Centratherum punctatum Cassini (1817b: 384)

Loeuille, Benoît, Semir, João & Pirani, José R., 2019, A synopsis of Lychnophorinae (Asteraceae: Vernonieae), Phytotaxa 398 (1), pp. 448-450 : 448-450

3. Centratherum punctatum Cassini (1817b: 384) . Centratherum longispinum Cassini (1828: 346) , nom. illeg. superfl. Baccharoides punctatum (Cass.) Kuntze (1891a: 320) . Type:— PANAMA [Cette plante a été recueillie dans l’isthme de Panama par J. de Jussieu, et se trouve dans l’herbier de son illustre neveu sous le nom de jacea panamensis], J. de Jussieu s.n. (holotype: P-JU e! [P00665976]). Ampherephis aristata Kunth in Humboldt et al. (1818: 25). Centratherum brevispinum Cassini (1828: 346) , nom. illeg. superfl.

Centratherum aristatum (Kunth) Cass. ex Jackson (1895: 478) . Type:— VENEZUELA. Orinoco [Crescit in ripa fluvii Orinoci juxta pagum Maypures], A. von Humboldt & A. Bonpland s.n. (holotype: P-Bonpl. e! [P00293069]). Ampherephis mutica Kunth in Humboldt et al. (1818: 25). Ampherephis pilosa Cassini (1828: 346) , nom. illeg. superfl. Centratherum muticum (Kunth) Lessing (1829: 320) . Baccharoides muticum (Kunth) Kuntze (1891a: 320) . Type:— VENEZUELA. Cumaná (Cocollar) [Crescit locis temperatis Novae Andalusieae in monte summo Cocollard, alt. 410 hex.], A. von Humboldt & Bonpland 278, (holotype: P-Bonpl. e! [P00322267]).

Spixia violacea Schrank (1821 : tab. 80). Amphibecis violacea (Schrank) Schrank (1823 or 1824: 86). Baccharoides violaceum (Schrank) Kuntze (1891a: 320) . Centratherum violaceum (Schrank) Gleason (1922: 49) . Type:—[Patria Brasilia, unde D. Martius semina misit], C.F.P. von Martius s.n. (450) (holotype: M e! [M0242522]).

Ampherephis pulchella Cassini (1828: 346) . Centratherum pulchellum (Cass.) Steudel (1840: 324) . Type:—[Nous avons fait cette description sur deux échantillons sec, en très mauvais état, donnés à M. Mérast, en 1825, par MM. d’Urville et Lesson: ces échantillons proviennent d’individus cultivés dans le jardin du port Jackson, où ils y ont étés transplantés, dit-on, de la Nouvelle Zélande], J. Dumont d’Urville & A.P. Lesson s.n. (type: P [lost]). AUSTRALIA. New South Wales: near Port Jackson [Sydney], River Hawkesbury, February 1805, R. Brown s.n. (Bennett 2003) (neotype: BM e! [BM001252060], designated here; isoneotypes: CANB e! [CANB279103], MEL e! [MEL2158152]).

Ampherephis intermedia Link & Otto (1822: 65 , tab. 29). Centratherum intermedium (Link) Lessing (1829: 320) . Type:—[Habitat in Brasilia] (lectotype: [icon] Link & Otto (1822: tab. 29), designated here).

Crantzia ovata Vellozo (1831 : tab. 153). Type:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro, [Habitat campis apricis mediterraneis transalpinis], 1783–1790 (lectotype: [icon] Vellozo (1831: tab. 153), designated by Kirkman (1981: 17)). Epitype:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Resende, 22°18’06.7’’ S, 44°25’05.8’’ W, 910 m, 6 December 2006, V.F. Mansano & R. Marquete 06-341 (RB e! [RB00461250]), designated here).

Centaurea riparia A. Cunn. ex Candolle (1838a: 602), syn. nov. Centratherum riparium (A. Cunn. ex DC.) Bean (2009: 97). Type:— AUSTRALIA. New South Wales: Hastings River, near Port Macquarie, [May 1818], A. Cunningham s.n. (holotype: G-DC [not seen]).

