28.12 31.07 81.70  Snout length 21.90 15.47 4.67 30.20 9.72 29.10  Body depth 110.40 64.50 19.86 30.79 35.58 110.40  Orbital diameter 17.80 11.90 2.56 21.56 9.40 18.43  Head width 47.80 29.76 9.18 30.88 17.07 49.54  Inter-orbital width 30.90 18.94 6.63 35.04 10.98 37.47  Pre-orbital depth 26.70 18.85 6.33 33.62 12.44 39.22  Caudal peduncle depth 36.30 23.35 7.15 30.62 13.27 41.54  Caudal peduncle length 26.40 13.95 5.57 39.94 6.32 26.40  Pectoral-fin length 57.20 39.74 11.36 28.59 25.22 69.51  Pelvic-fin length 46.90 31.82 8.63 27.13 18.90 51.29  Length of last dorsal spine 15.90 13.35 4.520 33.84 8.30 28.40   Meristic variable  Holotype  Paratypes ( n= 65)  -  Min  Max  mode  Dorsal-fin rays (D) XIII,18 - XII,18 XIV, 20 XIII, 19  Anal-fin rays (A) III,18 - III,14 III, 20 III, 16  Pectoral-fin rays (P1) 15 - 14 17 15  Pelvic-fin rays (P2) I,5 - I,5 I,5 I,5  Caudal-fin rays (C) 20 - 19 24 22  Longitudinal scales (E1) 37 - 35 42 38  Upper lateral line scales (ULL) 20 - 18 21 20  Lower lateral line scales (LLL) 17 - 16 21 18  Scales above lateral line (ALL) 7 - 7 8 7  Scales below lateral line (BLL) 9 - 6 12 10  Circumpendicular scales (SPC) 28 - 26 32 28  Opercular scales 4 - 3 5 3  Cheek scales cheek 9 - 7 9 8  Ceratobranchial gill rakers 10 - 8 11 10  Pre-dorsal midline scales 16 - 14 18 16  Tubed scales in lower lobe caudal 5 - 1 8 6   Scales.Pre-dorsal midline scales irregularly arranged, ca. 14-18 along midline; posterior pre-pelvic scales about half size of flank scales, slightly smaller anteriorly, in ca. seven horizontal series. Scales around caudal peduncle 26-32; lower lobe of caudal fin with 1-8 tubed lateral-line scales, from base to middle usually with gaps between them, and from half to edge of fin continued by pored scales). Anterior 1/3 to 1/2 of the cheek naked, remainder with cycloid scales; cheek scale rows 3 ( n= 65; range 7-9). Operculum covered with eight cycloid scales ( n= 65; range 3-5); opercula scales in ca. four vertical series, sub-opercular scales in two or three series: inter-operculum with one or two scales close to pre-opercular corner and six or seven scales in principal series. Pre-operculum naked. Soft unpaired fins covered by dense scale layer. Spinous dorsal fin bordered by posteriorly progressively wider scale layer with straight margin. This basal scale layer continued onto basal 1/3 of soft dorsal fin but inter-radial scales distal to it widen scaly layer to basal 1/2 of fin medially. Pectoral and pelvic fins naked. Inter-pelvic squamation extended laterally to cover bases. Caudal fin completely scaled save for narrow zone along hind margin; basal scales ctenoid; inter-radial scales cycloid in three or four series between rays.   Fins.One continuous dorsal fin, with anterior portion of hard rays (spines) and posterior portion with soft rays. First dorsal-fin spine inserted slightly in advance of vertical from hind margin of operculum; relative length of spines increasing to 4th then subequal to last few which are longer, twice length of first or slightly longer. Soft part of dorsal fin with rounded tip, reaching to not quite middle of caudal fin or to 3/4 of caudal fin. D. XII.18 (3), XII. 19 (4), XII. 20 (5), XIII. 17 (5), XIII. 18 (8), XIII. 19 (14), XIII. 20 (12), XIII. 21 (5), XIV. 18 (4), XIV. 19 (5), XIV. 20 (3); Anal-fin origin opposite soft dorsal-fin origin; soft portion similar to soft dorsal fin, but not reaching beyond middle of caudal fin. A. III. 14 (5), III. 15(10), III. 16 (15), III. 17 (10), III. 18 (14), III. 19 (3), III. 20 (1). Pectoral-fin with blunt dorsal tip, 4th ray longest, hind margin truncate or slightly curved; sometimes reaching to first anal-fin spine P1. 15 ( n= 65; range 14-17). Pelvic-fin spine inserted below pectoral axilla; fin pointed, with outer branch of first ray longest, reaching to first anal-fin spine to 1/3 of soft-anal fin base, inner rays gradually shorter P2, 1.5 (1.5). Caudal fin with hind edge rounded, with 22 ( n= 65; range 19-24), total rays (Table 3).   