Tylorida ventralis ( Thorell, 1877 )

Sankaran, Pradeep M., Malamel, Jobi J., Joseph, Mathew M. & Sebastian, Pothalil A., 2017, On the genus Tylorida Simon, 1894 with the first record of the genus Atelidea Simon, 1895 from India (Araneae: Tetragnathidae, Leucauginae), Zootaxa 4353 (2), pp. 294-326 : 310-311

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.4353.2.3

publication LSID

lsid:zoobank.org:pub:05D61D56-6043-4A11-B2B5-CBF864299B4F

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6051880

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D7A552-F412-083B-ADC4-5C58C826B6CD

treatment provided by

Plazi

scientific name

Tylorida ventralis ( Thorell, 1877 )
status

 

Tylorida ventralis ( Thorell, 1877) View in CoL

( Figs 1E–F View FIGURE 1 , 2C View FIGURE 2 , 7G–I View FIGURE 7 , 12H–I View FIGURE 12 , 15A–F View FIGURE 15 , 16A–J View FIGURE 16 , 17A–O View FIGURE 17 , 18A–O View FIGURE 18 , 19A–E View FIGURE 19 )

Meta ventralis Thorell, 1877: 423 (Description of male and female)

Argyroepeira ventralis Thorell, 1887: 138 . Workman, 1896: 55, plate 55 (Brief somatic description and description of web; illustration of female)

Leucauge ventralis Pocock, 1904: 800 , plate 66, fig. 3a–c (Illustration of male and female). Anopas ventralis Archer, 1951: 7 , figs 8–9 (Transfer of male and female from Leucauge View in CoL to Anopas ). Tylorida ventralis Chrysanthus, 1975: 31 View in CoL , figs 117–120 (Transfer of male and female from Anopas to Tylorida View in CoL ; illustration of

male and female).

[See World Spider Catalog (2017) for complete list of citations].

Leucauge pondae Tikader, 1970: 44 , fig. 25a–d (Description and illustration of male and female); 1982: 89. figs 175–178 (Description and illustration of male and female). Holotype female (Regd. No. 3221/18) and allotype male (Regd. No. 3222/18), both poor in condition, from INDIA: West Sikkim: Bang of Great Rangit river; B. K. Tikader leg.; 20-09-1959; deposited in ZSI, Kolkata, EXAMINED. New Synonymy.

Material examined: INDIA, Kerala: Kottayam, Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary (9o37'46.97''N, 76o25'25.56''E), 13 m alt., 25 February 2013 GoogleMaps , M. S. Pradeep & M. J. Jobi leg., from web, by hand: 1 male, 2 females, 1 subadult female ( ADSH1004514 View Materials ). Alappuzha, Pathiramanal Island (9o37'08.27''N, 76o23'23.86''E), 0 m alt., 13 March 2013 GoogleMaps , M. S. Pradeep & M. J. Jobi leg., from web, by hand: 9 males, 15 females ( ADSH1004515 View Materials ). Kollam, Kulathupuzha (8o54'06.37''N, 77o03'51.70''E), 134 m alt., 29 August 2013 M. S. Pradeep leg., from web, by hand: 5 males, 8 females ( ADSH1004516 View Materials ). Kottayam, Pala, Areeppara in Edappady GoogleMaps , 9o42'35.62''N, 76o42'48.42''E, 27 m alt., 12 May 2014, M.S. Pradeep leg., from web, by hand: 5 males, 7 females (3 females with egg sac) ( ADSH1004517 View Materials ). Kottayam, Kanakappalam in Erumely GoogleMaps , 9o27'16.08''N,76o50'43.54''E, 101 m alt., 23 August 2014, M. S. Pradeep leg., from foliage, by hand: 1 female with egg sac (ADSH1004518). Alappuzha, Perumbalam, 9o50'54.13''N, 76o21'39.00''E, 10 m alt., 30 November 2015, M. J. Jobi & Jimmy Paul leg., from web, by hand: 1 male, 1 female, 1 subadult male (ADSH1004519). Ernakulam, Thalacode, 10o03'03.22''N, 76o44'27.12''E, 60 m alt., 25 December 2015, Aswathy leg., from web, by hand: 1 female (ADSH1004520).

