Albunaea [sic] scutellata: Dana, 1852: 406

BOYKO, CHRISTOPHER B., 2002, A Worldwide Revision Of The Recent And Fossil Sand Crabs Of The Albuneidae Stimpson And Blepharipodidae, New Family (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Hippoidea), Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2002 (272), pp. 1-396 : 134-159

Albunaea [sic] scutellata: Dana, 1852: 406 (not Thia scutellata ( Fabricius, 1793)) .

Albunea sp. Cunnigham, 1871: 494 . – Rathbun, 1911: 595 (list). – Haig, 1955: 9 (list).

Lepidops scutellata: Miers, 1878: 332 (part) (not Thia scutellata ( Fabricius, 1793)) .

Lepidopa scutellata: Ortmann, 1896: 226–227 (part). – Gordon, 1938: 188 (part) (not Thia scutellata ( Fabricius, 1793)) .

Lepidopa chilensis Lenz, 1902: 749–750 , pl. 23, figs. 5, 5a*. – Rathbun, 1911: 595 (list). – Porter, 1915a: 82–83. – Porter, 1915b: 17–18. – Gordon, 1938: 187 (list). – Garcia Mendes, 1945: 119 (list). – Haig, 1955: 11. – Schuster­ Dieterichs, 1956: 52 (list). – Fonseca, 1970: 37, fig. 72. – Del Solar et al., 1970: 23 (list). – Bahamonde, 1971: 6–7, fig. 1. – Efford, 1971: 93–94, figs. 3n, o, 4i, r, s, 5h, l, 7j*. – Epelde­ Aguirre and Lopez, 1975: 165, fig. 3. – Sanchez and Aguilar, 1975: 1–11, figs. 1–5. – Coêlho and Calado, 1987: 43, table 1. – Calado, 1995: 143–146, pl. 39, fig. c, pl. 40, fig. c, pl. 41, fig. b, pl. 45, figs. a–e*. – Brazeiro, 1999: 105.

Lepidopa ? chilensis: Holthuis, 1961: 28–31 , fig. 3*.

Lepidopa Chilensis : Seridji, 1988: 1298.

Albuneidae : Báez, 1997: 173 (part). – Wehrtmann and Báez, 1997: 269 (part).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Peru: El Paraiso, near Huacho , Dec. 4, 1955, coll. W. K. Weyrauch: 2 Ƌ, 8.0– 10.9 mm cl, 1 ♀, 9.9 mm cl ( RMNH 14632 ) ; Ancon , 35 km north of Lima, Jan. 7, 1956, coll. W. K. Weyrauch: 1 Ƌ. 10.1 mm cl, 1 oviger, 10.9 mm cl ( RMNH 14633 ), 1 Ƌ, 10.6 mm cl ( AMNH 18087 ex RMNH 14633 ) ; Ancon , 35 km north of Lima, coll. unknown: 1 Ƌ, 10.6 mm cl ( BMNH 1913.12.10.128) ; La Ventanilla, near Lima, March 1951, coll. H. W. Koepeke: 2 Ƌ, 10.3–11.1 mm cl, 1 ♀, 12.5 mm cl ( MNB 10975) ; Lurin , approximately 30 km south of Lima, coll. H. W. Koepeke: 1 Ƌ, 8.3 mm cl, 1 oviger, 11.6 mm cl ( USNM 91742 ) ; Mollendo , coll. Percy Slader Expedition: 1 ♀, 13.7 mm cl ( BMNH 1938.4.4.15) .

Chile: Iquique , coll. Plate: 1 Ƌ, 7.4 mm cl, holotype ( MNB 10975) ; ‘‘ Chile,’’ coll. L. Reed: 1 Ƌ, 8.9 mm cl ( USNM 267785 ) ; Bahia San Vicente , Concepcion, 6 m, coll. Jeldes: 1 Ƌ, 10.9 mm cl, 4 ♀, 8.7–11.9 mm cl ( ZMH K–39034) .

DIAGNOSIS: Carapace wider than long, with lightly setose grooves. Anterior margin with two large spines lateral to ocular sinus. CG5 absent; CG8 present; CG10 absent; posterior submarginal groove reaching posterior mar­ gin of posterior concavity. Rostrum present, rounded and armed with ventral acute spine. Distal peduncular segments dorsoventrally flattened and ovate, distal margins smooth. Cornea absent. Antennal segment I unarmed. Dactylus of pereopod II with heel produced, tapering, and subacute. Dactylus of pereopod III with heel thin, projecting, acute. Dactylus of pereopod IV with produced acute heel and deep indent. Telson of male spatulate, proximal two­thirds laterally convex, distal third laterally concave; lateral expansions round­ ed, distal tip rounded; medioproximal third heavily calcified, lateral and distal regions decalcified.

DESCRIPTION: Carapace (fig. 44A) wider than long. Anterior margin concave on either side of ocular sinus, smooth. Rostrum as subacute projection reaching beyond median peduncular segments and with a submarginal, terminal acute spine. Ocular sinus smoothly concave mesially, slightly convex laterally; unarmed. Frontal region smooth; setal field reduced to narrow band anterior and paralleling CG1, concave medially. CG1 parallel to anterior margin of carapace, sinuous, slightly crenulate, medially concave, medial and lateral elements united. Mesogastric region smooth; CG2 absent; CG3 absent; CG4 with 4–20 very short elements and two longer oblique lateral elements almost united with posterior margin of CG1. Hepatic region smooth, with oblique lateral, setose groove and short, acute spine at median of lateral margin. Epibranchial region generally triangular, smooth; posterolateral margin with three short rows of setae. Metagastric region smooth; CG5 absent. CG6 crenulate, with separate oblique, long, lateral fragments, none to four tiny intermediate elements and short sinuous median element united with CG7; lateral fragment curved mesially. CG7 straight relative to anterior margin of carapace, slightly concave, united with median fragment of CG6. Cardiac region smooth; CG8 present as two very short lateral elements. CG9–11 absent. Branchial region with few setose punctae in medial region but without short, transverse rows of setae. Posterior margin deeply and irregularly concave medially and more or less straight laterally, with submarginal groove reaching posterior margin of posterior concavity; membranous area posterior to carapace margin with two or three narrow calcified plates. Branchiostegite without anterior submarginal spine; anterior region with anterodorsal transverse groove and granular surface, and many long plumose setae; posterior region membranous with numerous irregular fragments and sparsely covered with long plumose setae.

Ocular plate (fig. 44B) covered by carapace; median peduncular segments reduced to small, oblong, calcified area lateral to ocular plate. Distal peduncular segments irregularly ovate, angled distolaterally, flattened, with smooth convex lateral and mesial margins; notch on lateral margin one­third from proximal margin present but without corneal pigment; mesial margins separated along entire length; mesial, lateral and distal margins with long simple setae.

Antennule (fig. 44C) segment III narrow proximally, expanding distally to two times proximal width; with plumose setae on dorsal and ventral margins; dorsal exopodal flagellum with 133–140 articles (n = 3), long plumose setae on dorsal and ventral margins; ventral endopodal flagellum with two or three articles (n = 4), plumose setae on dorsal and ventral margins. Segment II medially inflated in dorsal view, with plumose setae on dorsal and ventral margins and in oblique row on mediodistal surface. Segment I wider than long, unarmed; dorsomedial quarter of lateral surface rugose, with long plumose setae; long plumose setae on dorsal and ventral margins and on distal half of lateral surface.

Antenna (fig. 44D) with segment V approximately two times longer than wide, with short plumose setae on dorsal, ventral, and distal margins; flagellum with eight articles (n = 5), long plumose setae on dorsal, ventral, and distal margins. Segment IV almost cylindrical, overreaching segment III by onethird of its length, with long plumose setae on dorsal and distal margins, row of setae on dorsolateral margin and interrupted irregular row of short setae ventrolaterally. Segment III with short plumose setae on dorsal margin, long plumose setae on ventral margin. Segment II widening distally, with plumose setae on dorsal margin and scattered on ventrolateral surface; antennal acicle short, triangular, overreaching segment IV proximal margin by one­fourth of its length, with long plumose setae on dorsal margin. Segment I rounded proximally, flattened and truncated ventrolaterally, with long plumose setae on dorsal and distal margins, and scattered on dorsolateral third of surface; lateral margin unarmed; segment with ventromesial antennal gland pore.

Mandible (fig. 44E) incisor process with two teeth; cutting edge with one tooth. Palp three­segmented, with plumose setae on margins and long, thick, simple setae arising from bend in second segment.

Maxillule (fig. 44F) distal endite proximally narrow, widening to inflated distal end, with thick simple setae on distal margin and plumose setae on dorsal margin. Proximal endite with thick simple setae on distal margin. Endopodal external lobe truncate distally and curled under, with wide proximal projection; internal lobe reduced with two thick setae at distolateral margin.

Maxilla (fig. 44G) exopod rounded, with plumose setae along distal margin. Scaphognathite bluntly angled on posterior lobe, with plumose setae.

Maxilliped I (fig. 44H) epipod with plumose setae on margins and on distolateral surface. Endite tapered distally and subequal to first segment of exopod. Exopod with two segments; proximal segment narrow, margins parallel, with plumose setae; distal segment spatulate, longer than wide, curved mesially, broadest medially, long plumose setae on margins, proximolateral fourth of dorsal surface, and distal half of dorsal surface. Endopod flattened and elongate, reaching to distal end of proximal exopodal segment, with plumose setae on margins.

Maxilliped II (fig. 44I) dactylus evenly rounded, longer than wide, with thick simple setae distally and thin simple setae in short row on lateral surface. Propodus produced dorsodistally, approximately as wide as long, with plumose setae on dorsal margin and long simple setae on dorsodistal and ventrodistal margins. Carpus not produced dorsodistally, approximately two times longer than wide, with long simple setae on dorsal and distal margins and in mediolateral area. Merus 2.5 times longer than wide, margins parallel but slightly inflated submedially, with simple setae on ventrolateral margin and plumose setae on dorsolateral margin and scattered on lateral surface. Basis­ischium incompletely fused, with plumose setae on margins. Exopod one­third longer than merus, flagellum with one elongate article.

Maxilliped III (fig. 44J) dactylus elongate and evenly rounded; long plumose setae on margins and lateral surface. Propodus with longitudinal median row of plumose setae on lateral surface; dorsal margin with long plumose setae, ventral margin with short simple setae. Carpus strongly produced onto propodus, almost reaching distal margin of propodus; lateral surface with medial transverse row of plumose setae; plumose setae on margins. Merus unarmed, broadly inflated me­ dially, with long plumose setae on dorsal margin, short plumose setae on ventral margin. Basis­ischium incompletely fused, without crista dentata. Exopod two­segmented: proximal segment small; distal segment styliform, tapering, approximately two­fifths length of merus, with plumose setae on margins; without flagellum.

