Peperomia blanda (Jacq.) Kunth, 2016

Baksh-Comeau, Yasmin S., Maharaj, Shobha S., Adams, Dennis, Harris, Stephen A., Filer, Denis L. & Hawthorne, William D., 2016, An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical ‘ hotspots’, Phytotaxa 250 (1), pp. 448-450 : 448-450

PIPERACEAE

Peperomia blanda (Jacq.) Kunth , Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 67 (1816) Syn: Micropiper langsdorfii Miq. ; Peperomia blanda (Jacq.) Kunth var. blanda (Jacq.) Humb. & Bonpl. ex Kunth ; Peperomia blanda (Jacq.) Kunth var. langsdorfii (Miq.) Hensch. ; Peperomia dissimilis Kunth ; Peperomia langsdorfii (Miq.) Miq. ; Peperomia pseudociliata Trel. ; Piper blandum Jacq. Habit : Herb. Habitat: Rocky places close to the sea. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: NW Islands: Huevos. RBS Vegetation Classes: Dry lowland forest (Vegnum 6: 10% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Teteron Bay, Broadway 6744 (K); Staubles to Teteron Bay, Williams s.n. (TRIN 11663); Carrera Island, Hart s.n. (TRIN 5946); Monos Island, Britton et al. 2725 (K); Chacachacare, Broadway s.n. (NY). Global range: Greater Antilles, Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Surinam, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina.

Peperomia emarginella (Sw. ex Wikstr.) C.DC. , in DC., Prodr. 16: 437 (1869) Syn: Peperomia delicatissima Trel. ; Peperomia exilis (Miq.) Griseb. ; Peperomia minima C.DC. ; Piper emarinellum Sw. Common name: Mouron, Mowan. Habit: Herb. Habitat: Rocky, shady banks. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Arena-Cumuto; Arima-Blanchisseuse Rd N; Brasso Seco; Catshill-Basse Terre; Central Range; Matura-Salybia; Rio Claro-Mayaro; Trinity Hills. RBS Vegetation Classes: (Sub-)Montane forest (Vegnum 1: 38% RBS samples); Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 5% RBS samples; Vegnum 4: 7% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Roxborough-Parlatuvier Road, Sandwith 1918 (K). TRINIDAD: Tucuche, Britton & Freeman s.n. (TRIN 9088), Sandwith 1936 (K), Broadway 7131 (K); Naranja, Philcox & Wood 7581 (K); Maracas Waterfall, Simmonds 136 (TRIN); Aripo Road, Broadway 5823 (BM, K); Chaguanas, Broadway s.n. (K, TRIN1428); lrois, Crueger 1 (K). Global range: Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana,

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French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.

Peperomia glabella (Sw.) A.Dietr. sensu lato RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Central Range; Nariva; Rio Claro-Mayaro; SW Erin-Guapo; Trinity Hills. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 4: 9% RBS samples). Two varieties have been reported (see below) from Trinidad, although these were not distinguished during vegetation sampling.

Peperomia glabella (Sw.) A.Dietr. var. glabella, Sp. Pl. (ed. 6) 1: 156 (1831) Habit: Epiphyte. Habitat: Forests. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Morne Coco Road, Britton & Hazen 1606 (K); Santa Cruz to Cyril Bay trail, Simmonds 278 (TRIN); Santa Cruz, Crueger 905 (TRIN); Port of Spain, Britton 2080 (K, NY); near Oropuche Cave, Broadway 7912 (BM, K); Oropuche Local Road, Broadway 6174 (BM, K); Valencia Road, Broadway 7573 (BM, G); Las Hermanas, Simmonds s.n. (K, TRIN 15482); Toco Road, Britton et al. 1783 (TRIN); Sangre Grande , Philcox & Wood 7231 (K); Caroni, Crueger s.n. (K); Cumuto, Broadway 7326 (BM); Guaico-Valencia Reserve, Simmonds s.n. (K, TRIN 14370); San Rafael to Talparo Road, Wood 1703 (TRIN); San Rafael, Adams 14601 (TRIN); Brazil to Arena Road, Cowan & Simmonds 1408 (P, TRIN); Mt. Tamana, Broadway 7986 (BM, K); Philcox & Wood 7231 (K); Tabaquite, Britton et al. 2600 (TRIN); Monkey Town, Crueger s.n. (TRIN 2607); Moruga, Britton & Broadway 2441 (K). Global range: Widespread in Central and South America and the Caribbean.

Peperomia glabella (Sw.) A.Dietr. var. nervulosa (C.DC.) Yunck., Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 37: 98 (1950) Syn: Micropiper melanostigma Miq. ; Peperomia glabella (Sw.) A.Dietr. var. melanostigma (Miq.) Dahlst. ; Peperomia melanostigma (Miq.) Miq. ; Peperomia melanostigma (Miq.) Miq. var. nervulosa C.DC. Habit : Epiphyte. Habitat: Forests. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Government House, Broadway s.n. (TRIN 5478). Global range: Antilles, Central America, Venezuela, Guianas, Ecuador.

Peperomia hernandiifolia (Vahl) A.Dietr., Sp. PI. ed. 6, 1: 157 (1831) Habit: Herb. Habitat: Montane forest. IUCN: NE. Star: BU. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Cerro del Aripo, Baksh s.n. (TRIN). Global range: Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela.