Centratherum holtonii Baker (1873: 12) . Baccharoides holtonii (Baker) Kuntze (1891a: 320) . Type:— COLOMBIA. Ibagué, 18 January 1853, I.F. Holton 301 (holotype: K e! [K000485809]).

Centratherum brachylepis Sch. Bip. ex Baker (1873: 12) . Baccharoides brachylepis (Sch. Bip. ex Baker) Kuntze (1891a: 320) . Type:— BRAZIL. Bahia . Ad Almada, S. Pedro d’Alcantara et ad ripas fluvio Itahypé, C.F.P. von Martius s.n. (461) (lectotype: M e! [M0029278], designated by Kirkman (1981: 18)).

Centratherum punctatum Cass. var. β parviflorum Baker (1873: 12) . Type:— BRAZIL. Bahia, Jacobina, 1842 or 1843, J.S. Blanchet 3689 (holotype: K e! [K000068426]; isotypes: BR e! [BR526330], F e! [F0049162F (fragment)], G e! [G00223239, G00223240, G00223241, G00223242], LE [not seen], MO e! [MO2551138], P e! [P00682429, P00682430, P00682432]).

Centratherum parviflorum Moricand ex Baker (1873: 12) , nom. nud. pro syn.

Centratherum fruticosum (Vidal y Soler 1886: 159) . Centratherum punctatum subsp. fruticosum (S. Vidal) Kirkman ex Chen et al. (1999: 300) . Type :— PHILIPPINES. Moutain Province : Lepanto District , S. Vidal y Soler 1502 (lectotype: MA e! [ MA728008 ], designated here; isolectotypes: A e! [ A00004641 ], PNH †) .

Centratherum punctatum var. foliosum Chodat (1902: 298) . Centratherum punctatum subsp. camporum var. viscosissimum f. foliosum (Chodat) Hassler (1913: 369) . Type:— PARAGUAY. Amambay: in arenosis pr. Vaqueria Capibary, August 1898 –1899, E. Hassler 4378 (holotype: G e! [G00092879 (mounted on two sheets)]; isotypes: BM e! [BM000092871], G e! [G00077338, G00092880], K e! [K000485813], NY e! [NY00163150], P e! [P00682433, P00682434]).

Centratherum punctatum subsp. camporum Hassler (1913:369) . Centratherum punctatum var. albicans Hassler (1913: 369) .). Centratherum camporum (Hassl.) Malme (1932: 15) . Centratherum camporum var. albicans (Hassl.) Malme (1932: 15) . Centratherum confertum Kirkman (1981: 21) , nom. illeg. superfl. pro Centratherum camporum (Hassl.) Malme. Type:— PARAGUAY. Caaguazú: in regione fluminis Yhú, in campis siccis, October 1905, E. Hassler 9572 (lectotype: G e! [G00092799 (=G00166136) (mounted on two sheets)], designated by Ramella et al. (2009: 158); isolectotypes: BM [not seen], G e! [G00077336 (=G00166138) (mounted on two sheets), G00092800 (=G00166137) (mounted on two sheets)], GH e! [GH00004638], K e! [K000485810], MO [not seen], MPU e! [MPU012573], NY e! [NY00163149], P e! [P00682427], S [not seen], UC [not seen]).

Centratherum punctatum subsp. camporum var. longipes Hassler (1913: 369) Centratherum camporum var. longipes (Hassl.) Malme (1932: 16) . Type:— PARAGUAY. Concepción: Nordl. Paraguay (22–23° lat) zwischen Rio Apa und Rio Aquidaban, Centurion, January 1908 –1909, K. Fiebrig 4532 (holotype: G e! [G00092882 (mounted on three sheets)]; isotypes: B † as photo at F e! [F0BN014364], BM e! [BM000092880], G e! [G00092881 (mounted on three sheets)], GH e! [GH00004639], K e! [K000485812], L e! [L0001903, L3034124], LE [not seen], M e! [M0029279], SI [not seen]).