Pereopod I (fig. 45A) dactylus curved and tapering; lateral and mesial surfaces smooth; dorsal margin with small rugose area proximally, smooth distally, lined with long plumose setae; ventral margin with short simple setae. Propodal lateral surface with numerous short, transverse rows of setose rugae; dorsal margin with few small low ridges; ventral margin distally produced into acute spine; cutting edge lacking teeth, lined with long plumose setae; dorsal margin with short plumose setae, ventral margin with short simple setae. Carpus with dorsodistal angle rounded, with numerous low, rounded spines, dorsal margin smooth, with short plumose setae; lateral surface with few transverse setose ridges, primarily near ventral margin; mesial surface smooth, with medial transverse row of long plumose setae. Merus unarmed; lateral surface with medial decalcified area and scattered transverse rows of short plumose setae, margins with long plumose setae; mesial surface with few short rows of setae; proximal two­thirds of mesial surface with decalcified window. Basis­ischium incompletely fused, unarmed. Coxa with small posteromesial tubercle.

Pereopod II (fig. 45B) dactylus smooth; with base to heel concave, heel produced and rounded, heel to tip with narrow acute indent, tip acute, tip to base broadly convex; lateral surface smooth; mesial surface smooth, ventral margin with long plumose setae, dorsal margin with short simple setae, with patch of long plumose setae at base reaching across median of heel. Propodus with dorsal surface smooth, ventral margin inflated and rounded; distal and ventral margins with long plumose setae; dorsolateral surface as narrow, oblique, flattened shelf, with long plumose setae on ventral margin; short transverse row of long plumose setae on surface; mesial surface with subdistal row of long plumose setae. Carpus strongly produced dorsodistally, reaching four­fifths length of propodus; lat­ eral surface nearly smooth, with two irregular, interrupted rows of rugae and submarginal elevated ridge ventrally, rugae and ridge with long plumose setae; dorsal margin with long plumose setae; mesial surface smooth, with subdorsal and subdistal rows of long plumose setae, few scattered setae on surface. Merus with lateral surface almost en­ tirely decalcified, long plumose setae on margins and in few small patches in decalcified area; mesial surface nearly smooth, with oblique median ridge, patches of long plumose setae dorsal to ridge and in row ventrally, with decalcified area on proximal half of area dorsal to ridge. Basis­ischium incompletely fused and unarmed. Coxa unarmed.

Pereopod III (fig. 45C) dactylus base to heel broadly indented, heel acute, thin, and produced, heel to tip with broad subquadrate indent, tip acute, tip to base smoothly convex; lateral surface smooth, with tufts of short setae at end of heel and tip, dorsodistal margin with tufts of short setae; ventral margin with long plumose setae, dorsal margin with short simple and plumose setae; mesial surface smooth, with plumose setae proximally at junction with propodus and in row across base of heel. Propodus not inflated dorsoventrally; lateral surface smooth, with simple setae subdorsally, and long plumose setae on ventral margin; dorsolateral surface narrow, oblique, flattened, with short setae on ventral margin; mesial surface with scattered long setae on and near distoventral margin. Carpus strongly produced dorsodistally and inflated, reaching distal margin of propodus, distal tip rounded; dorsolateral margin unarmed; lateral surface with mat of short setae on dorsodistal third of segment, three long, interrupted, transverse rows of setae medially and scattered on proximal lateral surface; dorsal margin with long plumose setae, ventral and ventrodistal margins with short plumose setae; mesial surface smooth, dorsomesial third decalcified, with long plumose setae on margins and in median transverse row ventral to decalcified area. Merus smooth, lateral surface almost entirely decalcified; dorsal and ventral margins unarmed, dorsodistal and ventral margins with long plumose setae; mesial surface smooth. Basisischium incompletely fused and unarmed. Coxa unarmed. Female pereopod III with large mesioproximal gonopore (not opposing other gonopore); male with slightly smaller pore.

Pereopod IV (fig. 45D) dactylus with base to heel almost straight, heel acute, heel to tip broadly rounded and concave, tip acute, tip to base convex; lateral surface smooth, ventral margin with long plumose setae, dorsal margin with short simple setae; mesial surface with dorsal decalcified region, demarcated ventrally by longitudinal elevated ridge across heel, with row of short plumose setae. Propodus expanded dorsally and ventrally; ventral expansion reaching ventral margin of dactylus, margins with long plumose setae; dorsal expansion with row of long plumose setae medially and mat of short setae; lateral and mesial surfaces smooth. Carpus slightly produced dorsodistally; lateral and mesial surfaces smooth; dorsomedial two­thirds of mesial surfaces decalcified; dorsal margin with small mat of short setae at dorsodistal angle; dorsal margin with long plumose setae; few short simple setae in median of lateral surface. Merus with large median decalcified area and few short transverse rows of setae on lateral surface, dorsal and ventrodistal margins with long plumose setae; mesial surface with large decalcified window proximoventrally. Basis­ischium incompletely fused and unarmed. Coxa unarmed.

Abdomen (fig. 45E) with somite I wider than long, widest posteriorly; dorsal surface with anterior margin convex; posterior margin concave, with elevated submarginal curved row of short setae and broad field of short simple setae anterior to submarginal row; with small, faint, transverse, decalcified window laterad of segment median. Somite II anterior margin convex, posterior margin irregularly concave; pleura expanded and directed posterolaterally, angled anterolaterally, rounded posterolaterally, small patch of short simple setae at posteromesial margin; anterior and lateral margins with long plumose setae, posterior margin with short setae. Somite III similar to somite II, narrower and shorter; pleura thinner and shorter than on somite II, directed posterolaterally proximally and curving forward distally, with setae as in somite II; anterolateral angle acute; dorsal surface slightly obliquely flattened anterolaterally. Somite IV similar to somite III; pleura thinner and shorter than on somite III, directed laterally; dorsal surface slightly obliquely flattened anterolaterally; margin with long plumose setae. Somite V wider than somite IV, narrowing posteriorly; anterolateral margins with plumose setae, two rows of setae on posterior margin; pleura distinct from somite, shorter than in somite IV, thin, flattened, flexible, directed posteriorly proximally, laterally distally, covered with plumose setae. Somite VI narrower than somite V; dorsal surface with four short transverse rows of setae laterad of midline anteriorly, posterior margin with long plumose setae; pleura absent.

Female with long uniramous pleopods on somites II–V; male with small pleopods.

Telson of male (fig. 45F) spatulate, proximal two­thirds laterally convex, distal third laterally straight and tapering; lateral expansions rounded, distal tip rounded; medioproximal third heavily calcified, lateral and distal regions decalcified; median longitudinal groove running along calcified region; two distally parallel rows of short simple setae in distal half; margin with long simple setae. Telson of female (fig. 45G) similar to male, distolateral tapering less pronounced, distal tip bluntly rounded and broader than that of male.

DISTRIBUTION: Known from Huacho, Peru, south to Concepcion, Chile; depth range unknown.

MAXIMUM SIZE: Males: 11.1 mm cl; females: 13.7 mm cl.

TYPE SPECIMEN: MNB 10975 (holotype).

TYPE LOCALITY: Iquique, Chile.

REMARKS: Haig (1955) discussed the record of Albunea sp. reported by Cunningham (1871) and repeated by Rathbun (1911), and she correctly concluded that the genus Albunea does not occur in Chile. Although she did not assign Cunningham’s (1871) record to Lepidopa chilensis , this is a fairly obvious identification, given that Cunningham (1871) cited a single albuneid species from Chile and that L. chilensis is the only albuneid known from that country. This species is known in Chile as ‘‘muy muy blanco’’ (Sanchez and Aguilar, 1975) and in Peru as ‘‘muimui blanco’’ ( Del Solar et al., 1970) or ‘‘muy­muy blanco’’ ( Fonseca, 1970).

Sanchez and Aguilar (1975) reared five zoeal stages and one megalopal stage from ovigerous females in about 50 days from hatching at 20–23°C and an unknown salinity.

Lepidopa chilensis is closely related to L. esposa and is a member of the ‘‘ venusta ­ group.’’

Lepidopa californica Efford, 1971

Figures 46 , 47 Lepidopa myops: Holmes, 1900: 105 (part). – Benedict, 1903: 892–893, figs. 1, 4. – Rathbun, 1904: 14 (list) (part), 167 (list) (part). – Baker, 1912: 102. – Schmitt, 1921: 172 (part), pl. 31, fig. 4. – Johnson and Snook, 1927: 346, 348–

349, figs. 296, 297. – Gordon, 1938: 188 (part), figs. 1b, 2a, j*. – MacGinitie, 1938: 474.&— Johnson and Lewis, 1942: 82–86, pls. 3, 4. – Ricketts and Calvin, 1948: 188, pl. 38, fig. 4. – MacGinitie and MacGinitie, 1949: 305, fig. 149. – Schuster­Dieterichs, 1956: 51 (list). – Turner and Sexsmith, 1964: 48. – Haig et al., 1970: 25 (part). – Knight, 1970: 127–136, figs. 1–59. – Sanchez and Aguilar, 1975: 10–11. – Turner and Sexsmith, 1975: 46. – Boschi, 1981: 715, fig. 241–54. – Calado, 1995: 185–188, pl. 39, fig. l, pl. 40, fig. j, pl. 41, fig. j, pl. 60, figs. a–c, pl. 61, figs. a–d* (not Paraleucolepidopa myops ( Stimpson, 1860)) .

Lepidopa californica Efford, 1971: 74–76 , figs. 1j, 2h, 3m, 4b, 5d, 6k, t, 7k*. – Luke, 1977: 31. – Haig, 1980: 291, fig. 19.9. – Haig and Abbott, 1980: 582. – Wicksten, 1980: 209 (list). – Coêlho and Calado, 1987: 43, table 1. – Williams et al., 1989: 35. – Hendrickx, 1992: 7 (list). – Calado, 1995: 138–140, pl. 39, fig. b, pl. 40, fig. b, pl. 43, figs. a–c, pl. 44, figs. a–c*. – Faulkes and Paul, 1997a: 175. – Faulkes and Paul, 1997b: 793–804. – Faulkes and Paul, 1997c: 161–168. – Faulkes and Paul, 1997d: ii. – Fransen et al., 1997: 79 (list). – Hendrickx and Harvey, 1999: 367 (list). – Dugan et al., 2000: 230– 244.

Lepidopa califormica [sic]: Coêlho and Calado, 1987: 42.

Lepidopa Myops : Seridji, 1988: 1298 (not Paraleucolepidopa myops ( Stimpson, 1860)) .