Peperomia macrostachya (Vahl) A.Dietr., Sp. Pl. (ed. 6) 1: 149 (1831) Syn: Peperomia parkeriana Miq. ; Piper macrostachyon Vahl Habit : Herb. Habitat: Forest. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Cumuto, Hombersley s.n. (K); lrois, Crueger 108 (TRIN 2604). Global range: Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.

Peperomia obtusifolia (L.) A.Dietr., Sp. Pl. (ed. 6) 1: 154 (1831) Syn: Peperomia amplexicaulis (Sw.) A.Dietr.; Peperomia magnoliifolia (Jacq.) A.Dietr.; Peperomia talinifolia Griseb. ; Piper magnoliifolium Jacq. ; Piper obtusifolium L. Habit : Herb. Habitat: Forests and on rocks near the sea. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TOBAGO: E Coast; NE Coast-Main Ridge F.R.; TRINIDAD: Arena-Cumuto; Biche-Poole; Central Range; Grande Riviere-Matelot ; Maracas-Tucuche; NW Peninsular Corner; Point Radix; Rampanalgas-Toco. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 8% RBS samples; Vegnum 4: 7% RBS samples; Vegnum 5: 3% RBS samples); Dry lowland forest (Vegnum 6: 10% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Teteron Bay, Broadway 6928 (BM, K); Staubles to Teteron Bay, Williams s.n. (TRIN 11664); Diego Martin, McLean s.n. (TRIN 7742); Maracas Bay, Finlay s.n. (TRIN 2611); Maracas, Crueger s.n. (K); Arima-Blanchisseuse Road, Broadway 5667 (BM, K); Aripo Road, Broadway 6269 (K); Long Stretch, Broadway 7381 (BM); Mt. Tamana, Finlay s.n. (TRIN 1344); Mayaro, Broadway s.n. (TRIN 5749); Mayaro to Point Radix, Richardson 2043 (TRIN); Erin, Broadway 6936 (K). Global range: Widespread in Central and South America and the Caribbean.

Peperomia panamensis C.DC. ex L.J.Schroeder, Candollea 1: 329, 401 (1923) Syn: Peperomia montium C.DC. Habit : Herb. Habitat: Savanna and forest near water courses. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Aripo Road, Broadway 6033 (K), Broadway 7126 (K); Aripo Savanna, Britton & Britton 2944 (NY, TRIN 9541). Global range: Greater Antilles, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador.

Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 64 (1816) Syn: Peperomia concinna (Haw.) A.Dietr.; Piper concinnum Haw. ; Piper pellucidum L. Common name: Shining Bush, Shiny Bush, Silver Bush, Zeb Couresse. Habit: Herb. Habitat: Disturbed areas. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Scarborough, Broadway 2545 ( US); Tobago Forest Reserve to Bloody Bay road, Clement & Ryves 487 (BM). TRINIDAD: Port

CHECKLIST TO VASCULAR PLANTS OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

Phytotaxa 250 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press • 331 of Spain, Baldwin 5681 (K); Woodbrook, Broadway 5082 (G); St. Joseph, Purseglove P6076 (K, TRIN); St. Augustine, Simmonds 165 (TRIN); Blanchisseuse, Wong 52B (TRIN); Guanapo Heights Road, Adams 13551 (TRIN); Redhead to Saut Bay, Philcox et al. 7532,; Sans Souci, Simmonds 175 (TRIN); Tabaquite, Druce s.n. (OXF); Cedros, King s.n. (TRIN 7145). Global range: Widespread in the tropics and subtropics.

Peperomia pernambucensis Miq., London J. Bot. 4: 420 (1845) Syn: Peperomia longifolia C.DC. ; Peperomia paniculata Regel Habit : Epiphyte. Habitat: Forests. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: lrois, Crueger 89 (K). Global range: Central America, Colombia, Guyana, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru.

Peperomia quadrangularis (Thomps.) A.Dietr., Sp. Pl. (ed. 6) 1: 169 (1831) Syn: Peperomia allenii Trel. ; Peperomia angulata Kunth ; Peperomia carlowrightii Trel. ; Piper quadrangulare Thomps. Habit : Epiphyte. Habitat: Forests. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Cedros, Crueger s.n. (K). Global range: Greater Antilles, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas.

Peperomia rotundifolia (L.) Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 65 (1815) Syn: Peperomia nummularifolia (Sw.) Kunth ; Peperomia rotundifolia (L.) Humb. & Bonpl. ex Kunth f. obcordata (Miq.) Dahlst. ; Peperomia rotundifolia (L.) Humb. & Bonpl. ex Kunth f. ovata (Dahlst.) C.DC. ; Piper rotundifolium L. Common name: Cocoa Mint, Moreau, Mowan, Mowor. Habit: Epiphyte. Habitat: Forests. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Catshill-Basse Terre; Central Range; Grande Riviere-Matelot ; Longdenville-Talparo; Mt.St.Benedict-Caura; North Central Coast; Princes Town; Southern Watershed; Trinity Hills. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 6% RBS samples; Vegnum 4: 12% RBS samples; Vegnum 5: 3% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Morne d'Or, Eggers 5819 (K); The Widow, Broadway s.n. (BM); Main Ridge above Parlatuvier, Sandwith 1908 (K). TRINIDAD: Maracas, Yuncker 18780 (BM), Broadway 6608 (BM, K); Arima, Britton et al. 602 (K); Arima Valley to Lalaja Road, Philcox & Wood 7068 (K); La Laja, Jermy 11036 (BM); Oropuche Cave, Simmonds 263 (TRIN), Broadway 7914 (K); Valencia-Cumaca Road, Philcox & Kalloo 7219 (K); Valencia, Britton et al. 1802 (K, TRIN); Redhead-Saut Bay Road, Philcox et al. 7530 (K); Sangre Grande , Broadway 5702 (K); Chaguanas, Broadway s.n. (TRIN 3706); Brazil, Britton et al. 2129 (K, TRIN); Monkey Town, Finlay s.n. (TRIN 2129). Global range: Widespread through Central and South America and the Caribbean.