Centratherum punctatum subsp. camporum var. viscosissimum Hassler (1913: 369) . Type:— PARAGUAY. Amambay: in campo in regione cursus superioris fluminis Apa , November 1901 –1902, E. Hassler 7745 (lectotype: G e! [ G00092920 (mounted on two sheets)], designated by Ramella et al. (2009: 159); isolectotype: BM e! [ BM000092874 ]) .

Centratherum punctatum subsp. camporum var. viscosissimum f. brachyphyllum Hassler (1913: 369) . Type:— PARAGUAY. Canindeyú: in dumeto pr. Ygatimi, November 1898 –1899, E. Hassler 4768 (lectotype: G e! [G00092876], designated by Ramella et al. (2009: 159); isolectotypes: BM [not seen], G e! [G00077337, G00092877, G00092878], GH e! [GH00004640], K e! [K000373089], MO [not seen], MPU e! [MPU012574], NY e! [NY00163151], P e! [P00682435, P00682436], S e! [S-R-973]).

Centratherum punctatum subsp. australianum Kirkman (1981: 21) . Centratherum australianum (K. Kirkman) Bean (2004: 977) . Type:— AUSTRALIA. New South Wales. North Coast: west of Wingham on Bulga road, 12 April 1953, J. Vickery s.n. (holotype: NSW e! [NSW23846]; isotypes: K e! [K000796694], L e! [L0001902], MO e! [MO797763]), syn. nov.

( Fig. 11 C–F ).

Distribution and habitat: —Widespread pantropical weed introduced in Africa: Benin, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria and South Africa ( Ogunwande et al. 2005, Flann 2009 +) Pacific Islands: Australia, Fiji, Galápagos ( Guerrero et al. 2008), Hawaii ( U.S.A.) ( Starr et al. 2010), Micronesia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines and Vanuatu ( Flann 2009 +), South East Asia: Hong Kong, India ( Talukdar & Deori 2014, Debnath et al. 2017, Pradheep et al. 2018), Peninsular Malaysia ( Flann 2009 +), Sri Lanka (de Vlas & de Vlad-de Jong 2008), Taiwan ( Chen et al. 1999), Thailand and Vietnam ( Satyal et al. 2018), tropical U.S. A: Florida ( Strother 2006). Disturbed areas.

Taxonomic notes: —A common, polymorphic species. Centratherum punctatum is easily set apart from the two other species of the genus by the cypsela bearing a pappus. Bean (2004, 2009) considered Centratherum riparium native to Australia and stated that C. punctatum was introduced to Australia in the mid-20th century. However, the type from Ampherephis pulchella was collected from a garden in Sydney around 1825 ( Cassini 1828) and Robert Brown collected that species (Bennett 2003) at Hawkesbury River in Sydney region in 1805. In addition, the several characters outlined in the key to distinguish both species ( Bean 2004) encompass the variation observed in C. punctatum collections of Tropical America.

Nomenclature and synonymy are based on Hind (2009) and Ramella et al. (2009). Several lectotypifications made by Kirkman (1981) were unnecessary and should not be considered.

The type of Ampherephis pulchella has not been found in P and as Cassini himself stated that the specimens were in a very bad condition. We considered this material lost and therefore a neotype is selected.

Link and Otto’s types would have been in B (destroyed), the illustration from the protologue, therefore, is selected as the lectotype of Ampherephis intermedia .