Justification of the synonymy. Tikader (1970) described L. pondae based on one female (holotype), three females (paratype) and one male (allotype) collected from the Bank of Great Rangit river, West Sikkim. The description was published in his Spider Fauna of Sikkim and was supported by four text figures- prolateral view of male pedipalp, dorsal view of female habitus, retrolateral view of female opisthosoma and ventral view of epigynum ( Tikader 1970: fig. 25a–d). He redescribed the species in 1982 with four text figures – dorsal view of female habitus, dorso-lateral view of left male pedipalp, ventral view of epigynum and female internal genitalia ( Tikader 1982: figs 175–178). Later, Sebastian and Peter (2009) provided brief morphological descriptions of both male and female, but presented neither illustrations of the male and female reproductive structures nor information on its possible synonymy with T. ventralis . In the original illustrations of Tikader, the shape of CDBP ( Tikader 1970: fig. 25d, Tikader 1982: fig. 176) and the outline of epigynal plate ( Tikader 1970: fig. 25c, Tikader 1982: fig. 177) and the female internal genitalia ( Tikader 1982: fig. 178) suggest a synonymy of L. pondae with T. ventralis . Detailed examination of the types of L. pondae ( Fig. 19A–E View FIGURE 19 ) suggests that these specimens have all diagnostic, both somatic and genitalic, features of T. ventralis . The species L. pondae should be regarded as a junior synonym of T. ventralis .

Note. Tylorida ventralis seems to exhibit colour polymorphism, a well-known example of phenotypic diversity, as well as intraspecific variation, both somatic as well as genitalic. We have found two distinct colour morphs of T. ventralis , which show conspicuous variation in female opisthosoma colouration: Silver morph ( Figs 1E View FIGURE 1 , 15A, D View FIGURE 15 , 16A, E, F View FIGURE 16 ) has silvery abdomen due to silver spots on dorsal and lateral opisthosoma. Yellow morph ( Figs 1F View FIGURE 1 , 16J View FIGURE 16 ) has dorsal and lateral opisthosoma ornamented with deep yellow spots. In both the morphs, the venter of opisthosoma is generally dull brown with a broad median black patch, cephalothorax is brown, legs are brown with black annulations and posterior extremity of opisthosoma has paired black spots (an identification feature of L. pondae suggested by Tikader). The epigyna of both the morphs are also similar with slight intraspecific variations (compare Fig. 18A–F, J–O View FIGURE 18 with G–I). In the field, Silver morph is commonly encountered than the Yellow morph, which is rare to find. The species is known for its intraspecific variation in genitalia ( Jäger & Praxaysombath 2009: figs 24, 28–31, 33, 36–37). Unlike Jäger and Praxaysombath (2009), we have noted both somatic as well as genitalic variations in T. ventralis . Based on the morphology of posterior opisthosoma of females, we have suggested our female specimens to belong to three varieties: variety I, without a ‘caudal tubercle’ ( Fig. 16H–J View FIGURE 16 ), variety II, with an ‘indistinct caudal tubercle’ ( Fig. 15D–F View FIGURE 15 ) and variety III, with a ‘distinct caudal tubercle’ ( Fig. 16C–E View FIGURE 16 ). Tikader (1982) also mentioned similar modification of ‘indistinct caudal tubercle’ of female opisthosoma. The opisthosoma of males, however, in all these three varieties is provided with an ‘indistinct caudal tubercle’ ( Figs 15A–C View FIGURE 15 , 16A–B, F–G View FIGURE 16 ). It is observed that the variety I females and its males are smaller in size (male body length 4.22–4.62, female body length 5.18–5.43) than that of variety II and variety III females (body length 7.16–7.98) and their corresponding males (body length 6.19–6.27). We have also observed high level of variations in both the male and female genitalia of all the three varieties. The pedipalpi exhibit variations in size, orientation and course of sperm ducts (e.g., Fig. 17A–D, F–I, K–N View FIGURE 17 ). The epigyna and internal female genitalia vary significantly from specimen to specimen (e.g., Fig. 18A–O View FIGURE 18 ). However, the morphology of male chelicerae ( Fig. 17E, J, O View FIGURE 17 ) of all the three varieties clearly indicates that these all are intraspecific variants and belonging to the same species, T. ventralis .

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Arthropoda

Class

Arachnida

Order

Araneae

Family

Tetragnathidae

Genus

Tylorida

Loc

Tylorida ventralis ( Thorell, 1877 )

Sankaran, Pradeep M., Malamel, Jobi J., Joseph, Mathew M. & Sebastian, Pothalil A. 2017
2017
Loc

Leucauge pondae

Tikader 1970: 44
1970
Loc

Argyroepeira ventralis

Workman 1896: 55
Thorell 1887: 138
1887
Loc

Meta ventralis

Thorell 1877: 423
1877
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