Peperomia serpens (Sw.) Loud., Hort. Brit. 13 (1830) Syn: Peperomia repens Kunth ; Peperomia scandens Ruiz & Pav. ; Piper bracteatum Thomps. ; Piper serpens Sw. Habit : Herb. Habitat: Montane forest. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Arima-Blanchisseuse Rd N; Biche-Poole; Cumaca; North Central Coast; Trinity Hills. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 5% RBS samples; Vegnum 4: 4% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Caledonia Island, Broadway s.n. (TRIN 5435); Fort George, Crueger s.n. (K); Tucuche, Riley 65 (K); Tucuche Trail, Adams 14060 (TRIN); between Tucuche and Naranja, Simmonds 135 (TRIN); between Piedra Blanc and Naranja, Simmonds 134 (TRIN); Maracas, Broadway 5467 (BM, K); Arima-Blanchisseuse Road, Yuncker 18770 (BM); Las Lapas Trace, Purseglove P6428 (TRIN); Arima Valley Road, Cowan & Simmonds 1181 (P, TRIN); Guanapo, McLean s.n. (TRIN); Aripo Heights, Broadway s.n. (TRIN 9863); Oropuche Heights, Freeman s.n. (TRIN 7766); Redhead to Saut Bay, Philcox et al. 7529 (K); Chaguanas, Broadway s.n. (TRIN 3754); Arena, Broadway 5186 (G, K); Mt. Tamana, Freeman s.n. (TRIN 9063); Biche, Broadway 9396 (K). Global range: Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina.

Piper aduncum L. var. aduncum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 29 (1753) Common Name: Elder Bush. Habit: Shrub. Habitat: Forest margins. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TOBAGO: NE Coast-Main ridge F.R.; Scarborough-Plymouth; TRINIDAD: Arima valley; Grande Riviere-Matelot ; Manzanilla-Fishing pond; Matura-Salybia; Rampanalgas-Toco; Rio Claro-Mayaro; San Fernando; Tucker-Mt.Catherine. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 6% RBS samples; Vegnum 4: 9% RBS samples; Vegnum 5: 6% RBS samples); Dry lowland forest (Vegnum 6: 10% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Louis d'Or, Baker s.n. (TRIN 14977); near Easterfield, Clement & Ryves 684 (BM). TRINIDAD: Scotland Bay, Adams 14097 (TRIN); Blue Basin, Broadway s.n. (TRIN 5367); Lopinot Road, Philcox et al. 7499 (K, NY, TRIN); Arima Valley, Cowan & Simmonds 1224 (TRIN); Arima-Blanchisseuse Road, Simmonds 160 (TRIN); Aripo Road, Simmonds 97 (TRIN); Valencia-Cumaca Road, Philcox & Kalloo 7148 (K, NY, TRIN); San Fernando, Finlay s.n. (TRIN 2612). Global range: Widespread through Central and South America and the Caribbean.

Piper aequale Vahl var. aequale, Eclog. Am. 1: 4, t. 3 (1797) Syn: Piper caledonianum C.DC. Habit : Shrub.

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Habitat: Forest margins and disturbed areas. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TOBAGO: E Coast; NE Coast-Main Ridge F.R.; TRINIDAD: Arena-Cumuto; Arima-Blanchisseuse Rd N; Brasso Seco; Catshill-Basse Terre; Central Range; Cumaca; Grande Riviere-Matelot ; Longdenville-Talparo; Maracas-Tucuche; Mt.St.Benedict-Caura; North Central Coast; Rio Claro-Mayaro; SW Erin-Guapo; SW Icacos-Cedros; Tabaquite-Brickfield; Trinity Hills. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 19% RBS samples; Vegnum 4: 12% RBS samples); Savanna/plantation (Vegnum 9: 29% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Putney Hill, Eggers 5779 (K, P); Caledonia, Broadway 4453 (BM), Broadway 4645 (BM, G, G-DC, P), Pigeon Hill, Freeman & Williams s.n. (K, TRIN 11370); Mt. St. George-Castara Trace, Cowan 1521 (P, TRIN). TRINIDAD: Santa Cruz, Broadway 2772 (G); St. Anns, Crueger s.n. (K); Maracas, Broadway 5804 (BM, K); Tacarigua, Webster et al. s.n. (TRIN); Arima-Blanchisseuse Road, Broadway s.n. (FHO); l'Orange Road, Broadway 5496 (BM); Tamana, Freeman s.n. (TRIN 9064); Plum Road, Williams & Freeman s.n. (K, TRIN 11987); Tabaquite, Dannouse s.n. (TRIN); Siparia Quarry, Britton & Broadway 2817 (K). Global range: Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.

