BARLEEIIDAE GRAY, 1857

Criscione, Francesco, Ponder, Winston Frank, Köhler, Frank, Takano, Tsuyoshi & Kano, Yasunori, 2017, A molecular phylogeny of Rissoidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea) allows testing the diagnostic utility of morphological traits, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179 (1), pp. 23-40 : 34

FAMILY BARLEEIIDAE GRAY, 1857

A long straight opercular peg ( Fig. 3D ) and the presence of a spermathecal duct ( Fig. 4E ) are the two autapomorphies that clearly define this small family. Barleeids are also the only rissooideans exhibiting a plesiomorphic lack of the upper oviduct gland ( Fig. 4D ). The Barleeidae is represented in this analysis by two of the five recognized genera ( Ponder, 1983a). In our tree, barleeiids are nested between Rissoinidae and Zebinidae from which they are morphologically distinct. Barleeiidae differ from rissoinids and zebinids by their generally smaller shells with simple peristomes, distinctly pitted protoconch, an inner organic shell layer and, usually, a posterior pedal gland with a slit reaching the posterior end of the foot (absent in Fictonoba only). Most lack metapodial and pallial tentacles (simple right pallial tentacle and short, triangular metapodial tentacle present in Fictonoba ). Barleeiid opercula are distinctive in having on their inner sides a prominent straight peg and a thick longitudinal ridge. It is dark red in all but one taxon ( Protobarleeia Ponder, 1983 ) and its growth pattern is subconcentric rather than spiral. While there are some similarities between Fictonoba and some rissoinids and zebinids, Fictonoba exhibits the distinctive apomorphies of Barleeiidae detailed above. Fictonoba also differs from rissoinids and zebinids in features such as the pallial bursa copulatrix [instead of a posterior (visceral) bursa], the lack of an upper oviduct gland and the ventral channel stripped from much of the capsule gland as a sperm tube (instead of being a simple ventral channel attached and open to the capsule gland). This sperm tube opens at the posterior end of the mantle cavity in Barleeia . A simple ventral channel is seen in one barleeid genus, Lirobarleeia Ponder, 1983 , which is not included in our analysis, but all other key features of that genus are typically barleeid.

Figures

Figure 3. Maximum-likelihood-based ancestral character state reconstruction for anatomical characters mapped on the Bayesian consensus tree of Fig. 1. A, shell anterior canal. B, duplicated peristome. C, shell inner organic layer. D, opercular peg. E, pallial tentacles. F, metapodial tentacles. G, posterior mucous gland. H, basal cusps on rachidian tooth. Taxa for which anatomical information was not available have been excluded from the tree. Branches with BPP support values lower than 90% are shown as collapsed. A likelihood of state at each node lower than 1% is omitted.

Figure 4. Maximum-likelihood-based ancestral character state reconstruction for anatomical characters mapped on the Bayesian consensus tree of Fig. 1. A, prostate gland. B, penis shape. C, penial duct. D, upper oviduct gland. E, ventral channel. F, anterior sperm sac. G, genital opening. H, posterior bursa copulatrix. Taxa for which anatomical information was not available have been excluded from the tree. Branches with BPP support values lower than 90% are shown as collapsed. Question marks on nodes indicate an unknown character state. A likelihood of state at each node lower than 1% is omitted.