Gills.First gill arch with rudimentary denticles exposed laterally, two or three on epibranchial, one in angle, and 8-11 on ceratobranchial. Tiny gill-rakers present externally on medial side short, compressed and heavily denticulate (Table 3).   Teeth.Lower jaw with two teeth rows on each side (external and internal). External tooth row in both jaws extends from tip to end of each bone (dentary and maxilla). Teeth in outer series stout, conical, pointed, little recurved; anterior three or four in each jaw half as strong as rest; outer series to near end of upper jaw (20) and of corresponding length in lower jaw; inner band of very small weak teeth, less than 0.4 mm long, only anteriorly in jaws.    Otoliths.Sagitta otoliths oval with crenulate posterior, dorsal, ventral margins; Ar was greater than 0.66, otolith Rd 0.59 (Suppl. material 1: Table S2). Anterior region (rostrum) projected with elongated process and rounded posterior region. Anti-rostrum short and rounded, moderately broad ostium incisure with notch. Acoustic canal (sulcus acoustics) heterosulcoid, ostial, medial; ostium rectangular and shorter than caudal colliculum, which is tubular, closed, and strongly curved along its posterior margin.   Dorsal and vertebral skeleton.Pre-caudal vertebrae 15, caudal vertebrae 17, and total vertebrae 32. Range in vertebral counts (pre-caudal, caudal, and total) is wide (14-16, 15-18, 30-33). Two or three supraneural bones present, first anterior to neural spine of first pre-caudal vertebrae, second and third, between that spine and second neural spine of second pre-caudal vertebrae (Fig. 4, Suppl. material 1: Table S3).   Caudal skeleton.Includes hypural complex and 20-24 caudal rays. This complex has five vertebral elements, CP1, CUI, and CUII or urostyle (all fused), CP2 and CP3. This last element has HEM3 that can support one or two HPCR and a NEU3 that can be free or support up to two EPCR. The CP2 is articulated with HEM2, which can be free or articulated with up to two HPCR or one or two HC = R. Likewise, CP2 on its upper side almost converges with bone E1 that is free or articulated with EPCR or ECR. The complex CP1 + CUI + CUII, is articulated on its lower side with four elements, PH and HI, which are articulated with two to four HCR each, the HII, which is articulated with one or two HCR and the HIII, which can support two or three ECR. Complex CP1 + CUI + CUII articulated on its anterior side with bone HIV, which in turn can support two to five ECR. On its upper side this complex is articulated with the ES bone that is fused with HV and can support between one to three ECR. Above HV, and always separated from Complex CP1 + CUI + CUII, E2 is positioned, which can be found without rays or an EPCR or ECR. Next and always separated from the E2, E1 is found which along its upper side only supports an EPCR and on the lower edge may be articulated and even fused with NEU2. Finally, NEU3 is observed, originating along the upper edge of CP3, which can be free or articulated with up to two EPCR (Fig. 5, Suppl. material 1: Table S4).   Color in alcohol.The background color varies from dark yellow to dark brown; chest color varies from pale to dark brown; abdomen whitish. Operculum and cheek pale brown. Snout and forehead chestnut. Sides of the body with irregular vertical bars (chestnut or pale brown) sometimes difficult to see, of different widths, individually variable. Sometimes with pattern of 1-3 pale and dark vertical bars, normally with pale, lambda-shaped bars; central part of these bars is usually divided at level of abdomen, forming lambda (λ) figure with bases extending to pelvic fins. Dorsal and anal fins pale or dark brown with paler edges on both. Caudal fin dark brown, darker on base, always with black ocellus surrounded by narrow white or grey ring, placed in superior part of caudal-fin base, and marginally extending onto caudal peduncle. Pectoral and pelvic fins hyaline. Dorsal fin without rings or ocelli (Fig. 3).   