MATERIAL EXAMINED: USA: California: Los Angeles Co.: Long Beach , June 24, 1905, coll. J. E. Benedict: 1 Ƌ, 11.0 mm cl, holotype ( USNM 42213 ), 3 Ƌ, 9.5–10.2 mm cl, 4 ♀, 10.8–15.4 mm cl, 3 ovigers, 11.7– 18.1 mm cl, 1 anterior carapace (unsexable), 13.8 mm cl, paratypes ( USNM 122633 ex USNM 42213 ), 1 Ƌ, 10.0 mm cl, 1 ♀, 12.3 mm cl, paratypes ( BMNH 1937.6.1.4–5 ex USNM 42213 ) ; Long Beach , June 1909, coll. C. Boyd: 2 ♀, 8.6–11.8 mm cl ( BMNH 1959.8.5.73–74) ; Long Beach , coll. H. N. Lowe: 1 Ƌ, 8.9 mm cl ( USNM 260939 ex USNM 42102 ) ; Manhattan Beach , April 10, 1934, coll. V. Williams: 1 Ƌ, 9.1 mm cl, 3 ♀, 9.1–11.8 mm cl ( USNM 267787 ) ; Cabrillo Beach, Los Angeles Harbor , April 17, 1976, coll. A. L. Howe: 1 ♀, 12.5 mm cl (LACM­AHF 1590–04) ; San Pedro , 1901, coll. J.D.A. Cockerell: 1 ♀, 15.1 mm cl ( USNM 42212 ) ; Orange Co.: Public beach, Corona del Mar , Jan. 16, 1938, coll. G. E. and N. MacGinitie: 9 Ƌ, 8.0– 12.5 mm cl, 1 ♀, 9.4 mm cl, 3 ovigers, 10.1–11.3 mm cl ( USNM 89484 ), 1 Ƌ, 8.5 mm cl, 1 ♀, 12.8 mm cl, 1 oviger, 11.1 mm cl ( RMNH 14638 ex USNM 89484 ) ; off Corona del Mar , July 28, 1937, coll. G. E. MacGinitie: 1 Ƌ, 9.0 mm cl ( USNM 267788 ) ; Newport Bay , Feb. 1, 1930, coll. G. E. MacGinitie: 2 Ƌ, 6.0– 12.6 mm cl, 2 ♀, 7.5–9.9 mm cl ( CASIZ 15215 ) ; Newport Bay , Dec. 27, 1932, coll. S. Glassell: 8 Ƌ, 5.0–11.0 mm cl, 1 ♀, 13.9 mm cl, 1 oviger, 10.9 mm cl ( USNM 267789 ) ; Balboa Bay , July 29, 1939, coll. Markall: 1 ♀, 9.2 mm cl ( CASIZ 31098 ) ; San Diego Co.: La Jolla, Oct.–Nov. 1925, coll. H. Boschma: 1 Ƌ, 10.4 mm cl, 4 ♀, 8.5–13.7 mm cl, 1 unsexable and unmeasurable specimen ( RMNH 4924 ), 1 Ƌ, 9.0 mm cl, 1 ♀, 9.2 mm cl ( AMNH 18088 ex RMNH 4924 ) ; Scripps Island Beach, Sept. 17, 1918, coll. W. L. Schmitt: 2 ♀, 8.6–10.4 mm cl ( USNM 53932 ) ; off San Diego , 32°32̍N, 117°07̍W, coll. E. Mearns: 1 ♀, 17.6 mm cl ( USNM 18865 ) ; San Diego , coll. unknown: 2 ♀, 4.8–10.3 mm cl, 1 juvenile, 4.3 mm cl ( USNM 285391 ) ; 2.75 mi off Point Loma, Sand Diego , 9–13 fms (= 16.5–23.8 m), Feb. 23, 1941, coll. R/V ‘‘ Velero III’’: 1 ♀, 5.6 mm cl (LACM­AHF 1243–41) .

DIAGNOSIS: Carapace length and width subequal, with lightly setose grooves. Anterior margin with two large spines lateral to ocular sinus. CG5 absent; CG8 present; CG10 absent; posterior submarginal groove reaching halfway up posterior concavity. Rostrum present, rounded and unarmed. Distal peduncular segments dorsoventrally flattened and irregularly ovate, distal margin smooth; pigment spot mesial to distolateral corner present. Antennal segment I unarmed. Dactylus of pereopod II with heel produced, tapering, and subacute. Dactylus of pereopod III with heel projecting, acute. Dactylus of pereopod IV with produced acute heel and deep indent. Telson of male spatulate, proximal third laterally concave, median third laterally convex, distal third laterally concave; lateral expansions rounded, distal tip round­ ed; medioproximal third heavily calcified, lateral and distal regions decalcified.

DESCRIPTION: Carapace (fig. 46A) width and length subequal. Anterior margin convex on either side of ocular sinus, smooth, with basally broad, distally acute medial spine. Rostrum as rounded projection reaching beyond median peduncular segments; unarmed. Ocular sinus smoothly concave; unarmed. Frontal region smooth; setal field reduced to narrow, medially concave band paralleling CG1; extending posterolaterally almost to CG4. CG1 parallel to anterior margin of carapace, sinuous, slightly crenulate, medially concave, medial and lateral elements united. Mesogastric region smooth; CG2 absent; CG3 absent; CG4 with one to five very short mesial elements and two slightly oblique lateral elements. Hepatic region smooth with oblique, lateral, setose groove and short, acute spine at median of lateral margin. Epibranchial region generally triangular, smooth; posterolateral margin with four short rows of setae. Metagastric region smooth; CG5 absent. CG6 crenulate, with separate oblique, long, lateral fragments and short, sinuous median element united with CG7; median element with gap at middle. CG7 straight relative to anterior margin of carapace and united with median fragment of CG6. Cardiac region smooth; CG8 present as two short elements. CG9–11 absent. Branchial region with few scattered punctae but without short, transverse rows of setae. Posterior margin deeply and smoothly concave medially and more or less straight laterally, with submarginal groove reaching halfway up posterior concavity. Branchiostegite without anterior submarginal spine; anterior region with anterodorsal transverse groove and granular surface, with many long plumose setae; posterior region membranous, with numerous irregular fragments and sparsely covered with long plumose setae.

Ocular plate (fig. 46B) subquadrate, covered by carapace; median peduncular segments reduced to small rounded calcified area anterolateral to ocular plate. Distal peduncular segments irregularly ovate, angled distolaterally, flattened with convex lateral and mesial margins, margins smooth; pigmented area just mesial to distolateral corner present; mesial margins separated along entire length; lateral margins with long simple setae.

Antennule (fig. 46C) segment III narrow proximally, expanding distally to two times proximal width; with plumose setae on dorsal and ventral margins; dorsal exopodal fla­ gellum with 138–168 articles (n = 6), long plumose setae on dorsal and ventral margins; ventral endopodal flagellum with two or three articles (n = 6), plumose setae on dorsal and ventral margins. Segment II medially inflated in dorsal view, with plumose setae on dorsal and ventral margins and scattered on dorsal third of lateral surface. Segment I wider than long, unarmed; dorsodistal third of lateral surface rugose, with long plumose setae; scattered long plumose setae on distoventral lateral surface; long plumose setae on dorsal and ventral margins.

Antenna (fig. 46D) with segment V approximately 1.5 times longer than wide, with short plumose setae on dorsal and distal mar­ gins and in transverse medial row; flagellum with six to nine articles (n = 6), long plumose setae on dorsal, ventral, and distal margins. Segment IV almost cylindrical, overreaching segment III by one­half of its length, with long plumose setae on dorsal and distal margins, row of setae on dorsolateral margin and few scattered setae on ventral half of lateral surface. Segment III with long plumose setae on ventral margin. Segment II widening distally, with plumose setae in subdorsal row and scattered on ventral half of lateral surface; antennal acicle short, triangular, overreaching segment IV proximal margin by one­third of its length, with long plumose setae on dorsal margin. Segment I rounded proximally, flattened and truncated ventrolaterally, with long plumose setae on margins; lateral margin unarmed; scattered setae on dorsal third of lateral surface; segment with ventromesial antennal gland pore.

Mandible (fig. 46E) incisor process with two teeth; cutting edge with one tooth. Palp three­segmented, with plumose setae on margins and long, thick, simple setae arising from bend in second segment.

Maxillule (fig. 46F) distal endite proximally narrow, widening to inflated distal end, with thick simple setae on distal margin and plumose setae on dorsal margin. Proximal endite with thick simple setae on distal margin. Endopodal external lobe truncate distally and curled under, with wide proximal projection; internal lobe reduced, with four thick setae at distolateral margin.

Maxilla (fig. 46G) exopod rounded, with plumose setae along distal margin. Scaphognathite bluntly angled on posterior lobe, with plumose setae.

Maxilliped I (fig. 46H) epipod with plumose setae on margins and on distolateral surface. Endite tapered distally and subequal to first segment of exopod. Exopod with two segments; proximal segment narrow, margins parallel, with plumose setae; distal segment spatulate, longer than wide, curved mesially, broadest medially, margins and mesiodistal surface with long plumose setae. Endopod flattened and elongate, reaching to distal end of proximal exopodal segment, with plumose setae on margins.

Maxilliped II (fig. 46I) dactylus evenly rounded, longer than wide, with thick simple setae distally and thin simple setae in short transverse row on lateral surface. Propodus slightly produced dorsodistally, 1.5 times wider than long, with plumose setae on dorsal margin and long simple setae on dorsodistal and ventrodistal margins. Carpus not strongly produced dorsodistally, approximately two times longer than wide, with long simple setae on dorsal margin. Merus two times longer than wide, margins parallel but slightly inflated submedially, with simple setae on ventrolateral margin and plumose setae on dorsolateral margin. Basis­ischium incompletely fused, with plumose setae on margins. Exopod one­third times longer than merus, flagellum with one elongate article.

Maxilliped III (fig. 46J) dactylus elongate and evenly rounded; long plumose setae on margins and lateral surface. Propodus with longitudinal median row of plumose setae on lateral surface; margins with plumose setae. Carpus strongly produced onto propodus, almost reaching distal margin of propodus; lateral surface with medial transverse row of plumose setae, plumose setae on margins. Merus unarmed, broadly inflated distolaterally, with plumose setae on dorsal margin. Basis­ischium incompletely fused, without crista dentata. Exopod two­segmented: proximal segment small; distal segment styliform, tapering, approximately one­third length of merus, with plumose setae on margins; without flagellum.