Piper aequale Vahl var. ovalifolium C.DC. , in DC, Prodr. 16: 311 (1869) Habit: Shrub. Star: BU. Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Pigeon Hill, Freeman s.n. (TRIN 9064); Mounte St. George, Cowan 1521 (TRIN); Trafalga River, Williams s.n. (TRIN 11685), Williams s.n. (TRIN 11752), Broadway 4190 (G); Englishman's Bay, Broadway 4272 (BM,G); Between Charlotteville and Parlatuvier, Broadway (G); Caledonia, Sandwith 1724 (K). TRINIDAD: Cedros, Broadway s.n. (TRIN 8537); Tamana, Freeman s.n. (TRIN 9064); Morne Catherine Road, Johnson 960 (TRIN); Rio Claro-Mayaro, Simmons s.n. (TRIN 15436); Maracas Waterfall, Johnson 724 (TRIN); Arima, Webster 24208 (TRIN); Tacarigua, Webster 9687 (TRIN); Plum Road, Williams s.n. (TRIN 11987); Piedra Blanca, Simmonds 138 (TRIN); Blue Basin, Riley 219 (BM, K), Diego Martin, Broadway 9269 (K); Between Piedra Blanca and Naranja, Simmonds 138 (TRIN); Maracas, Broadway 5468 (BM, FHO, K), Broadway 6571 (BM, K); Arima Valley, Philcox & Wood 7104 (K). Global range: Endemic to Trinidad and Tobago.

Piper aequale Vahl var. schackii (Miq.) Yunck., Lilloa 26: 251 (1953) Syn: Artanthe schackii Miq. ; Piper schackii (Miq.) C.DC. Habit : Shrub. Habitat: Damp shady ravines. IUCN: Star: BU. Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Englishman's Bay, Broadway 4272 (BM, G); Trafalgar, Broadway 4190 (G); Trafalgar River, Williams & Cheesman s.n. (TRIN11685); between Charlotteville and Parlatuvier, Broadway 4284 (G); Caledonia, Sandwith 1724 (K). TRINIDAD: Blue Basin, Riley 219 (BM, K); Diego Martin, Broadway 9269 (K); between Piedra Blanca and Naranja, Simmonds 138 (TRIN); Maracas, Broadway 5468 (BM, FHO, K); Arima Valley to La Laja Road, Philcox & Wood 7104 (K); Cedros, Broadway s.n. (TRIN 8537). Global range: Endemic to Trinidad and Tobago.

Piper amalago L., Sp. Pl. 1: 29 (1753) Syn: Piper amalago L. var. amalago L.; Piper amalago L. var. medium (Jacq.) Yunck. ; Piper medium Jacq. ; Piper plantagineum Lam. ; Piper sieberi (Miq.) C.DC. Exotic.

Piper arboreum Aubl., Hist PI. Guiane 1: 23 (1775) Habit: Shrub or tree. Habitat: Submontane and lowland forests. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Biche-Poole; Guanapo-Chaguaramal; Longdonville-Talparo; Mt.St.Benedict-Caura. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 6% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Cunapo Southern Road, Johnson & Quesnel s.n. (TRIN 36358), Ramcharan 423 (TRIN 22986); Platanal, Quesnel s.n. (TRIN 30179); Saunders Road, Johnson 690 (TRIN 32499); Las Lapas Trace, Adams 13804 (TRIN 21027), Kalloo 2298 (TRIN 31552); Heights of Aripo, Broadway s.n. (TRIN 9865); Maraval, Broadway s.n. (TRIN 7828).

Piper betle L., Sp. PI. 28 (1753) Common Name: Paan. Exotic.

Piper christyi C.DC., Symb. Antill. 3: 215 (1902) Exotic.

Piper crassinervium Kunth var. crassinervium , Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 48 (1816) Habit: Shrub. Habitat: Forests. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Central Range; Rio Claro-Mayaro. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 2% RBS samples; Vegnum 4: 1% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Macuripe, Dannouse s.n. (TRIN 6693); Saut d'Eau, Dannouse s.n. (TRIN 6704A); Maraval, Broadway s.n. (NY, TRIN 7829); Arima, Dannouse s.n. (TRIN); Carapichaima, Dannouse s.n. (TRIN). Global range: Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.

Piper crassinervium Kunth var. tocotanum (C.DC.) Yunck., Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 37: 8 (1950) Syn: Piper

CHECKLIST TO VASCULAR PLANTS OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

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exserens (Miq.) C.DC. var. tocotanum C.DC. ; Piper ovale C.DC. Habit : Shrub. Habitat: Forests. IUCN: NE. Star: GD. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Without locality, Fendler 668 (K). Global range: Venezuela, Colombia.

Piper demeraranum (Miq.) C.DC. , in DC., Prodr. 16: 298 (1869) Syn: Artanthe demeraranum Miq. ; Piper aripoense Trel. ; Piper esmeraldanum Trel. Habit : Shrub. Habitat: Forests and disturbed areas. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TOBAGO: NE Coast-Main Ridge F.R.; TRINIDAD: Arena-Cumuto; Arima-Blanchisseuse Rd N; Biche-Poole; Brasso Seco; Catshill-Basse Terre; Cumaca; Grande Riviere-Matelot ; Longdenville-Talparo; Maracas-Tucuche; Trinity Hills. RBS Vegetation Classes: (Sub-)Montane forest (Vegnum 1: 75% RBS samples; Vegnum 2: 25% RBS samples); Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 22% RBS samples; Vegnum 4: 1% RBS samples); Savanna/plantation (Vegnum 9: 14% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Naranja, Philcox & Wood 7579 (K); Arima Valley, Cowan & Simmonds 1191 (P, TRIN); Arima-Blanchisseuse Road, Broadway 6149 (BM, K), Simmonds s.n. (K, TRIN 14918); Morne Bleu, Freeman & Williams s.n. (K, TRIN 11557); Aripo Heights, Broadway s.n. (TRIN 9866); Quare River, Broadway 7542 (BM); Cumaca, Adams 13323 (TRIN); Southern Guanapo Road, Broadway 6234 (BM, K); Cumuto, Broadway 7327 (BM); Chaguanas, Broadway s.n. (TRIN 3758); Plum Road, Freeman & Williams s.n. (K, TRIN 11988). Global range: Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.