Kirkman (1981) inadvertently lectotypified Crantzia ovata with the original illustration from Flora Fluminensis ( Vellozo 1831) . The plate is unfortunately an inaccurate sketch inadequate to apply a name to the given taxon with certainty, as often is the case with Vellozo’s plates ( Lima 1995, Pastore 2013, Pellegrini 2015). Locality information found in Vellozo (1881) and their modern interpretation ( Lima 1995) indicate that Vellozo probably collected C. ovata in open field formations of the Paraíba do Sul river valley and Serra da Mantiqueira in Rio de Janeiro State. An epitype matching the 1881’s description, the plate and the same region has therefore been here designated to fix the application of this name in accordance with its current usage. It is worth noting an incongruence between the plate/description and all material of C. punctatum examined concerning the leaf bases depicted as rounded on the plate and leaf described as shortly petiolate whereas specimens display leaves with attenuate bases. This is probably because Vellozo frequently described the specimens based on dried specimens and it was not unusual that sketches were drawn based only from the descriptions when no material was available for study at that moment ( Pastore 2013, Pellegrini 2015).

The original set of material collected by Vidal y Soler in Philippines at PNH has been destroyed by fire in 1897 ( Stafleu & Cowan 1986), duplicates have been found in A and MA, the latter duplicate is in better preservation state and, therefore, is selected as the lectotype of Centratherum fruticosum .

Representatives specimens: — BRAZIL. Goiás: Alto Paraíso, Chapada dos Veadeiros , estrada GO-239 para São Jorge, próximo a estrada para o Paraíso das Pandavas, 19 July 2007, B . Loeuille et al. 284 ( SPF) . PARAGUAY. Yacyreta: Dam Island Reserve, eastern area, Aña Cua , 27°23’45” S, 56°39’08” W, 23 October 1999, E. M . Zardini & R . Gamarra 51855 ( AS, K, MO, SPF) . PERU. Loreto: vicinity of Iquitos , 03°44’53’’S, 78°14’50”W, 22 July 1972, T. B . Croat et al. 18292 ( MO, RB) .

V. Chronopappus Candolle (1836: 84) . Type:— Chronopappus bifrons (DC. ex Pers.) DC.

( Fig. 12 B , 13 , 14 ).

Shrubs or treelets, stems moderately branched, flexuose, flattened. Indumentum lanate, composed of unbranched, stellate and 3- to 5-armed trichomes, commonly geminate. Leaves alternate, petiolate, semi-amplexicaul leaf sheath, blade coriaceous, discolorous, margin crenate, flat (not revolute), venation brochidodromous, adaxial surface strongly muricate. Inflorescence an axillary, pedunculate, condensed panicle of capitula. Capitulum sessile to shortly petiolate, with foliaceous subinvolucral bracts. Involucre ovoid; phyllaries 3–5-seriate, weakly imbricate, persistent, pubescent to lanate; receptacle fimbrillate. Florets 8–11; corolla purple to magenta, tube longer than limb; corolla lobes with laticifers, revolute or spreading and pubescent; anthers calcarate; style lacking basal node. Cypsela prismatic, glabrous or glabrescent; carpopodium inconspicuous; pappus biseriate, stramineous, outer series shorter than inner series, persistent, paleaceous, setae base slightly wider, inner series deciduous, subpaleaceous. Chromosome number: unknown.

Taxonomic notes: — A genus of two species from the Espinhaço Range of mountains in Minas Gerais, Brazil .

Figures

FIGURE 11. Blanchetia heterotricha. A. Flowering branch.B. Habit. Centratherum punctatum. C. Head (Brazil). D. Habit (Australia). E. Head in bud (Australia). F. Head (Costa Rica). A., C. by B. Loeuille. B. by M. Lusa. D.–E. by R. Cumming. F. by R. Aguilar.

FIGURE 12. Geographic distribution of A. Blanchetia and B. Chronopappus.

FIGURE 13. Chronopappus bifrons. A. Habit. B. Inflorescence. C. Leaf surface. Chronopappus lanatus. D. Habit. E. Inflorescence. F. Leaf surface. A., C. by M. Lusa. B., D.–F. by B. Loeuille.

FIGURE 14. Holotype of Chronopappus lanatus Loeuille, Semir & Pirani (SPF214895).