Pereopod I (fig. 47A) dactylus curved and tapering; lateral and mesial surfaces smooth; dorsal margin with small rugose area proximally and long plumose setae, smooth distally; ventral margin with short simple setae. Propodal lateral surface with numerous short, transverse rows of setose rugae; dorsal margin with few small, low ridges; ventral margin distally produced into acute spine; cutting edge lacking teeth, lined with long plumose setae; dorsal margin with short plumose setae, ventral margin with short simple setae. Carpus with dorsodistal angle rounded, with numerous distal spinules, dorsal margin smooth, with short plumose setae; lateral surface with few transverse, setose ridges; mesial surface smooth, with medial transverse row of long plumose setae. Merus unarmed; lateral surface with scattered transverse rows of short plumose setae, margins with long plumose setae; mesial surface with few short rows of setae; proximal third of mesial surface with decalcified window. Basis­ischium incompletely fused, unarmed. Coxa unarmed.

Pereopod II (fig. 47B) dactylus smooth; with base to heel concave, heel produced and narrowing to subacute tip, heel to tip with moderately narrow, acute indent, tip acute, tip to base broadly convex; lateral surface smooth with few small, setose punctae proximal to heel; mesial surface smooth, ventral margin with long plumose setae, dorsal margin with short simple setae, with patch of long plumose setae at base reaching across median of heel. Propodus with dorsal surface smooth, ventral margin inflated and rounded; distal and ventral margin with long plumose setae; dorsolateral surface as narrow, oblique, flattened shelf, with long plumose setae on ventral margin; short transverse row of long plumose setae on surface; mesial surface with subdistal row of long plumose setae. Carpus strongly produced dorsodistally and rounded at tip, one­half as long as propodus; lateral surface nearly smooth, with two irregular, interrupted rows of rugae and submarginal elevated ridge ventrally, rugae and ridge with long plumose setae; dorsal margin with long plumose setae; mesial surface smooth, with medial transverse row of long plumose setae. Merus lateral surface almost entirely decalcified with long plumose setae on dorsodistal and ventrodistal margins; mesial surface nearly smooth, with oblique median ridge, patches of long plumose setae dorsal to ridge and in row ventrally. Basis­ischium incompletely fused and unarmed. Coxa unarmed.

Pereopod III (fig. 47C) dactylus base to heel broadly indented, heel acute, thin, and produced, heel to tip with broad, evenly rounded indent, tip acute, tip to base smoothly convex; lateral surface smooth, with tufts of short setae at end of heel and tip, dorsodistal margin with tufts of short setae; ventral margin with long plumose setae, dorsal margin with short simple and plumose setae; mesial surface smooth with plumose setae proximally at junction with propodus and in row across base of heel. Propodus not inflated dorsoventrally; lateral surface smooth, with simple setae subdorsally, and long plumose setae on ventral margin; dorsolateral surface narrow, oblique, flattened; mesial surface with scattered long setae on and near distoventral margin. Carpus strongly produced dorsodistally and inflated, reaching distal margin of propodus, pointed and almost acute; dorsolateral margin unarmed; lateral surface with mat of short setae on dorsodistal third of segment and long transverse row of setae medially and scattered on proximal lateral surface; dorsal margin with scattered long plumose setae; mesial surface smooth, dorsomedial third decalcified, with long plumose setae on margins and in median transverse row ventral to decalcified area. Merus smooth, lateral surface almost entirely decalcified; dorsal and ventral margins unarmed, with long plumose setae distally; mesial surface smooth. Basis­ischium incompletely fused and unarmed. Coxa unarmed. Female pereopod III with large mesioproximal gonopore (not opposing other gonopore); male without pore.

Pereopod IV (fig. 47D) dactylus with base to heel slightly concave, heel acute, heel to tip broadly rounded and concave, tip acute, tip to base convex; lateral surface smooth, ventral margin with long plumose setae, dorsal margin with short simple setae; mesial surface with dorsal decalcified region, demarcated ventrally by longitudinal elevated ridge across heel, with row of short plumose setae. Propodus expanded dorsally and ventrally; ventral expansion not reaching ventral margin of dactylus, margins with long plumose setae; dorsal expansion with row of long plumose setae medially and mat of short setae; lateral and mesial surfaces smooth. Carpus slightly produced dorsodistally; lateral and mesial surfaces smooth; dorsomedial two­thirds of mesial surface decalcified; dorsal margin with small mat of short setae at dorsodistal angle; dorsal margin with long plumose setae, ventral margin with few short simple setae. Merus with small median decalcified area on lateral surface, few short transverse rows of setae, dorsal and distoventral margins with long plumose setae; mesial surface with large decalcified window proximoventrally. Basis­ischium incompletely fused and unarmed. Coxa unarmed.

Abdomen (fig. 47E) somite I wider than long, widest posteriorly; dorsal surface with anterior margin straight; posterior margin concave, with elevated submarginal curved row of short setae and broad field of short simple setae anterior to submarginal row; with small, faint, transverse, decalcified windows laterad of segment median. Somite II anterior margin convex, posterior margin irregularly concave; pleura expanded and directed laterally, angled anterolaterally, rounded posterolaterally, small patch of short simple setae at posteromesial margin; anterior and lateral margins with long plumose setae, posterior margin with short setae. Somite III similar to somite II, narrower and shorter; pleura thinner and shorter than on somite II, directed posterolaterally proximally and curving forward distally, with setae as in somite II; anterolateral angle subacute; dorsal surface slightly obliquely flattened anterolaterally. Somite IV similar to somite III; pleura thinner and shorter than on somite III, directed slightly anterolaterally; dorsal surface slightly obliquely flattened anterolaterally; margins with long plumose setae. Somite V wider than somite IV, narrowing posteriorly; anterolateral margins with plumose setae, two rows of setae on posterior margin; pleura distinct from somite, shorter than in somite IV, thin, flattened, directed anterolaterally, and covered with plumose setae. Somite VI narrower than somite V; dorsal surface with four short transverse rows of setae laterad of midline anteriorly, posterior margin with medially separated row of plumose setae; pleura absent.

Female with long uniramous pleopods on somites II–V; male with small pleopods.

Telson of male (fig. 47F) spatulate, proximal third laterally concave, median third laterally convex, distal third laterally concave; lateral expansions rounded, distal tip round­ ed; medioproximal third heavily calcified, lateral and distal regions decalcified; median longitudinal groove running along calcified region; two parallel rows of long simple setae in medial third; margins with long simple setae. Telson of female (fig. 47G) similar to male, with less concave distolateral third.

DISTRIBUTION: Known from Los Angeles Co., California, to San Diego Co., California, USA, in up to 23.8 m depth.

MAXIMUM SIZE: Males: 12.6 mm cl; females: 18.1 mm cl.

TYPE SPECIMENS: USNM 42213 (holotype), USNM 122633 (11 paratypes), BMNH 1937.6.1.4–5 (2 paratypes).

TYPE LOCALITY: Long Beach, California, USA.

REMARKS: Fransen et al. (1997) listed RMNH 4924 and RMNH 14638 as paratypes, but this material was explicitly excluded from the type series by Efford (1971).

Efford (1971) identified specimens from the Gulf of California as this species, but I have not been able to examine these specimens to validate this record. It is possible that L. californica occurs in the Gulf, but it is equally possible that the Gulf specimens represents a different, perhaps undescribed, species.

The maximum percentage of ovigers in populations has been reported as occurring in March (MacGinitie and MacGinitie, 1949). The complete larval development of this species (from ovigerous females) was described by Knight (1970, as L. myops ) with four zoeal stages and one megalopal stage reached in 73–77 days at 15–19°C and 33–34‰ salinity. Digging behavior in this species has been well studied and compared with that of the spiny sand crab Blepharipoda occidentalis (Faulkes and Paul, 1993, 1997b, 1997c).

This species is a unique intermediate form between the ‘‘ benedicti ­group’’ and ‘‘ venusta ­group’’ of Lepidopa , and it shows a mixture of characters of both groups.

Lepidopa haigae Efford, 1971 Figures 48 , 49

Lepidopa haigae Efford, 1971: 85–87 , figs. 1d, 2c, 3b, 4j, 5m, 6j, s, 7h*. – Coêlho and Calado, 1987: table 1. – Calado, 1995: 168–171, pl. 39, fig. h, pl. 40, fig. g, pl. 42, fig. g, pl. 53, figs. a–e, pl. 54, figs. a–c*. – Hendrickx and Harvey, 1999: 367 (list).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Mexico: Bahia Chacahua, Oaxaca, 15°57.3̍N, 97°39.8̍W, 18–27 m, March 20, 1939, coll. R/V ‘‘Velero III’’: 1 ♀, 11.5 mm cl, holotype ( LACM 39– 30.12).

DIAGNOSIS: Carapace length and width subequal, with lightly setose grooves. Anterior margin without spines lateral to ocular sinus. CG5 absent; CG8 present; CG10 present; posterior submarginal groove reaching nearly to apex of posterior concavity. Rostrum present, rounded and unarmed. Distal peduncular segments dorsoventrally flattened and subquadrate, distal margin toothed, pigmented area at distolateral notch. Antennal segment I with dorsal spine. Dactylus of pereopod II with heel produced, tapering, and subacute. Dactylus of pereopod III with heel projecting, acute. Dactylus of pereopod IV with produced acute heel and deep indent. Telson of ♀ spatulate, with medial slightly elevated and thickened calcified region.

DESCRIPTION: Carapace (fig. 48A) as wide as long. Anterior margin concave on either side of ocular sinus, toothed. Rostrum as subacute projection reaching beyond median peduncular segments, without submarginal, terminal acute spine. Ocular sinus smoothly concave; unarmed. Frontal region smooth; setal field reduced to narrow band anterior to CG1, concave in median. CG1 parallel to anterior margin of carapace, sinuous, slightly crenulate, with medial fragment and lateral elements united. Mesogastric region smooth; CG2 absent; CG3 present as two short fragments; CG4 with two long oblique lateral elements. Hepatic region smooth with setose groove and short, blunt spine at median of lateral margin. Epibranchial region roughly triangular, smooth; posterolateral margin with six short rows of setae. Metagastric region smooth; CG5 absent. CG6 crenulate, with oblique, long, lateral fragments and short, sinuous median element united with CG7. CG7 oblique relative to anterior margin of carapace and united with median fragment of CG6. Cardiac region smooth; CG8 with one short transverse fragment on left side of region (not symmetrical in holotype). CG9 absent. CG10 with two sinuous elements separated by short gap at median. CG11 absent. Branchial region with few short, transverse rows of setae. Posterior margin deeply concave medially and straight laterally, with submarginal groove reaching nearly to apex of posterior concavity. Branchiostegite without short anterior submarginal spine; anterior region with anterodorsal transverse groove and granular surface, with many long plumose setae; posterior region membranous, with numerous irregular fragments and sparsely covered with long plumose setae.