Piper dilatatum Rich., Actes Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 105 (1792) Syn: Piper angustilimbum C.DC. ; Piper corylifolium Kunth ; Piper gracilispicum C.DC. ; Piper guayranum C.DC. var. guayranum C.DC. ; Piper guayranum C.DC. var. humilior (C.DC.) Trel. & Yunck. ; Piper lambeauense C.DC. ; Piper margaritanum C.DC. ; Piper seitzii C.DC. ; Piper tenuiamentum C.DC. ; Piper tobagoanum C.DC. ; Piper tobagoanum C.DC. var. humilior C.DC. ; Piper trinitatis C.DC. Common name: Candle Bush. Habit: Shrub. Habitat: Gaps in forest. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TOBAGO: E Coast; NE Coast-Main Ridge F.R.; Scarborough-Plymouth; TRINIDAD: Aripo Heights; Brasso Seco; Central Range; Guanapo-Chaguaramal; Maracas-Tucuche; Mt.St.Benedict-Caura; Nariva; P.O.S.-Santa Cruz; Princes Town; Rio Claro-Mayaro; Trinity Hills; Tucker-Mt.Catherine. RBS Vegetation Classes: (Sub-)Montane forest (Vegnum 2: 13% RBS samples); Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 3% RBS samples; Vegnum 4: 23% RBS samples; Vegnum 5: 11% RBS samples); Dry lowland forest (Vegnum 6: 10% RBS samples; Vegnum 7: 10% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Bacolet River, Eggers 5673 (G-DC, K, P); Morne d'Or, Eggers 5870 (G-DC); King's Bay, Seitz 48, (G-DC); The Whim, Broadway 3104 (BM, G, G-DC, P); Lambeau, Broadway 4276 (BM, G, G-DC); Montpelier, Broadway s.n. (K, TRIN 4849); Les Coteaux, Broadway 9059 (BM, K); French Hill, Sandwith 1691 (K); Pigeon Hill, Cowan & Forster 1465 (TRIN); Main Ridge, Cowan 1545 (P, TRIN); near Hillsborough Dam, Clement & Ryves 372 (BM); Craig Hill, Eggers 5943 (P). TRINIDAD: Blanchisseuse, Broadway 2261 (G, G-DC); Mt. Aripo, Cowan 1362 (TRIN); Cumuto Road, Broadway 7627 (BM, K); Toco, Broadway 2367 (G-DC); San Fernando Hill, Broadway 6412 (K); Blue Basin, Broadway s.n. (TRIN 5187); Maracas Bay, Druce s.n. (OXF); Tairico, Simmonds 197 (TRIN); Maracas Falls, Philcox & Wood 7460 (K); Mt. St. Benedict, Philcox 7025 (K); Caura Road, Broadway 6954 (BM, K); Lopinot Road, near Lopinot Village, Philcox et al. 7506 (K); Arima Valley to Lalaja Road, Philcox & Wood 7099 (K); Arima-Blanchisseuse Road, Broadway 5508 (BM, K); Guanapo Heights Road, Adams 13533 (K, TRIN); Aripo Heights, Broadway s.n. (K, TRIN 9867); Mt. Tamana, Broadway 5604 (K); San Fernando Hill, Broadway 2207 (G, G-DC); Rio Claro to Mayaro, Simmonds s.n. (K, TRIN 15438); Moruga, Broadway 7596 (TRIN); Siparia Quarry, Britton & Broadway 2799 (K); Brigand Hill, Alston 5163 (BM, K); San Fernando Hill, Broadway 6086 (BM); Siparia Quarry, Broadway s.n. (TRIN). Global range: Lesser Antilles, Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay.

Piper glabrescens (Miq.) C.DC. var. caparonum (C.DC.) Yunck., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 75: 287 (1948) Syn: Piper caparonum C.DC. Habit : Shrub. IUCN: NE. Star: GD. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Caparo, Broadway 2553 (G-DC, NY, TRIN), Broadway 3203 (G-DC); Brazil, Broadway 5760 (BM, K). Global range: Guyana.

Two varieties have been reported (see below) from Trinidad, although these were not distinguished during vegetation sampling.

