Siphonaria propria Jenkins, 1983

Jenkins, Bruce & Köhler, Frank, 2024, Hidden in plain sight: Systematic review of Indo-West Pacific Siphonariidae uncovers extensive cryptic diversity based on comparative morphology and mitochondrial phylogenetics (Mollusca, Gastropoda), Megataxa 13 (1), pp. 1-217 : 135-136

Siphonaria propria Jenkins, 1983

( Figs 50I–K , 52A–D, M–N )

Siphonaria propria Jenkins 1983: 23 , fig. 5a–e, pl. 5a–f, 6g –j (type locality: Lower littoral, S side Kaikoura Peninsula, E coast, South Island, NZ).— Paul 1984: 28; Raven & Bracegirdle 2010: 46; White & Dayrat 2012: 67.

Siphonaria cookiana — Suter 1909b, 258; 1913: 599; 1915: pl. 24, figs 7a, b; Iredale 1915: 478; Odhner 1924: 55; Powell 1933: 186; 1937: 86; 1939: 217; 1946: 91; 1957a: 114; Dell 1960: 148; Morton & Miller 1968: 302, pl. 19, fig. 9, 9a; Berry 1977: 197; Powell 1979: 292, pl. 54, figs 8, 9; White & Dayrat 2012: 62 (not S. cookiana Suter, 1909 ).

Siphonaria cookeana — Galindo 1977: 416 (incorrect subsequent spelling of S. cookiana ).

Siphonaria (Simplisiphonaria) cookiana — Hubendick 1945: 70, fig. 21, 24, 26; 1946: 36, pl. 6, figs 20–22 (not S. cookiana Suter, 1909 ).

Siphonaria (Simplisiphonaria) cheesemani — Hubendick 1946: 36, pl. 6, fig. 50 (not of S. cheesemani Oliver, 1915 ).

Simplisiphonaria cookiana — Trew 1983: 8.

Material examined. Type material. Holotype of S. propria , from Lower littoral, S side Kaikoura Peninsula , E coast, South Island, NZ ( NMNZ M.77363 , Fig. 52A ). Twenty-six paratypes same data as holotype ( NMNZ M.77364 , 10 p; AM C.130361 , 5 d, 11 p).

Lectotype of Siphonaria cookiana Suter, 1909b: 258 , designation by Boreham (1959: 71), GNS TM1197 (figured in Jenkins, 1983: 21, pl. 3e). Six paralectotypes same data as lectotype ( GNS TM1198-1202, 5, figured in Jenkins, 1983: 21, pl. 3f–g; AM C.29118, 1).

Other, non-type material. NZ, North Island: Fiordland, Centre Island, Beetles , Preservation Inlet , 46°8’S, 165°40’E ( MA.100954 4p); N end Seaview Marina, Lower Hutt , South Island , NZ, 41°14.85’S, 174°54’E, Stn 2011011 ( NMNZ M.331452 6p, [M509, SK429], [M510, SK430], [M511, SK431], [SK428 protoconch H12]) .

Taxonomic remarks. The original description of S. cookiana ( Suter, 1909b: 258) was based on a series of syntypes that represented two distinct species. Boreham (1959: 71) subsequently designated the lectotype without realising that the syntypes were a mixed series. The lectotype was subsequently identified as a juvenile of S. australis ( Jenkins 1983: 29, pl. 3e) rendering the name S. cookiana a junior synonym of the latter. However, the paralectotypes of S. cookiana represented an unnamed species for which Jenkins (1983) described S. propria . The statement in Hutton (1873: 55) that ‘ S. denticulata is also found in Tasmania and Australia’ is erroneous and probably refers to specimens of S. propria rather than S. australis . Siphonaria denticulata as delineated herein does not occur in New Zealand. Raven & Bracegirdle (2010: 46) erroneously listed S. cookiana as a synonym of S. propria .