Ocular plate (fig. 48B) covered by carapace; median peduncular segments reduced to small rounded calcified areas anterolateral to ocular plate. Distal peduncular segments almost square, produced distolaterally, flattened, with convex lateral margins, distal margins toothed; pigmented area at notch on lateral margin two­thirds from proximal margin; mesial margins separated along entire length; mesial, lateral, and distal margins with long simple setae.

Antennule (fig. 48C) with segment III with narrow proximally, expanding distally to four times proximal width; with plumose setae on dorsal and ventral margins; dorsal exopodal flagellum with 31+ articles (in longest broken antennule of holotype), long plumose setae on dorsal, ventral and distal margins; ventral endopodal flagellum with one long proximal and one short distal segment, plumose setae on dorsal and ventral margins. Segment II medially inflated in dorsal view, with plumose setae on dorsal and ventral margins. Segment I wider than long, unarmed; dorsodistal third of lateral surface rugose, with long plumose setae; long plumose setae on dorsal and ventral margins and transversely across lateral surface.

Antenna (fig. 48D) with segment V approximately two times as long as wide, with short plumose setae on dorsal and distal margins; flagellum with eight articles, long plumose setae on dorsal, ventral, and distal margins. Segment IV almost cylindrical, overreaching segment III by one­fourth of its length, with long plumose setae on dorsal and distal margins, and row of setae on dorsolateral margin. Segment III with long plumose setae on ventral margin. Segment II widening distally, with plumose setae on margins; antennal acicle short, triangular, overreaching segment IV proximal margin by one­half of its length, with long plumose setae on dorsal margin. Segment I rounded proximally, flattened and truncate ventrolaterally with long plumose setae on margins; lateral margin with small spine; segment with ventromesial antennal gland pore.

Mandible (fig. 48E) incisor process with one tooth; cutting edge with one tooth. Palp three­segmented, with plumose setae on margins and long, thick, simple setae arising from bend in second segment.

Maxillule (fig. 48F) distal endite proximally narrow, widening to inflated distal end, with thick simple setae on distal margin and plumose setae on dorsal margin. Proximal endite with thick simple setae on distal margin. Endopodal external lobe truncate distally and curled under, with narrow proximal projection; internal lobe reduced with six thick setae at distolateral margin.

Maxilla (fig. 48G) exopod rounded, with plumose setae along distal margin. Scaphognathite bluntly angled on posterior lobe, with plumose setae.

Maxilliped I (fig. 48H) epipod with plumose setae on distal margin and on distolateral surface. Endite tapered distally and subequal to first segment of exopod. Exopod with two segments; proximal segment narrow, margins parallel, with plumose setae; distal segment spatulate, longer than wide, curved mesially, broadest medially, margins with long plumose setae. Endopod flattened and elongate, reaching to distal end of proximal exopodal segment, with plumose setae on margins.

Maxilliped II (fig. 48I) dactylus evenly rounded, length equal to width, with thick simple setae distally and thin simple setae in short row on lateral surface. Propodus two times wider than long, with plumose setae on dorsal margin and long simple setae on distal margin. Carpus not strongly produced dorsodistally, approximately two times longer than wide, with long simple setae on dorsal margin and in short row on distolateral surface. Merus 2.5 times longer than wide, margins parallel but slightly inflated submedially, with simple setae on ventrolateral margin and plumose setae on dorsolateral margin and in short rows on ventrodistal surface. Basis­ischium incompletely fused, with plumose setae on margins. Exopod one­third times longer than merus, flagellum with one elongate article.

Maxilliped III (fig. 48J) dactylus evenly rounded; with long plumose setae on margins and lateral surface. Propodus with longitudinal median row of plumose setae on lateral surface, margins with plumose setae. Carpus strongly produced onto propodus, almost overreaching entire propodus; lateral surface with row of plumose setae ventromedially, plumose setae on margins. Merus unarmed, broadly inflated medially, with plumose setae on distolateral margins. Basis­ischium incompletely fused, without crista dentata. Exopod two­segmented: proximal segment small; distal segment styliform, tapering, approximately one­half length of merus, with plumose setae on margins; without flagellum.

Pereopod I (fig. 49A) dactylus curved and tapering; lateral and mesial surfaces smooth; dorsal margin with long plumose and short simple setae; ventral margin with short simple setae. Propodal lateral surface with numerous short, transverse rows of setose rugae; dorsal margin with few small, low ridges; ventral margin distally produced into acute spine; cutting edge lacking teeth, lined with long plumose setae; dorsal margin with short plumose setae, ventral margin with short simple setae. Carpus with dorsodistal angle rounded, dorsal margin smooth, with short plumose setae; lateral surface with few transverse, setose ridges; mesial surface smooth, with few scattered rows of long plumose setae. Merus unarmed; lateral surface with scattered transverse rows of long plumose setae, margins with long plumose setae; mesial surface with few short rows of setae; proximal third of mesial surface with decalcified window. Basis­ischium incompletely fused, unarmed. Coxa with small posteromesial tubercle.

Pereopod II (fig. 49B) dactylus smooth; with base to heel concave, heel produced and smoothly rounded, heel to tip with wide, smoothly rounded indent, tip acute, tip to base broadly convex; lateral surface smooth, with one or two small tufts of short setae proximally, several widely spaced, submarginal tufts of short setae dorsodistally; mesial surface smooth, ventral margin with long plumose setae; dorsal margin with short simple setae and patch of long plumose setae at base reaching across median of heel. Propodus with dorsal surface smooth, ventral margin inflated and rounded; distal and ventral margins with long plumose setae; dorsolateral surface as narrow, oblique, flattened shelf, with long plumose setae on ventral margin; mesial surface with ventral row of setae. Carpus strongly produced dorsodistally; lateral surface nearly smooth, with irregular, interrupted row of rugae and submarginal elevated ridge ventrally, rugae and ridge with long plumose setae; distal margins with long plumose setae; mesial surface smooth with long plumose setae in scattered patches in line subdorsally and distally. Merus lateral surface almost entirely decalcified, with few scattered setae on surface and margins; mesial surface nearly smooth, with oblique median ridge, patches of long plumose setae dorsal to ridge and in row ventrally, with decalcified area on proximal half of area dorsal to ridge. Basis­ischium incompletely fused and unarmed. Coxa with small mesioproximal tubercle.

Pereopod III (fig. 49C) dactylus with base to heel broadly indented, heel acute and produced, heel to tip with broad, evenly rounded indent, tip acute, tip to base smoothly convex; lateral surface smooth, with tufts of short setae at end of heel and tip, dorsodistal margin with tufts of short setae; ventromesial margin with long plumose setae, dorsal margin with short simple and plumose setae; mesial surface smooth, with plumose setae proximally at junction with propodus and in row across base of heel. Propodus not inflat­ ed dorsoventrally; lateral surface smooth, with simple setae subdorsally, and long plumose setae on ventral margin; dorsolateral surface narrow, oblique, flattened; mesial surface with scattered long setae on and near ventral margin. Carpus strongly produced dorsodistally and inflated, reaching distal margin of propodus, pointed and almost acute; dorsolateral margin unarmed; lateral surface, with mat of short setae on distal third of segment and long transverse row of setae medially and scattered on proximal lat­ eral surface; mesial surface smooth, with long plumose setae on margins and in median transverse row dorsal to decalcified area. Merus smooth, lateral surface almost entirely decalcified; dorsal and ventral margins unarmed, with long plumose setae; laterodistal margin with long plumose setae; mesial surface smooth, with small decalcified window at junction with incompletely fused and unarmed basis­ischium. Coxa with small mesioproximal tubercle. ♀ pereopod III with large mesioproximal gonopore; male unknown.

Pereopod IV (fig. 49D) dactylus with base to heel slightly concave, heel acute, heel to tip broadly rounded and concave, tip acute, tip to base convex; lateral surface smooth, ventral margin with long plumose setae, dorsal margin with short simple setae; mesial surface with dorsal decalcified region, demarcated ventrally by longitudinal elevated ridge across heel, with row of short plumose setae. Propodus expanded dorsally and ventrally; ventral expansion not exceeding ventral margin of dactylus, margin with long plumose setae; dorsal expansion with row of long plumose setae medially and mat of short setae; lateral and mesial surfaces smooth. Carpus slightly produced dorsodistally; lateral and mesial surfaces smooth; lateral surface with median two­thirds decalcified; dorsal margin with small mat of short setae at dorsodistal angle; ventral margin with short simple setae. Merus with large median decalcified area on lateral surface and scattered short transverse rows of setae, dorsal and ventrodistal margins with long plumose setae; mesial surface with large decalcified window proximoventrally. Basis­ischium incompletely fused and unarmed. Coxa unarmed.

Abdomen (fig. 49E) with somite I approximately as long as wide, widest posteriorly; dorsal surface with anterior margin straight; posterior margin straight, with elevated, submarginal, curved row of short setae; with small, faint, transverse, decalcified windows laterad of segment median. Somite II dorsal surface with setose, submarginal, transverse ridge anteriorly, setose row on posterolateral margin reaching onto pleura; pleura expand­ ed and directed anterolaterally, strongly produced anteriorly, interpleural space narrow; dorsolateral margin angled, posterolateral margin rounded, anterior and lateral margins with long plumose setae, posterior margin with short setae. Somite III similar to somite II, much narrower, shorter, and lacking anterior submarginal ridge, setae on anterolateral margins extending onto pleura; small tuft of short setae on posterolateral angle; pleura thinner and shorter than on somite II, directed anterolaterally, with setae as in somite II, but reaching onto anterior margin of somite; anterolateral angle acute; dorsal surface obliquely flattened anterolaterally. Somite IV similar to somite III; pleura thinner and shorter than on somite III, directed anterolaterally; dorsal surface obliquely flattened anterolaterally; margin with long plu­ mose setae. Somite V wider than somite IV; lateral margins with plumose setae, two anterior submarginal rows of setae and two short rows of setae posterolaterally; pleura distinct from somite, shorter than in somite IV, thin, flattened and directed anterolaterally. Somite VI narrower than somite V; dorsal surface with two or three short transverse rows of setae laterad of midline anteriorly and patch of setae on anterolateral margin, posterior margin with long plumose setae; pleura absent.

Female pleopods uniramous, three­segmented, long, reaching to female gonopore, with long simple setae; male unknown.

Uropods lacking distinctive features.

Telson of male unknown. Telson of female (fig. 49F) spatulate, with medial slightly elevated and thickened calcified region, long simple setae at proximolateral corners; median longitudinal groove long, almost reaching distal margin of calcified area, median third of groove flanked by five short rows of simple setae; margins with long simple setae.

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the unique holotype from Bahia Chacahua, Oaxaca, Mexico, in 18–27 m depth.