Color in life.Sexual dimorphism not observed. Ventrum pale grey, chest dark grey, abdomen whitish, operculum and cheek grey to brown, snout and forehead chestnut, underside of head dark grey with greyish or greenish tinge over chestnut. Sides of body with barely visible irregular vertical bars (chestnut or dark grey) of different widths and patterns, which may vary from one individual to another. Wide vertical bar of dark brown color crosses central part of body and reaches spinous portion of anal fin. Central part of said bar usually divided at level of abdomen, forming lambda (λ) shape with bases extending to pelvic fins. Posterior side of the body with abundant iridescent orange spots that can appear longitudinally. Dorsal and anal fins dark brown with paler edges. Caudal fin dark grey, darker on base. Always with black ocellus surrounded by orange or yellow ring that reaches center of lateral line of caudal fin and extends onto caudal peduncle. Pectoral fins hyaline, dorsal and pelvic fins without spots or ocelli (Fig. 8a).  Molecular analysis. We amplified 612 bp of the COI gene for the 24  Astronotusspecimens used for genetic analyses. The addition of sequence data (58 sequences) of Colatreli et al. (2012)and the sequences obtained in GenBank (20 sequences) increased this dataset to 102 specimens. This alignment was then reduced to a total of 22 unique haplotypes of  Astronotusplus two haplotypes of  Cichla ocellarisas outgroups. Sequence length varied from 468 to 664 bp, with a mean sequence length of 626 bp; 23 sites were parsimony-informative. No indels were observed. No internal stop codons were found. All  Astronotusspecies (  A. ocellatus,  A. crassipinnis, and  A. mikoljiisp. nov.) and additional suggested distinct lineages (  Astronotussp. "Jurua",  Astronotussp. "East", and  Astronotussp. "Negro") shows reciprocal monophyly in the maximum credibility tree, with high posterior probability support (≥ 0.95) (Fig. 9). All five single-locus species delimitation methods delimited  Astronotus mikoljiisp. nov. as a distinct lineage and, overall, the only discrepancy between the methods occurred in the method bGMYC, which identified  A. crassipinnisand  Astronotussp. "East"as a single lineage. The maximum intraspecific distance within  A. mikoljiisp. nov. was 0.163%, while minimum inter-specific distance was 0.98% (Table 4). The lineage  Astronotussp. "Negro"is the closest lineage to  A. mikoljiisp. nov. The mean genetic distance between  A. mikoljiisp. nov. and the currently valid species (  A. crassipinnisand  A. ocellatus) had values of 1.75% and 2.15%, respectively (Table 5). A total of three diagnostic sites segregates  A. mikoljiisp. nov. from  A. ocellatusand  A. crassipinnis(Table 4).   Table 4.Max intra/inter-specific distances, Nearest Neighbor, and diagnostic nucleotides between  Astronotusdelimited lineages and species.    Species/Lineage max_intra (%) min_inter (%) Nearest Neighbor Diagnostic nucleotides  89 272 395 447 512 539 578 596 662 total     A. mikoljiisp. nov. 0.163 0.98    Astronotussp. "Negro" g  T  A c  G a g c t 3    A. crassipinnis 0.388 0.904    Astronotussp. "East" g c g c a  G g  A  C 3    A. ocellatus 0.546 0.753    Astronotussp. "Jurua" g c g  T a a g c t 1     Astronotussp. "East" 0.301 0.753    A. crassipinnis,  Astronotussp. "Negro" g c g c a a  A c t 1     Astronotussp. "Jurua" 0.151 0.753   A. ocellatus g c g c a a g c t 0     Astronotussp. "Negro" 0.301 0.753    Astronotussp. "East"  A c g c a a g c t 1   Table 5.Mean inter-specific distances between  Astronotusdelimited lineages and species.    Mean_inter (%)   A. mikoljiisp. nov.   A. crassipinnis   A. ocellatus   Astronotussp. "East"   Astronotussp. "Jurua"   Astronotussp. "Negro"     A. mikoljiisp. nov. - 2.15 1.75 1.36 2.09 1.04    A. crassipinnis 2.15 - 2.2 2.15 0.92 2.08    A. ocellatus 1.75 2.2 - 1.03 2.51 1.32     Astronotussp. "East" 1.36 2.15 1.03 - 2.07 0.97     Astronotussp. "Jurua" 2.09 0.92 2.51 2.07 - 1.78     Astronotussp. "Negro" 1.04 2.08 1.32 0.97 1.78 -  Multivariate analysis. The Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) using morphometric data of the sagitta otoliths clearly identified three groups corresponding to each of the described species of the genus  Astronotus(Fig. 10). A high level of successful classification among the species was obtained using the jack-knife procedure, reaching a value +/-90% in both cases (Suppl. material 1: Table S5). In this statistical analysis, including the measurements on the geometric shape of the sagitta otoliths separated  A. mikoljiisp. nov. from  A. ocellatusand  A. crassipinnis.  