Piper glabrescens (Miq.) C.DC. var. glabrescens Prodr. 16: 271 (1869) Habit: Shrub. Habitat: Forests, forest margins and disturbed areas. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TOBAGO: NE Coast-Main Ridge F.R.; TRINIDAD: Arima-Blanchisseuse Rd N; Catshill-Basse Terre; Central Range; Cumaca; Grande Riviere-Matelot ; Guanapo-Chaguaramal; Longdenville-Talparo; Nariva; North Central Coast; Rampanalgas-Toco; Rio

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Claro-Mayaro; SW Erin-Guapo; Trinity Hills. RBS Vegetation Classes: (Sub-)Montane forest (Vegnum 1: 13% RBS samples); Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 12% RBS samples; Vegnum 4: 26% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Maracas Bay, Broadway 6065 (BM, K); Maraval, Crueger s.n., (TRIN 911); Laventille, Carr s.n. (TRIN 5551); St. Joseph, Dannouse s.n. (TRIN); Arima, Dannouse s.n. (TRIN); Aripo Heights, Broadway s.n. (TRIN 9868), Cowan 1360 (P, TRIN); Oropuche Cave, Simmonds 264 (TRIN); Oropuche Local Road, Broadway 6164 (BM); Matelot, Broadway 9032 (BM, G, K); Five Rivers, Broadway 6806 (BM, K); Cumuto, Broadway 7073 (BM, G, K); Mt. Tamana, Freeman s.n. (TRIN 9068A); Moruga, Broadway s.n. (TRIN 7577); Siparia, Broadway s.n. (K,TRIN 2819); Cedros, King s.n. (TRIN 7111); lrois, Broadway 6720 (BM, K), Williams s.n. (TRIN 11921). Global range: Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Mexico, Central America, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, Peru.

Piper hartii C.DC., Symb. Antill. 3: 164 (1902) Habit: Shrub. Star: BK. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Botanic Garden, Hart s.n. (NY, TRIN 5574, TRIN 6012), Broadway s.n. (NY, TRIN 5662). Global range: Endemic to Trinidad.

Piper hispidum Sw. var. hispidum Prodr. 15 (1788) Syn: Piper hispidum Sw. var. magnifolium C.DC. ; Piper hispidum Sw. var. obliquum Trel. & Yunck. Common Name : Candle Bush, Male Candle Bush. Habit: Shrub. Habitat: Marsh forest. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TOBAGO: Little Tobago-St.Giles; NE Coast-Main Ridge F.R.; TRINIDAD: Arima Valley; Biche-Poole; Central Range; Grande Riviere-Matelot ; Longdenville-Talparo; Manzanilla-Fishing Pond; Matura-Salybia; Monos; P.O.S.-Santa Cruz; Rio Claro-Mayaro; Southern Watershed; SW Icacos-Cedros; Tabaquite-Brickfield; Trinity Hills; Tucker-Mt.Catherine. RBS Vegetation Classes: (Sub-)Montane forest (Vegnum 2: 13% RBS samples); Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 8% RBS samples; Vegnum 4: 16% RBS samples; Vegnum 5: 11% RBS samples); Dry lowland forest (Vegnum 6: 10% RBS samples; Vegnum 7: 10% RBS samples); Savanna/plantation (Vegnum 9: 14% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Great Dog River, Eggers 5762 (K); The Widow, Broadway 3513 (BM, G); Caledonia, Broadway 4571 (BM, G, G-DC, P); Englishman's Bay, Broadway 4701 (BM, G, G-DC, P); Mt. St. George-Castara Road, Cowan 1532 (TRIN); Hillsborough Road, Philcox 7038 (K, NY, TRIN); between Hillsborough Dam and Mason Hall, Philcox 7042 (K, NY, TRIN); Roxborough to Bloody Bay Road, Philcox 7057 (K, NY, TRIN). TRINIDAD: Fort George, Crueger s.n. (TRIN 909, TRIN 2622); Macuripe, Dannouse s.n. (TRIN 6693); Diego Martin, Broadway 9275 (K); Maraval, Crueger s.n. (K), Broadway s.n. (TRIN 7827); Maracas, Simmonds 103 (TRIN), Philcox & Wood 7458 (K, NY, TRIN); Arima, Britton et al. 604 (K); Arima Valley Road, Cowan & Simmonds 1218 (P, TRIN); Aripo, Simmonds 96 (TRIN); Valencia to Cumaca Road, Philcox & Kalloo 7132 (K, NY, TRIN); near Oropuche Cave, Simmonds 267 (TRIN); Oropuche Local Road, Broadway 6163 (BM); Cumana- Saut Bay Road, Philcox et al. 7526 (K, NY, TRIN); Mt. Tamana, Freeman s.n. (TRIN 9068), Britton et al. 1930 (K); Tamana, Broadway 7983 (BM, G); Brigand Hill, Philcox & Wood 7238 (K, NY, TRIN); Rio Claro to Mayaro, Simmonds s.n. (K, TRIN 15437); Siparia Quarry, Britton & Broadway 2810 (K); Cedros Road, Philcox et al. 7435 (K, NY, TRIN). Global range: Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina.

Piper hostmannianum (Miq.) C.DC. , in DC., Prodr. 16: 287 (1869) Syn: Artanthe hostmanniana Miq. Habit : Shrub. Habitat: Roadsides and disturbed areas. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Arima-Blanchisseuse Road, Broadway 6111 (BM); Chaguanas, Broadway s.n. (TRIN 3755); Mt. Harris, Alston 5168 (BM, K). Global range: Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.

Piper kegelianum (Miq.) C.DC. , in DC., Prodr. 16: 372 (1869) Habit: Shrub. Habitat: Forests. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Without locality, Fendler 665 (BM, K, OXF, P). Global range: Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil.