External morphology. Foot sole broad, smooth and cream to pale yellow. Foot wall smooth to weakly pustulose, superficially unevenly mottled with grey to black markings, concentrated over two cephalic folds; mantle wide and thin, greyish with irregular black bands corresponding under rib interstices, mantle edge banded white to cream; small black eye spot centralised on each cephalic fold; pneumostomal lobe long, whitish, weakly shaded with mottled black markings.

Shell ( Figs 52A–D, M–N ; Table S9). Ovate, small sized (max sl mean = 12.5 mm, SD = 1.4 mm, n = 5), posteriorly wide, height medium; apex weakly offset to posterior and left ( Jenkins 1983: pl. 5, fig. a–f), and to left of shell centre line; protoconch notched, direction homostrophic (n = 2; Fig. 52M ), shell whorl dextral; exterior pale brown, apical sides weakly convex, growth striae irregular prominent; rib count (mean = 34.6, SD = 1.7, n = 5), ribs slightly raised, irregularly spaced; curve, broaden from apex to protrude weakly beyond shell lip; 1–2 secondary ribs between primary, dual juxtapose primary ribs form distinct siphonal ridge. Interior dark brown, spatula tan to cream, siphonal groove clear, purple-brown to dark brown, curving from shell edge to spatula; white rays weakly corrugate shell edge, extend to shell margin, aligned under external ribs; CMS narrow, shallow, concave. Shell lip may be thickened, whitish or purple-brown.

Reproductive system ( Fig. 50I; n = 2). Positioned within entire right side of coelom, against foot wall on foot muscle; epiphallic parts positioned between BM and RAM. GA small, with singular GP through foot wall behind right cephalic fold; AO indistinct, ED short, broader than BD and CD, unbent, joins to top of GA; GA, AO, ED all white muscular fibrous tissue; EG small, folds of soft whitish tissue, joins ED; single flagellum (F1), with minor bends, appears as a slightly longer and narrower extension of ED; BD and CD connect side-by-side into GA between ED join and GP, both ducts long, narrow, slightly bent, minor unevenness, whitish, pass closely together just inside outer RAM ( BD over CD) into soft white folded tissues of MG; CD connects to ducts in MG / AG complex; BC embedded in MG folds close to large embedded whitish SV; BC spherical to sack-like, thin whitish translucent test; HD short, wide, coiled, links ducts in soft white folded tissues of AG to yellowish granulated HG; outer edge of MG lobbed; AG larger than HG, outer sides match curvature of inner foot wall.

Spermatophore ( Figs 50J–K ): Thread-like (length = 4.63 ± 0.26 mm, n = 3), translucent, test thin; head section bluntly rounded, cylindrical, containing a core white gelatinous mass, tapers along the transparent flagellum to a thin tip; both sections smooth, featureless. Head section shorter wider than flagellum (head length = 4.01 ± 0.16 mm, ~ 87% of SPM length, head width = 112 ± 13 μm; flagellum width = 17 ± 0 μm, n = 3), 3 SPM tightly folded in one BC ( NZNM M.331452).

Radula. ( Jenkins 1983: 27, pl. 6 g –j). Mean dentition formula is 21:1:21 (SD = 3.9, n = 6) with 108 weakly curved (anteriorly convex) transverse rows (SD = 10.9, n = 6), single central tooth with pointed mesocone, flanked by 21 half row laterals, 9 (SD = 2.6) mid and 12 (SD = 1.4) outer lateral teeth means (n = 6), inner lateral teeth are absent; mid lateral mesocone bicuspidate separated by a shallow “U” to “V” shaped cleft, with the inner cusp longer than the outer, with strongly branching pointed ectocone; aberrant laterals are common appearing as extremely broad teeth; outer laterals have a square basal plate supporting a broad, flat ‘chisel’ like unicuspidate mesocone flanked by pointed single ecto- and endocones, widths and angles of separation of endo and ectocones are variable.