MAXIMUM SIZE: Males: unknown; females: 11.5 mm cl.

TYPE SPECIMEN: LACM 39–30.12 (holotype).

TYPE LOCALITY: Bahia Chacahua, Oaxaca, Mexico, 15°57.3̍N, 97°39.8̍W, 18– 27 m.

REMARKS: This species closely resembles L. mearnsi in essentially all morphological features. The only important difference between the two species is the lack of anterolateral spines on the anterior margin of the carapace and the ventral spine on the rostrum on L. haigae . There is a possibility that the only known specimen of L. haigae is damaged and that the lack of lateral spines, otherwise unknown in the genus, is not typical of these animals. If so, then L. haigae would be nearly identical to, and perhaps conspecific with, L. mearnsi . More specimens from the type locality of L. haigae are needed to answer this question definitively.

Lepidopa richmondi Benedict, 1903 Figures 50 , 51

Lepidopa scutellata: Stimpson, 1858: 230 . – Stimpson, 1859: 79. – Faxon, 1895: 237 (list). – Ortmann, 1896: 226 (part), 227 (part). – Gordon, 1938: 188 (list, part). (not Thia scutellata ( Fabricius, 1793)) .

Lepidops [sic] scutellata: Miers, 1878: 332 (part). – Moreira, 1901: 30, 88–89 (not Thia scutellata ( Fabricius, 1793)) .

Lepidopa richmondi Benedict, 1903: 895 , fig. 8*. – Gordon, 1938: 188, fig. 2d. – Garcia Mendes, 1945: 119 (list). – Holthuis, 1961: 31–35, fig. 4*. – Rodrigues da Costa, 1962: 9–10, pl. 3, figs. 4–7. – Coêlho, 1966: 244. – Efford, 1971: 83–85, figs. 1c, 2a, 3d, 4k, 6l, u, 7l*. – Coêlho and Ramos, 1972: 176. – Dexter, 1972: 455 *. – Abele, 1976: 266–267 *. – Rodriguez, 1980: 235–237, pl. 8, fig. 52. – Calado, 1987: 130– 142, pls. 16–19*. – Coêlho and Calado, 1987: 43, table 1. – Manning, 1988: 626–627 (list). – Calado et al., 1990: 749, fig. 3a*. – Rosini et al., 1994: 103–105. – Calado, 1995: 191–195, pl. 39, fig. m, pl. 40, fig. l, pl. 41, fig. l, pl. 62, fig. a, pl. 63, figs. a–d, pl. 64, figs. a–f*. – Spivak, 1997: 74 (list). – Calado, 1998: 408. – Nucci et al., 2001: 479.

Lepidopa fernandesi Garcia Mendes, 1945: 120– 122 , pl. 13, figs. 1–5.

Lepidopa websteri: Amaral et al. in Nucci et al., 2001: 479 (not Lepidopa websteri Benedict, 1903 ).

not Lepidopa richmondi: Gore and Van Dover, 1981: 1018–1026 , figs. 1–6. – Spivak, 1997: 81 (list) (= Lepidopa sp. indet.).

not Lepidopa Richmondi : Seridji, 1988: 1298 (= Lepidopa sp. indet.).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: USA: Florida: ‘‘Florida’’ (data suspect, see remarks): 1 ♀, 11.8 mm cl ( MCZ 865).

Haiti: Île à Vache, May 2, 1930, coll. Parrish Smithsonian Expedition: 1 Ƌ, 9.6 mm cl ( USNM 65879).

Puerto Rico: ‘‘Puerto Rico,’’ coll. unknown: 1 ♀, 14.6 mm cl ( USNM 104654).

U.S. Virgin Islands: St. Thomas, Jan. 1, 1898, coll. C. Eggert: 1 Ƌ, 9.3 mm cl ( ZMH K–7567).

Netherlands Antilles: Orange Baai , St. Eustatius, Jan. 4, 1958, coll. P. A. van den Heuvel: 2 Ƌ, 7.4–8.1 mm cl, 1 ♀, 9.1 mm cl ( RMNH 14634 ) ; Zeelandia Baai , St. Eustatius, Feb. 9, 1958, coll. P. A. van den Heuvel: 1 ♀, 9.5 mm cl ( RMNH 14635 ) ; 1 ♀, 8.3 mm cl ( AMNH 18083 ex RMNH 14635 ) ; Orange Baai , St. Eustatius, Feb. 7, 1958, coll. P. A. van den Heuvel: 1 ♀, 9.9 mm cl ( RMNH 14636 ) ; Orange Baai , St. Eustatius, Nov. 16, 1957, coll. P. A. van den Heuvel: 1 Ƌ, 5.6 mm cl ( RMNH 14637 ) ;

Trinidad and Tobago: Maracas Bay, Trinidad, Dec. 25, 1970, coll. J. M. Stohley: 1 ♀, 7.2 mm cl ( USNM 141352).

Nicaragua: Greytown, coll. C. W. Richmond: 1 ♀, 7.2 mm cl, holotype of L. richmondi ( USNM 29018).

Costa Rica: Tortuguero, Summer 1977, coll. D. Perry: 1 ♀, 12.4 mm cl, 1 unsexable specimen, 7.8 mm cl (LACM­AHF 925–01).

Panama (Atlantic): Shimmey Beach , Ft. Sherman, Aug. 10, 1969, coll. D. M. Dexter: 1 Ƌ, 6.3 mm cl ( USNM 260940 ) ; ca. 500 yd from town, Piñas Beach , July 16, 1969, coll. L. G. Abele: 2 ♀, 6.6–7.3 mm cl ( USNM 304305 ) .

Venezuela: Estado Sucre, Alrededores de Cumana, Playa Bordones, June 4, 1965, coll. C. Flores: 1 ♀, 11.4 mm cl ( USNM 120592).

Brazil: Coll. unknown: 2 Ƌ, 9.1–9.6 mm cl, 1 ♀, 9.8 mm cl ( USNM 106079 ) ; Rio Grande do Norte: Natal, 1951, coll. M. Alvarenga: 1 ♀, 6.9 mm cl ( MNRJ 1540 ) ; Praia do Forte, Natal , Jan. 25, 1964, coll. A. L. Castro: 1 Ƌ, 9.0 mm cl ( MNRJ 1551 ) ; Pernambuco: Baia de Suape , Feb. 1964, coll. A. L. Castro: 1 Ƌ, 10.5 mm cl, 1 oviger, 9.0 mm cl ( MNRJ 1538 ) ; Bahia: Praia da Ribeira, Itacare´ , Feb. 10, 1993, coll. P. S. Young and M. C. Britto­Pereira: 1 ♀, 14.3 mm cl ( MNRJ 2467 ) ; Espírito Santo: Jacaraípe, Serra , Jan. 1984, coll. D. N. Fundão: 1 ♀, 9.0 mm cl ( UFES 220 ) ; Guarapari , May 29, 1968, coll. L. Behar: 2 Ƌ, 7.8–8.5 mm cl, 2 ♀, 6.4–8.0 mm cl ( UFES 84 ) ; Rio de Janeiro: Recreio dos Bandeirantes, April 30, 1961, coll. H. R. da Costa: 1 ♀, 12.8 mm cl ( UFES 1118 ) ; Prainha , Recreio dos Bandeirantes, Feb. 1972, coll. A.C.S. Coêlho: 1 ♀, 10.1 mm cl ( MNRJ 1545 ) ; Praia de Copacabana , Nov. 10, 1954, coll. F. Pires: 2 ♀, 9.9–10.5 mm cl ( MNRJ 1535 ) ; Praia de Copacabana , Jan. 9, 1980, coll. R. Novelli: 1 ♀, 11.9 mm cl ( MNRJ 1541 ) ; Copacabana , Jan. 9, 1985, coll. T. C. Calado: 8 Ƌ, 8.2–10.2 mm cl, 9 ♀, 8.6–11.6 mm cl ( MNRJ 1543 ) ; km 18, Restinga de Marambaia , June 1966, coll. B. Prazeres: 1 Ƌ, 9.2 mm cl ( MNRJ 1536 ) ; Barro do Tijuco , May 19, 1964, coll. A. L. Castro: 1 ♀, 11.0 mm cl ( MNRJ 1537 ) ; Ilha Pingo d’Água, Baia do Ribeira , Angra dos Reis, Dec. 31, 1979, coll. R. Novelli: 1 Ƌ, 5.8 mm cl, 2 ♀, 6.7–7.3 mm cl ( MNRJ 1539 ) ; Piratininga , Aug. 4, 1966, coll. unknown: 1 Ƌ, 8.4 mm cl, 3 ♀, 10.8–11.9 mm cl ( MNRJ 1542 ) ; Praia de Ipanema, Ipanema , Feb. 17, 1985, coll. Z. Andrade: 1 ♀, 10.4 mm cl ( MNRJ 1544 ) ; Ipanema , 1922, coll. H. M. Smith: 1 ♀, 12.8 mm cl ( USNM 56698 ) ; Ilha Grande, Praia do Sul , Feb. 14, 1985, coll. Z. Andrade: 1 ♀, 9.0 mm cl ( MNRJ 1546 ) ; Praia do Pexo´, Cabo Frio , Feb. 1985, coll. T. C. Calado: 4 ♀, 9.8–11.1 mm cl ( MNRJ 1547 ) ; Barro do Tijuco , Jan. 1960, coll. A. Coêlho: 1 Ƌ, 10.1 mm cl ( MNRJ 1548 ) ; Praia de São Bráz, Baia de Mangaratiba , Jan. 24, 1951, coll. unknown: 1 Ƌ, 9.4 mm cl ( MNRJ 1549 ) ; Praia do Leblon, Leblon , Feb. 2, 1985, coll. Z. Andrade: 1 ♀, 11.4 mm cl ( MNRJ 3856 ) ; Praia do Forte, Cabo Frio , Aug. 24, 1986, coll. C. E. Ribeiro: 1 Ƌ, 8.6 mm cl, 1 ♀, 9.5 mm cl ( MNRJ 3864 b) ; Praia do Forte, Cabo Frio , May 22, 1994, coll. F. C. Fernandes: 1 ♀, 9.9 mm cl, 1 unsexable specimen, 10.0 mm cl ( MNRJ 4310 ) ; Barra da Tijuca , May 31, 1968, coll. H. R. da Costa: 1 ♀, 9.4 mm cl ( UFES 89 ) ; Jiha Marambala , April 1924, coll. S. Müllegger: 1 ♀, 11.7 mm cl ( ZMH K–8153) ; São Paulo: São Vicente and Santos , Aug. 7, 1960, coll. unknown: 1 ♀, 10.9 mm cl, 1 oviger, 9.3 mm cl ( MNRJ 1550 ) ; Ubatuba , Dec. 12, 1992, coll. F.L.M. Mantelatto: 2 ♀, 10.3–10.8 mm cl ( AMNH 1808 ) ; Praia do Pereque´ , April 12, 1963, coll. A. L. Castro: 1 Ƌ, 6.6 mm cl ( MNRJ 3854 ) ; Santa Catarina: Praia Grande, São Francisco do Sul , Oct. 8, 1925, coll. W. L. Schmitt: 2 ♀, 10.0– 10.4 mm cl ( USNM 104653 ) ; ‘‘ Desterro’ ’ [= Florianópolis], coll. F. Müller: 1 Ƌ, 10.6 mm cl (MNHN­Hi 192) .