Piper marginatum Jacq., Icon. Pl. Rar. 2: t. 215 (1786) Syn: Piper alare Desv. ex Ham. ; Piper anisatum Kunth ; Piper catalpaefolium Kunth ; Piper decumanum Aubl. ; Piper marginatum Jacq. var. anisatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Kunth) C.DC. ; Piper marginatum Jacq. var. catalpifolium (Kunth) C.DC. ; Piper marginatum Jacq. var. clausum Yunck. ; Piper marginatum Jacq. var. marginatum Jacq. Common Name : Anise, Cake Bush, Lanie Bois, Nani Bwa. Habit: Shrub. Habitat: Disturbed areas. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Arima-Blanchisseuse Rd N; Brasso Seco; Catshill-Basse Terre; Central Range; Longdenville-Talparo; Mt.St.Benedict-Caura; NW Peninsular Corner; North Central Coast; P.O.S.-Santa Cruz; Princes Town; Rio Claro-Mayaro; SW Erin-Guapo; SW Icacos-Cedros; San Fernando; Southern Watershed; Tabaquite-Brickfield; Tucker-

CHECKLIST TO VASCULAR PLANTS OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

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Mt.Catherine. RBS Vegetation Classes: (Sub-)Montane forest (Vegnum 1: 13% RBS samples); Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 3% RBS samples; Vegnum 4: 30% RBS samples; Vegnum 5: 50% RBS samples); Dry lowland forest (Vegnum 6: 10% RBS samples; Vegnum 7: 50% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Cedros Road, Philcox et al. 7436 (K, NY, TRIN). St. Augustine, Simmonds 125 (TRIN); San Fernando, Finlay s.n. (TRIN 2627); Moruga, Britton & Broadway 2427 ( US); Scotland Bay, Adams 14098 (TRIN); Woodbrook, Broadway s.n. (BM); St. Anns, Fredholm s.n. (TRIN); Lopinot Valley, Simmonds 193 (TRIN); Lopinot Road, Philcox et al. 7500 (K, NY, TRIN); Lopinot to La Pastora, Adams 13784 (K, TRIN); Arima, Dannouse s.n. (TRIN); Arima Valley Road, Cowan & Simmonds 1213 (TRIN); Arima Valley to Lalaja Road, Philcox & Wood 7086 (K, NY, TRIN); Arima Valley, Smith 10096 (K); Arima-Blanchisseuse Road, Broadway 6451 (BM, K), Simmonds 157 (TRIN); Aripo Road, Broadway 6442 (BM, K); Aripo Heights, Broadway s.n. (TRIN 9864); Cedros Road, Philcox et al. 7436 (K, NY, TRIN). Global range: Widespread in Central and South America and the Caribbean.

Piper mornicola C.DC., Symb. Antill. 3: 194 (1902) Syn: Piper mornicola C.DC. var. longifolium C.DC. Habit : Tree. Habitat: Forests. IUCN: NE. Star: GD. Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Easterfield, Broadway 4185 (G-DC); Great Dog River, Eggers 5789 (G-DC); Caledonia, Broadway 3023 (G-DC). Global range: Endemic to Tobago.

Piper nigrum L., Sp. PI. 28 (1753) Exotic.

Piper obliquum Ruiz & Pav., FI. Peruv. 1: 37 (1798) Syn: Piper caracasanum Bredem. Habit : Tree. Habitat: Forests. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Cremorne River, Eggers 5860 (AAH); Main Ridge, Broadway 3899 (BM); Pigeon Hill, Freeman & Williams s.n. (TRIN 11358); above Hermitage River, Cowan 1543 (TRIN); Englishman's Bay, Broadway s.n. ( US). Global range: Mexico, Central America, Venezuela, Colombia, Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.

Piper ovatum Vahl, Eclog. Am. 1: 3, t. 1 (1797) Syn: Ottonia ovata (Vahl) Trel. ; Ottonia vahlii Kunth Common Name : Potomo, Potte. Habit: Shrub. Habitat: Forests. IUCN: NE. Star: GD. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Nariva; SW Erin-Guapo. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 2% RBS samples; Vegnum 4: 3% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Maracas, Crueger s.n. (K, TRIN 2614); St. Augustine, Simmonds s.n. (K, TRIN 15693); Arima, Dannouse s.n. (TRIN); Chaguanas, Bourne s.n. (TRIN 4334), Broadway s.n. (TRIN 3743); Guayaguayare Road, Marshall s.n. (K, NY, TRIN 12442); Southern Central Road, Cedros, Broadway s.n. (TRIN 7165). Global range: Venezuela.

Piper peltatum L. Sp. Pl. 1: 30 (1753) Habit: Shrub. Habitat: Lowland forest. IUCN: NE. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TOBAGO: NE Coast-Main Ridge F.R; Scarborough-Plymouth; TRINIDAD: Cumaca; Southern Watershed. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 2% RBS samples; Vegnum 5: 6% RBS samples). Global range: Widespread in Central and South America.

Piper reticulatum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 29 (1753) Syn: Piper latum Kunth ; Piper smilacifolium Kunth Habit : Tree. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: P.O.S.-Santa Cruz. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 5: 3% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: St. Anns, Crueger s.n. (K, TRIN 906). Global range: Lesser Antilles, United States (Florida), Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.