Comparative remarks. In our mitochondrial phylogeny, S. propria ( lateralis group, unit 90) is the sister species of S. australis ( Figs 1 , 4 ). Both species form a well-differentiated subclade and differ from each other by COI distances of ≥ 10.4 % (Table S8). In NZ this species has been found in sympatry with two congeners: For comparisons with S. australis and S. obliquata refer to comparative remarks under these species. The RS and SPM of ‘ S. cookiana ’ figured in Hubendick (1945: figs 21, 24, 26; reproduced in Berry 1977, fig. 19) are consistent with RS and SPM of S. propria ( Figs 50I–K ) shown here except for details of the RS ( CD / BD / GP / GA junction, which Hubendick portrayed as wider and with ducts more separated). The radula was briefly described by Hutton (1883: 143) as ‘ S. zelandica ’, which was repeated by Suter (1913: 601). The cusps and type of lateral teeth as seen here agree with Hutton (1883: 143, pl. 17, fig. D). However, the number of teeth and rows recorded by Hutton (33-40:1:40-33 with 130–140 rows) are well above those reported here.

Distribution and habitat. Endemic to New Zealand (southern end of North Island, South Island, Stewart and Chatham Islands; Fig. 51 ). In this study found in sheltered positions on moderately exposed to exposed rocky shores, mid to lower littoral levels ( Fig. 52N ).

Figures

FIGURE 1. Maximum Likelihood phylogram based on analyses of a concatenated sequence data set of 16S and COI. Branches are collapsed at the species level. Branch labels give unit numbers and accepted species names. Numbers on branches indicate branch support employing 10,000 ultrafast bootstraps.Available genus-group names are shown next to their type species. Scale bar indicating modelled sequence divergence.

FIGURE 4. Maximum Likelihood phylogram (partial, species not collapsed). Clades C–F (normalis, lateralis and pectinata groups) of the tree shown in Fig. 1. Branch labels give specimen identifiers for new sequences or Genbank accession numbers for imported sequences from other studies and geographic regions (see Tables S1–S2 for details). Identical haplotypes are merged into single tips. Numbers on branches indicate branch support by employing 10,000 ultrafast bootstraps. Clade names give unit numbers and accepted species names. Scale bar indicating modelled sequence divergence.

FIGURE 50. Reproductive morphology of S. monticulus, S. alba, S. asghar and S. propria. A–D. S. monticulus, TS, Lifou. A–B. AM C.584951 [M387]. C–D. AM C.584944 [SK057]. E–F. S. alba, Singapore, Lazarus Is, AM C.585237 [SK175]. G–H. S. asghar. G. Pakistan, Karachi, AM C.585846 [M458, SK190]. H. Karachi, AM C.586001 [SK532]. I–K. S. propria NZ, N Island, NMNZ M.331452 [M509]. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 51. Known occurrence records of S. alba, S. asghar, S. propria, S. jeanae, S. emergens, S. oblia and S. campestra sp. nov.

FIGURE 52. Shells of S. propria, S. jeanae, S. emergens and S. oblia. A–D, M–N. S. propria. A. Holotype NMNZ M.77363. B–N. NZ, N Island, NMNZ M.331452. B. [M509]. C. [M510]. D. [M511]. M. Protoconch [M514]. N. In situ. E–F, T. S. emergens. E. Holotype AM C.532860. F. Paratype AM C.265919. T. Protoconch, AM C.265919. G–I, Q–S. S. jeanae. G. Holotype AM C.123712. H. Vic, Point Lonsdale, AM C.585288 [M102]. I. WA¸ Point Dalling, AM C.585312 [M130]. Q. Protoconch, AM C.585213 [SK012]. R. WA¸ Point Dalling, in situ. S. WA¸ Point Dalling, animal. J–L, O–P. S. oblia, J. Qld, AM C.585755 [M105]. K. Qld, Cape York, AM C.584902 [M042]. L. Qld, Cape Kimberley, AM C.585505 [SK392]. O–P. Qld, Cape Kimberley, animals, in situ. Unlabelled scale bars = 10 mm.