DIAGNOSIS: Carapace length and width subequal, with lightly setose grooves. Anterior margin with two large spines lateral to ocular sinus. CG5 present; CG8 present; CG10 present; posterior submarginal groove uninterrupted. Rostrum present, rounded and armed with acute ventral spine. Distal peduncular segments dorsoventrally flattened and subquadrate, distal margins toothed; pigmented area at distolateral notch. Antennal segment I with dorsal spine. Dactylus of pereopod II with heel produced, tapering, and subacute. Dactylus of pereopod III with heel projecting, acute. Dactylus of pereopod IV with produced acute heel and deep indent. Telson of male spatulate, proximal two­thirds laterally convex, distal third slightly laterally concave, lateral expansions rounded, distal tip rounded; medial third heavily calcified, lateral regions decalcified.

DESCRIPTION: Carapace (fig. 50A) length and width subequal. Anterior margin sinuous mesially on either side of ocular sinus, crenulate; acute strong spine at midpoint of either lateral anterior margin; margin lateral to spine sloping and slightly concave. Rostrum as rounded projection reaching beyond median peduncular segments and armed with subdorsal short acute spine. Ocular sinus smoothly concave, unarmed. Frontal region smooth; setal field reduced to narrow band anteriorly paralleling CG1, concave and broadest medially. CG1 parallel to anterior margin of carapace, concave medially, slightly crenulate, medial and posterolateral elements united. Mesogastric region smooth; CG2 absent; CG3 present as two short lateral elements; CG4 with two short elements and two long, curved lateral elements, lateral elements almost united with posterior margin of CG1 posterolateral elements. Hepatic region smooth, with short transverse element lateral to anterolateral margin of CG1, oblique lateral setose groove and short, acute spine at median of lateral margin. Epibranchial region generally triangular, smooth; posterolateral margin with four or five short rows of setae. Metagastric region smooth; CG5 present as two short elements. CG6 crenulate, with separate, oblique, long, lateral fragments and short, sinuous, posteriorly displaced median element united with CG7. CG7 transverse relative to anterior margin of carapace and united with median fragment of CG6. Cardiac region smooth; CG8 present as two short elements with gap at median. CG9 absent. CG10 present as two broken oblique elements. CG11 absent. Branchial region with few short, transverse rows of setae. Posterior margin deeply and irregularly concave medially and more or less straight laterally, with submarginal groove uninterrupted across posterior concavity. Branchiostegite unarmed; anterior region with anterodorsal transverse groove and granular surface, also many long plumose setae; posterior region membranous with numerous irregular frag­ ments and sparsely covered with long plumose setae.

Ocular plate (fig. 50B) covered by carapace; proximal ocular segments reduced to small oblong calcified areas anterolateral to ocular plate. Distal peduncular segments subquadrate, angled slightly distolaterally, flattened with sinuous­convex lateral and convex mesial margins, distolateral and distomesial angles rounded, margins smooth in proximal three­fourths, toothed in distal quarter; faint pigmented area at notch on lateral margin two­thirds from proximal margin; mesial margins separated along entire length; distal half of margins with long simple setae; small patch of setae in proximolateral corner.

Antennule (fig. 50C) segment III narrow proximally, expanding distally to two times proximal width; with plumose setae on dorsal and ventral margins and scattered on lateral surface; dorsal exopodal flagellum with 80–98 articles (n = 6), long plumose setae on dorsal and ventral margins; ventral endopodal flagellum with two or three articles (n = 6), plumose setae on dorsal and ventral margins. Segment II medially inflated in dorsal view, with plumose setae on dorsal and ventral margins, and scattered on mediolateral surface. Segment I wider than long, unarmed; dorsomedial third of lateral surface rugose with long plumose setae; long plumose setae on dorsal and ventral margins and scattered on distal half of lateral surface.

Antenna (fig. 50D) with segment V approximately two times longer than wide, with short plumose setae on dorsal and distal margins and in subventral row; flagellum with eight articles (n = 6), long plumose setae on dorsal, ventral, and distal margins. Segment IV almost cylindrical, overreaching segment III by one­third of its length, with long plumose setae on dorsal and distal margins, and two interrupted rows of setae on lateral surface. Segment III with long plumose setae on ventral margin. Segment II widening distally, with plumose setae on dorsal margin and in subdorsal area; antennal acicle short, triangular, overreaching segment IV proximal margin by one­half of its length, with long plumose setae on dorsal margin. Segment I rounded proximally, flattened and truncated ventrolaterally, with long plumose setae on dorsal and distal margins; patch of short plumose setae subdorsally proximal to spine; dorsolateral margin with short acute spine one­third from distal margin; segment with ventromesial antennal gland pore.

Mandible (fig. 50E) incisor process with two teeth; cutting edge with one tooth. Palp three­segmented, with plumose setae on margins and long, thick, simple setae arising from bend in second segment.

Maxillule (fig. 50F) distal endite proximally narrow, widening to inflated distal end, with thick simple setae on distal margin and plumose setae on dorsal margin. Proximal endite with thick simple setae on distal margin and thin simple setae on dorsal margin. Endopodal external lobe truncate distally and curled under, with wide proximal projection; internal lobe reduced, with three thick setae at distolateral margin.

Maxilla (fig. 50G) exopod rounded, with plumose setae along distal margin. Scaphognathite bluntly angled on posterior lobe, with plumose setae.

Maxilliped I (fig. 50H) epipod with plumose setae on margins and on distolateral surface. Endite tapered distally and subequal to first segment of exopod. Exopod with two segments; proximal segment narrow, margins parallel, with plumose setae; distal segment spatulate, longer than wide, curved mesially, broadest medially, margins and dorsolateral surface with long plumose setae. Endopod flattened and elongate, reaching to distal end of proximal exopodal segment, with plumose setae on margins.

Maxilliped II (fig. 50I) dactylus evenly rounded, longer than wide, with thick simple setae distally and thin simple setae in short row on lateral surface and on distoventral angle. Propodus slightly produced dorsodistally, width subequal to length, with plumose setae on dorsal margin and long simple setae on dorsodistal and ventrodistal margins. Carpus not produced dorsodistally, approximately two times longer than wide, with long simple setae on dorsal margin. Merus 2.5 times longer than wide, margins parallel, with simple setae and plumose setae on dorsal and lateral margins and scattered in short transverse rows on surface. Basis­ischium incompletely fused, with plumose setae on mar­ gins. Exopod one­third longer than merus, flagellum with one elongate article.

Maxilliped III (fig. 50J) dactylus elongate and evenly rounded; long plumose setae on margins and lateral surface. Propodus with longitudinal median row of plumose setae on lateral surface; dorsal margin with plumose setae, ventral submarginal short rows of short setae. Carpus strongly produced onto propodus, almost reaching distal margin of propodus; lateral surface with medial transverse row of plumose setae; plumose setae on margins. Merus unarmed, broadly inflated distolaterally, with long plumose setae on lateral margin, short setae on mesial margin, and scattered in short oblique rows on surface. Basis­ischium incompletely fused, without crista dentata. Exopod two­segmented: proximal segment small; distal segment styliform, tapering, approximately three­fourths length of merus, with plumose setae on margins; without flagellum.

Pereopod I (fig. 51A) dactylus curved and tapering; lateral and mesial surfaces smooth; dorsal margin smooth, with long plumose setae; ventral margin with short simple setae. Propodal lateral surface with numerous short, transverse rows of setose rugae; dorsal margin with few small, low ridges; ventral margin distally produced into acute spine; cutting edge lacking teeth, lined with long plumose setae; dorsal margin with long plumose setae, ventral margin with short simple setae; mesial surface smooth with few scattered short rows of short simple setae. Carpus with few small spinules and slightly rugose at dorsodistal angle, dorsal margin smooth, with short plumose setae; lateral surface with few transverse, setose ridges on distal half; mesial surface smooth, with medial transverse row of long plumose setae. Merus unarmed; lateral surface with scattered transverse rows of short plumose setae, margins with short plumose setae and long plumose setae on proximolateral margin; mesial surface with few short rows of setae; proximal half of mesial surface with decalcified window. Basisischium incompletely fused, unarmed. Coxa unarmed.

Pereopod II (fig. 51B) dactylus smooth; with base to heel slightly concave, heel broadly produced and narrowing to rounded tip, heel to indent convex, indent broad and rounded, indent to tip almost straight, tip acute, tip to base broadly convex; lateral surface smooth, with small patch of setae in median of base to heel; mesial surface smooth, ventral margin with long plumose setae, dorsal margin with short simple setae and patch of long plumose setae at base reaching across median of heel. Propodus with dorsal surface smooth, ventral margin inflated and rounded; distoventral margin with long plumose setae; dorsolateral surface as narrow, oblique, flattened shelf, with long plumose setae on ventral margin, short plumose setae on dorsal margin; mesial surface with subdistal row of long plumose setae. Carpus strongly produced dorsodistally, reaching one­third length of propodus; lateral surface nearly smooth, with two irregular, interrupted rows of rugae and submarginal elevated ridge ventrally, rugae and ridge with long plumose setae; dorsal margin and distoventral angle with long plumose setae, distoventral margin with long plumose setae; mesial surface smooth, median three­fourths decalcified with ventral row of long plumose setae. Merus with lateral surface almost entirely decalcified, long plumose setae on margins; mesial surface nearly smooth, with oblique median ridge, long plumose setae patches dorsal to ridge and in row ventrally, nearly entire surface decalcified. Basis­ischium incompletely fused and unarmed. Coxa unarmed.