Etymology. The specific name is given to honor Mr. Ivan Mikolji, Venezuelan explorer, artist, author, underwater photographer, and audiovisual producer, in recognition for being a tireless and enthusiastic diffuser of the biodiversity and natural history of freshwater fishes, conservation of aquatic ecosystems of Venezuela and Colombia, and for logistic support for this work. Since 2020, Ivan Mikolji has been recognized as Associate Researcher of the Museo de Historia Natural La Salle, from the FundacionLa Salle de Ciencias Naturales, in Caracas, Venezuela.  Distribution.   Astronotus mikoljiisp. nov. is distributed in all parts of the lower Orinoco River basin (Fig. 7), along the floodplain of its main channel and in the drainages of the following rivers (or sub-basins): Atabapo, Inirida, Guaviare, Vichada, Bita, Meta, Tomo, Arauca, Apure, Caura, Morichal Largo and Delta, in Venezuela and Colombia ( Fowler 1911; Novoa and Ramos 1978; Kullander 1981; Novoa et al. 1982;  Roman1985; Novoa 1986;  Roman1988; Winemiller 1989a, b, 1990; Lasso and Castroviejo 1992; Monente 1992; Machado-Allison 1993; Lasso et al. 1999; Mojica 1999; Ponte et al. 1999; Lasso and Machado-Allison 2000; Lasso et al. 2003a, b, c, 2004; Campo 2004, Lasso 2004; Machado-Allison 2003; Antonio and Lasso 2004; Taphorn et al. 2005; Galvis et al. 2007; Marcano et al. 2007; Lasso et al. 2009a, b; Brito et al. 2011; Lasso et al. 2011a, b; 2014;  Echeverriaand Machado-Allison 2015; Ortega-Lara 2016; DoNascimiento et al. 2017; Machado-Allison et al. 2018; Winemiller et al. 2018). It also occurs in the Gulf of Paria basin ( CanoLa Brea, Forest Reserve of Guarapiche, sub-basin San Juan River, EBRG 5055) in Venezuela ( Lasso et al. 2010). It has been introduced in other watersheds of Venezuela such as Lago de Valencia and in reservoirs of the Mar Caribe basin (drainages of the Unare, Tuy, Coro and San Juan rivers (Isla de Margarita)) ( Luengo 1963;  Leon1966;  Cervigon1983;  Ginezand Olivo 1984;  Ginezet al. 1984).   Figure 7.Map showing all the sites sampled in this study. The circles represent sampling localities based on specimen records used for morphological analyses, the squares represent sampling localities of the genetic material analyses, and the stars represent the type locality of each species. The colors represent the consensus of the species delimitation methods.  Astronotus mikoljiisp. nov. (red),  A. crassipinnis(green),  A. ocellatus(blue),  Astronotussp. "East"(yellow),  Astronotussp. "Jurua"(orange), and  Astronotussp. "Negro"(brown).  Ecology.   Astronotus mikoljiisp. nov. usually inhabits the middle and lower reaches of the Orinoco River and the Gulf of Paria basin, at altitudes not exceeding 250 m a.s.l. (Fig. 8b). It can be found in either lotic or lentic water bodies, large or small rivers, culverts, lagoons, and floodplains, with white, clear, and black waters (sensu Sioli 1965). In the Orinoco River Delta, it lives in slow-flowing channels and flooded forests, while in the middle Orinoco region; it has only been captured in flood and floodplain lagoons, on both banks of the river ( Novoa et al. 1982; Novoa 1986). In its first stages of development, it is associated with floating vegetation and semi-rooted plants formed mainly in grasses and water hyacinth (  Paspalum repens,  Eichhornia crassipes). In the adult phase they are located in riparian zones, generally among grasses and sedges ( Machado-Allison 1993; Lasso 2004; Lasso et al. 2011b;  Echeverriaand Machado-Allison 2015). Part of the type material was captured in the flooded savannah of a minor tributary of the Arauca River, in the floodplains of Apure State, Venezuela (Fig. 8b). During sampling, the body of water was almost stagnant and the water temperature was 27 °C with abundant aquatic vegetation and muddy bottom.   