Vespidae (Hymenoptera) of the Pothwar region of Punjab, Pakistan Author Siddiqui, Junaid Ali Author Bodlah, Imran Author Carpenter, James M. Author Naeem, Muhammad Author Ahmad, Munir Author Bodlah, Muhammad Adnan text Zootaxa 2015 3914 5 501 524 journal article 42237 10.11646/zootaxa.3914.5.1 741c4672-2d53-443c-8aef-eda67ff87d01 1175-5326 241739 64BD9B4F-97A5-4D1E-84FA-EF3947FAD569 Family Vespidae The Vespidae (Hymenoptera) is a cosmopolitan, diverse and large family of wasps including about 5000 species worldwide ( Aguiar et al. 2013 ). These wasps are social, eusocial and solitary. Vespidae is further divided into six subfamilies Eumeninae , Euparagiinae , Polistinae , Stenogastrinae , Masarinae and Vespinae ( Carpenter 1982 , Pickett & Carpenter 2010 ). Adults are predominantly reddish, brownish or black with dense white or yellow markings. The majority of the species are solitary, but various are social. The immatures are usually predators on other insects.