Pereopod III (fig. 51C) dactylus base to heel broadly indented, heel acute, thin, and produced, heel to tip with broad, evenly rounded indent and small indent at base of heel, tip acute, tip to base smoothly convex; lateral surface smooth, with tufts of short setae at end of heel and tip, dorsodistal margin with tufts of short setae; ventral margin with long plumose setae, dorsal margin with short simple and plumose setae; mesial surface smooth, with plumose setae proximally at junction with propodus and in row across base of heel. Propodus not inflated dorsoventrally; lateral surface smooth, with simple setae subdorsally, and long plumose setae on ventral margin and in oblique row on surface; dorsolateral surface narrow, oblique, flattened; mesial surface decalcified medially, with scattered long setae on and near distoventral margin. Carpus strongly produced dorsodistally and inflated, reaching distal margin of propodus, rounded; dorsolateral margin unarmed; lateral surface with mat of short setae on dorsodistal fourth of segment and two long, transverse, interrupted rows of setae medially, interrupted row of setae onethird dorsal to ventral margin, and patch of long plumose setae on distoventral angle; dorsal margin with long plumose setae; mesial surface smooth, medial three­fourths decalcified, with long plumose setae on margins and in mesiodistal short transverse row in decalcified area. Merus smooth, lateral surface almost entirely decalcified; dorsal and ventral margins unarmed, mesial margin with short plumose setae; distolateral margin with long plumose setae; mesial surface smooth with few scattered setae. Basis­ischium incompletely fused and unarmed. Coxa unarmed. Female pereopod III with large mesioproximal gonopore (not opposing other gonopore); male with slightly smaller pore more mesially displaced.

Pereopod IV (fig. 51D) dactylus with base to heel slightly concave, heel acute, heel to tip with broadly rounded indent, tip acute, tip to base convex; lateral surface smooth, ventral margin with long plumose setae, dorsal margin with short simple setae; mesial surface with dorsal decalcified region, demarcated ventrally by longitudinal elevated ridge across heel, with row of short plumose setae. Propodus expanded dorsally and ventrally; ventral expansion almost reaching ventral margin of dactylus, margins with long plumose setae; dorsal expansion with row of long plumose setae medially and mat of short setae; lateral and mesial surfaces smooth, with few scattered, long plumose setae. Carpus slightly produced dorsodistally; lateral and mesial surfaces smooth; dorsomedial half of mesial surface decalcified; dorsal margin with small mat of short setae at dorsodistal angle and long plumose setae along length; ventral margin with short simple setae. Merus with small median decalcified area on lateral surface, few short transverse rows of setae, dorsal and ventrodistal margins with long plumose setae; mesial surface with large decalcified window proximoventrally. Basis­ischium incompletely fused and unarmed. Coxa unarmed.

Abdomen (fig. 51E) somite I wider than long, widest posteriorly; dorsal surface with anterior margin convex; posterior margin straight, with elevated submarginal curved row of short setae; with small, faint, transverse, decalcified window laterad of segment median. Somite II anterior margin straight, posterior margin concave; pleura expanded and directed laterally, angled anterolaterally and posterolaterally, small patch of short simple setae at posteromesial margin; anterior and lateral margins with long plumose setae, posterior margin with short setae. Somite III similar to somite II, narrower and shorter; pleura thinner and longer than on somite II, directed posterolaterally proximally and curving forward distally, with setae as in somite II; anterolateral angle subacute; dorsal surface slightly obliquely flattened anterolaterally, with submarginal row of setae. Somite IV similar to somite III, two short rows of short simple setae on posterior margin laterad of midline; pleura thinner and shorter than on somite III, directed laterally proximally, curving forward distally; dorsal surface slightly obliquely flattened anterolaterally with submarginal row of short setae; margins with long plumose setae. Somite V wider than somite IV, narrowing posteriorly; anterolateral margins with plumose setae, two medial rows of simple setae laterad of midline; pleura distinct from somite, shorter than pleura of somite IV, thin, flattened, directed anterolaterally, and covered with plumose setae. Somite VI narrower than somite V; dorsal surface with two anterior short transverse rows of setae laterad of midline, posterior margin with continuous row of long plumose setae; pleura absent.

Female with long uniramous pleopods on somites II–V; male with small pleopods.

Telson of male (fig. 51F) spatulate, proximal two­thirds laterally convex, distal third slightly laterally concave, lateral expansions rounded, distal tip rounded; medial third heavily calcified, lateral regions decalcified; median longitudinal groove running from proximomedial margin along calcified region to just before distal margin; two distally converging rows of short simple setae in medial third; margins with long simple setae. Telson of female (fig. 51G) similar to male, slightly longer and less laterally expanded.

DISTRIBUTION: From Haiti south to Santa Catarina, Brazil, in 0–7.75 m depth ( Calado, 1987).

MAXIMUM SIZE: Males: 10.5 mm cl; females: 14.6 mm cl.

TYPE SPECIMENS: USNM 29018 (holotype of L. richmondi ). The 17 syntypes of L. fernandesi cannot be located in the Zoology Department of the University of São Paulo and are considered lost (G. A. de Melo, personal commun.).

TYPE LOCALITIES: Greytown , Nicaragua ( L. richmondi ) ; E. Parana´, Caioba´, Brazil ( L. fernandesi ) .

REMARKS: The accession number (‘‘25828’’) of the holotype of L. richmondi was incorrectly cited by Benedict (1903) as the catalog number, which is actually USNM 29018. Even though none of the syntypes of L. fernandesi can be located and examined, a comparison of the holotype of L. richmondi , conspecific Brazilian specimens, and the illustrations of L. fernandesi shows all three to be identical. Lepidopa fernandesi was synonymized with L. richmondi by Holthuis (1961).

Holthuis (1962) was undoubtedly correct in his conclusion that Lepidopa scutellata sensu Stimpson (1858) is actually this taxon, based on the fact that Stimpson (1859) gave the locality for the species as St. Thomas, and L. richmondi is the only species of Lepidopa known to occur there. As noted by Efford (1971), there is no material to support the claim of Schmitt (in Gordon, 1938) that this species occurs off Pensacola, Florida. That record should most likely be referred to L. benedicti . Similarly, the notation of ‘‘Florida’’ from MCZ 865 is almost certainly an incorrect locality for this species, and the label may indeed have been switched with MCZ 13229, a Lepidopa benedicti from ‘‘Brazil’’ (see also Efford, 1971).

The identification of the putative larva of L. richmondi from off central Florida by Gore and Van Dover (1981) was convincingly refuted by Stuck and Truesdale (1986). Lepidopa richmondi is not otherwise known from north of Haiti. The citations of larvae by Seridji (1988) and Spivak (1997) merely repeat the record of Gore and Van Dover (1981), which is considered an indeterminate species record at this time (see appendix 1).

Efford (1971) reported a ♀ from Colombia ( TU 4928) with sperm ribbon attached on the coxa of pereopod III. I was unable to examine this specimen, as the TU collections are in storage (J. Fitzpatrick, personal commun.). If true, this is the only record of this reproductive behavior in the family outside the genus Albunea (see also Boyko and Harvey, 1999)

Calado’s (1987) illustrations of this species contain errors in the placement of the carapace grooves, which are different in the two drawings (figs. 16, 17a), and in the lack of a spine on the dorsal margin of antennal segment I (fig. 19b).

This species is a member of the ‘‘ benedic­

Figures

Fig. 46. Lepidopa californica Efford, 1971: A, Ƌ, 11.0 mm cl, USNM 42213, holotype; B–J, Ƌ, 9.5 mm cl, USNM 122633, paratype. A. Carapace, branchiostegite, and ocular peduncles, dorsal view. B. Ocular peduncles, dorsal view. C. Left antennule, lateral view. D. Left antenna, lateral view. E. Left mandible, mesial view. F. Right maxillule, lateral view. G. Right maxilla, lateral view. H. Right maxilliped I, lateral view. I. Left maxilliped II, lateral view. J. Left maxilliped III, lateral view. Scale = 1.6 mm (F), 1.7 mm (B), 2.1 mm (E), 2.2 mm (I), 3.0 mm (C, D), 3.3 mm (G, H, J), and 4.4 mm (A).

Fig. 47. Lepidopa californica Efford, 1971: A–F, Ƌ, 9.5 mm cl, USNM 122633, paratype; G, ♀, 11.4 mm cl, USNM 122633, paratype. A. Left pereopod I, lateral view. B. Left pereopod II, lateral view. C. Left pereopod III, lateral view. D. Left pereopod IV, lateral view. E. Abdominal somites I–VI, dorsal view. F. Telson of Ƌ, dorsal view. G. Telson of ♀, dorsal view. Scale = 1.6 mm (F), 2.2 mm (G), and 3.3 mm (A–E).

Fig. 48. Lepidopa haigae Efford, 1971: A–J, ♀, 11.5 mm cl, LACM 39–30.12, holotype. A. Carapace, branchiostegite, and left ocular peduncle, dorsal view. B. Right ocular peduncle, dorsal view. C. Left antennule, lateral view. D. Left antenna, lateral view. E. Left mandible, mesial view. F. Left maxillule, lateral view. G. Left maxilla, lateral view. H. Left maxilliped I, lateral view. I. Left maxilliped II, lateral view. J. Left maxilliped III, lateral view. Scale = 1.6 mm (E, F), 2.2 mm (B, I), and 3.3 mm (A, C, D, G, H, J).

Fig. 49. Lepidopa haigae Efford, 1971: A–F, ♀, 11.5 mm cl, LACM 39–30.12, holotype. A. Left pereopod I, lateral view. B. Right pereopod II, lateral view. C. Right pereopod III, lateral view. D. Left pereopod IV, lateral view. E. Abdominal somites I–VI, dorsal view. F. Telson of ♀, dorsal view. Scale = 2.2 mm (F) and 4.4 mm (A–E).

Fig. 50. Lepidopa richmondi Benedict, 1903: A, B, ♀, 7.2 mm cl, USNM 29018, holotype; C–J, ♀, 6.6 mm cl, USNM 304305. A. Carapace, branchiostegite, and ocular peduncles, dorsal view. B. Ocular peduncles, dorsal view. C. Left antennule, lateral view. D. Left antenna, lateral view. E. Left mandible, mesial view. F. Left maxillule, lateral view. G. Left maxilla, lateral view. H. Left maxilliped I, lateral view. I. Left maxilliped II, lateral view. J. Left maxilliped III, lateral view. Scale = 1.1 mm (F), 1.4 mm (B), 1.6 mm (E, I), 2.2 mm (C, D), 3.0 mm (G, H, J), and 4.4 mm (A).

Fig. 51. Lepidopa richmondi Benedict, 1903: A–E, G, ♀, 6.6 mm cl, USNM 304305; F, Ƌ, 10.5 mm cl, MNRJ 1538. A. Left pereopod I, lateral view. B. Left pereopod II, lateral view. C. Left pereopod III, lateral view. D. Left pereopod IV, lateral view. E. Abdominal somites I–VI, dorsal view. F. Telson of Ƌ, dorsal view. G. Telson of ♀, dorsal view. Scale = 1.7 mm (G), 2.2 mm (F), 3.0 mm (A–D), and 4.4 mm (E).