Piper rugosum Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 81 (1791) Syn: Piper bullatum Vahl ; Piper maraccasense Trel. Habit : Shrub. Habitat: Forests. IUCN: NE. Star: GD. RBS Distribution Plots: TOBAGO: NE Coast-Main Ridge F.R.; TRINIDAD: Arena-Cumuto; Aripo Heights; Biche-Poole; Brasso Seco; Catshill-Basse Terre; Longdenville-Talparo; Mt.St.Benedict-Caura; SW Erin-Guapo; SW Icacos-Cedros; Trinity Hills; Tucker-Mt.Catherine. RBS Vegetation Classes: (Sub-)Montane forest (Vegnum 2: 13% RBS samples); Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 10% RBS samples; Vegnum 4: 5% RBS samples); Savanna/plantation (Vegnum 9: 14% RBS samples); Swamp/marsh (Vegnum 11: 8% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Maracas, Finlay s.n. (NY, TRIN 2613); Arima, Crueger 912 (K, TRIN); Toco Road, Cheesman & Baker 390 (TRIN). Global range: Greater Antilles, French Guiana.

Piper sarmentosum Roxb., Asiat. Res., Calcutta 11: 565 (1810) Exotic.

Piper trigonum C.DC., J. Bot. 4: 212 (1866) Syn: Piper arieianum C.DC. ; Piper saltuum C.DC. Habit : Shrub.

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Habitat: Forests. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Arima-Blanchisseuse Rd N; Biche-Poole; Brasso Seco; Catshill-Basse Terre; Cumaca; Grande Riviere-Matelot ; Guanapo-Chaguaramal; Longdenville-Talparo; Maracas-Tucuche; Matura-Salybia; Mt.St.Benedict-Caura; Trinity Hills; Tucker-Mt.Catherine. RBS Vegetation Classes: (Sub-)Montane forest (Vegnum 1: 100% RBS samples; Vegnum 2: 25% RBS samples); Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 24% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Forest Reserve, Caledonia, Broadway 3022 (BM). TRINIDAD: Maraval, Hart s.n. (TRIN 5529); Maracas, Finlay s.n. (TRIN 2620); Tucuche, Britton & Freeman s.n. (TRIN 9086a), Freeman s.n. (TRIN 9037); Arima, Dannouse s.n. (TRIN); Arima Valley, Cowan & Simmonds 1192 (TRIN); Arima-Blanchisseuse Road, Broadway 8934 (BM, K), Simmonds s.n. (K, TRIN 14917), Simmonds 154 (TRIN); Morne Bleu, Britton et al. 2262 (K), Freeman & Williams s.n. (K, TRIN 11555); Aripo Heights, Alexander s.n. (TRIN 6940), Broadway s.n. (K, TRIN 9869); Quare River, Broadway 5422 (BM, K); Oropuche Local Road via Valencia, Broadway 6231 (K); Southern Guanapo Road, Broadway 1641 (BM, G, K); Brazil, Broadway 5672 (K); Cumuto, Broadway 5735 (BM); Arena, Broadway 9177 (BM, K); Caparo Broadway 3207 (BM); Mt. Harris, Alston 5167 (BM, K). Global range: Widespread in Central and South America and the Caribbean.

Piper tuberculatum Jacq., Icon. Pl. Rar. 2: t. 210 (1786) Syn: Artanthe decurrens Miq. ; Piper macrourum Kunth Common name: Candle Bush, Candlestick Bush, Chandelier, Chandelle, Cigarette Plant, Female Candle Bush. Habit: Tree. Habitat: Forests. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TOBAGO: NE Coast-Main Ridge F.R.; Scarborough-Plymouth; TRINIDAD: Caroni; Catshill-Basse Terre; Central Range; Longdenville-Talparo; Manzanilla-Fishing Pond; Nariva; Point Radix; Princes Town; Rio Claro-Mayaro; SW Erin-Guapo; SW Icacos-Cedros; San Fernando; Southern Watershed; Tabaquite-Brickfield. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 2% RBS samples; Vegnum 4: 16% RBS samples; Vegnum 5: 44% RBS samples); Swamp/marsh (Vegnum 11: 23% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Great Cumberland Bay, Greg s.n. (BM); Queen's River, Meyer 12 (K); Bacolet River, Eggers 5558 (P), Broadway s.n. (BM, G, P); Scarborough, Broadway 2993 (G); Friendsfield Road, Broadway 3806 (BM); Charlotteville, Williams s.n. (TRIN 11092); Goldsborough, Baker s.n. (TRIN 14961); Mt. St. George to Hillsborough Dam, Philcox 7035 (K). TRINIDAD: Diego Martin, Simmonds 120 (TRIN); Woodbrook, Broadway 6272 (BM, FHO, K); Port of Spain, Riley 61 (BM, K); Belmont, Hart s.n. (TRIN); Laventille, Grosourdy 13 (P); St. Joseph, Purseglove P6091 (K, TRIN); St. Augustine, Simmonds 124 (TRIN), Adams 13449 (K, TRIN); Tunapuna, Broadway s.n. (TRIN 7318); Lopinot Road, Philcox et al. 7501 (K); Brigand Hill, Philcox & Wood 7236 (K); Four Roads, Riley 211 (BM, K); Tabaquite, Druce s.n. (OXF); Siparia, Simmonds 289 (TRIN); Erin, Broadway s.n. (K, P). Global range: Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Guianas, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.

Piper umbellatum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 30 (1753) Syn: Pothomorphe umbellata (L.) Miq. Habit: Shrub. Habitat: Forests. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Tucuche, Philcox & Wood 7576 (K); Maracas, Broadway 7237 (BM); Arima-Blanchisseuse Road, Broadway 7400 (BM), Simmonds 156 (TRIN); Aripo Road, Simmonds 111 (TRIN). Global range: Widespread in Central and South America and the Caribbean.