Figure 8.  Astronotus mikoljiisp. nov. Alive coloration of specimens collected with holotype BNatural shallow pond and type locality in floodplain of Arauca River Venezuela. Photographs: Ivan Mikolji. This species was probably negatively impacted by the invasion of the Orinoco River Basin by transferred invasive cichlid  Caquetaia kraussii(Steindachner, 1878) ( Royero and Lasso 1992;  Senarisand Lasso 1993; Lasso and Machado-Allison 2000). For example, in one lagoon in the Portuguesa River drainage between Guanare and Guanarito, where one of the authors (DCT) commonly collected  A. mikoljiisp. nov. (on many occasions over many years during student field trips from 1978 to 1988) it is now absent, having been completely replaced by  C. kraussii.  Common names. In Spanish and indigenous local languages, names which are known for  Astronotus mikoljiisp. nov. in Venezuela are pavona, vieja, cupaneca, Oscar, mijsho ( Karina), boisikuajaba (Warao), hacho( Pume= Yaruro), phadeewa, jadaewa ( Ye'Kuana= Makiritare), perewa, parawa ( Enepa= Panare), yawirra ( Kurrim= Kurripako), kohukohurimi, kohokohorimi, owenawe kohoromi"(Yanomami = Yanomami) (  Barandiaran1962; Mago 1967, 1970c; Novoa et al. 1982;  Obregonet al. 1984;  Roman1985; Novoa 1986;  Roman1988; Bedoya 1992;  Mattei-Muelleret al. 1994; Lasso and Machado-Allison 2000; Mosonyi 2002; Machado-Allison 2003; Vispo and Knab-Vispo 2003;  Mattei-Muellerand Serowe 2007; Brito et al. 2011) and pavo real, carabazu, Oscar, mojarra, mojarra negra, eba (Puinave), Itapukunda (Kurripako), uan (Tucano) in Colombia (  Sanchez2008). The suggested common name for this species in the aquarium hobby is "Mikolji'sOscar" in English, "Oscar de Mikolji ''in Spanish. 2002-12-20 Brazil -3.1594446 rio Solimoes Bacia do Solimoes 1 -59.912224 Catalao 1 Amazonas 2011-12-18 Manaquiri, J. Santos, R. Orta, F. Pena Brazil -3.3348887 Ilha da Paciencia 1 -60.20314 rio Solimoes 1 Amazonas 2011-12-18 Manaquiri, J. Santos, R. Ota, F. Pena Brazil -3.3348887 Ilha da Paciencia 1 -60.20314 rio Solimoes 1 Amazonas 2003-09-02 Palmares, Jansen Zuanon Brazil -3.958889 rio Solimoes 1 -69.338615 Tabatinga 1 2009-10-30 R. Leitao, R. Lazzarotto Brazil rio Uatuma Sao Sebastiao de Uatuma 1 Amazonas 2009-09-21 Nhamunda, R. Leitao, R. Lazzarotto Brazil -2.2308333 rio Nhamunda 1 -56.773056 1 Amazonas 2014-08-20 Brazil -2.7439167 rio Preto da Eva 1 -59.47739 1 Amazonas 2003-01-30 Brazil Lago do Boto Manacapuru Piranha 1 Amazonas 2003-09-08 Fonte Boa, Jansen Zuanon Brazil Ivanildo -2.4738889 rio Solimoes 1 -66.154724 Lago Ressaca Grande 1 Amazonas 2001-06-03 Lucia Rapp-Daniel Brazil rio Purus Lago Secado 1 Amazonas 2001-06-05 Lucia Rapp Py-Daniel Brazil rio Purus Lago Campinas 1 Amazonas 2007-11-26 Martins, A. R. Brazil -5.596389 Pupunha 1 -67.78694 Uacari 1 Amazonas 1991-10-27 Zuanon, J. A. Brazil -3.7419446 Tapajon River 1 -55.390278 Rio Cupari 1 Para 1991-10-27 Zuanon, J. A. Brazil Tapajos River Rio Cupari 1 Para 1980-06-28 Brazil Rio -3.8305 Tucurui 1 -49.6394 Icangui 1 Tocantins 2000-11-11 Brazil Equipe de Ictiologia -9.2348 Ariranhas 1 -49.966602 Lago 1 Tocantins 2000-05-10 Santos, G. M. Brazil Equipe de Ictiologia -7.7321 Jabutizao 1 -49.475502 Rio 1 Tocantins 2013-09-23 Sabaj, M. H. Brazil Mercado do Porto -2.8808334 Vitoria do Xingu 1 -52.0125 Xingu River 1 Para 2014-03-07 Martins, A. R. Brazil Xingu River Vitoria do Xingu Tucuri 1 Para 2003-07-27 Brazil -11.491389 Guapore 1 -64.57611 rio Novo 1 Rondonia 2011-08-12 L. Costas, F. Viera Brazil Torrente Vilara -8.5419445 Bom Jardim 1 -63.623886 Lago do Bodo 1 Rondonia 1985-09-21 G. M. dos Santos Brazil -10.103056 Surpresa 21 -65.64555 Rio Guapore 1 Rondonia 1984-06-16 Costa Marques, G. M., dos Santos Brazil -11.328889 Surpresa 21 -65.00305 Guapore River 1 Rondonia 1987-04-02 G. M. dos Santos Brazil Rio Pacaas-Novos Guajara-Mirim Pacaas Novos River 1 Rondonia