Systematics of the Octopleura Clade of Miconia (Melastomataceae: Miconieae) in Tropical America
Author
Gamba, Diana
Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, Department of Botany, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118 - 4503, USA; & dgamba 333 @ gmail. com,
dgamba333@gmail.com
Author
Almeda, Frank
Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, Department of Botany, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118 - 4503, USA; & falmeda @ calacademy. org & Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, Department of Botany, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118 - 4503, USA; & dgamba 333 @ gmail. com,
falmeda@calacademy.org
text
Phytotaxa
2014
2014-09-24
179
1
1
174
journal article
10.11646/phytotaxa.179.1.1
1179-3163
10089927
19.
Miconia laxivenula
(
Wurdack 1973a: 407–408
)
Gamba & Almeda
,
comb. nov.
Basionym
:
Ossaea laxivenula
Wurdack.
Type
:
COLOMBIA
.
Comisaría
del
Putumayo
:
Umbría
,
0°54’N
,
76°10’W
,
325 m
,
October–November 1930
,
Klug 1816
(
holotype
: US!; isotypes: F!, MO!, NY!).
Shrub or small tree 1.5–5(–9) m tall, main stem laxly and poorly branched, bark green to green-brownish, smooth.
Upper internodes
compressed-rounded, (1.9–)
3.2–6.9 cm
long, cauline nodes terete, nodal line absent.
Indumentum
on branchlets, petioles, primary and secondary leaf veins abaxially, inflorescence axes, bracts, bracteoles, pedicels when present, hypanthia, calyx lobes and calyx teeth sparsely composed of caducous amorphous lepidote trichomes <
0.1 mm
long with only partially fused radii that superficially resemble minute glandular scales.
Leaves
of each pair commonly isophyllous, occasionally slightly anisophyllous in size; the semiterete petiole (1–)
1.5–3 cm
long, moderately canaliculate abaxially; blades 9–29 × 3.4–13.5(–14) cm, elliptic to oblong-elliptic, or elliptic to elliptic-obovate, the base acute, commonly but not exclusively decurrent on the petiole, the margin entire to obscurely crenulate, the apex acute to bluntly short-acuminate, chartaceous; mature leaves adaxially with surface, primary, secondary, tertiary and higher order veins glabrous; abaxial surface occasionally to rarely flushed red-purple, completely glabrous or glabrescent to sparsely and distantly puncticulate, the points superficially black and consisting of resinous short-stalked glands with thin-walled elongate heads, the tertiary and higher order veins glabrous; 5-plinerved, including the tenuous marginals, innermost pair of secondary veins diverging from the primary vein
1–1.5 cm
above the base, areolae
2–3 mm
, adaxially the primary and secondary veins impressed, the tertiary and higher order veins slightly impressed to flat, abaxially the primary and secondary veins elevated and terete, the tertiary and higher order veins slightly elevated.
Inflorescences
a pseudolateral multiflorous dithyrsoid
7–11 cm
long, including a peduncle <
1 cm
long or sessile, divaricately and highly branched from the peduncle apex, with somewhat deflexed lower most branches, when sessile bifurcate or trifurcate from the base, each furcation with the same architecture as the pedunculate dithyrsoid, borne in the upper leafy nodes, the rachis red-purplish; bracts and bracteoles 0.5–1 ×
0.25 mm
, the bracts triangular-concave, the bracteoles subulate, green-reddish, glabrescent on both surfaces, persistent to tardily deciduous in fruit.
Flowers
4- (5-) merous sessile or subsessile, the pedicels
0.1–0.2 mm
long when present.
Hypanthia
at anthesis 1.7–2 ×
1.2–1.3 mm
, free portion of hypanthium
0.6–0.8 mm
long, globose to urceolate, becoming dorso-ventrally compressed in fruit, bluntly 8-(10-)ribbed, green-whitish, ridged on the inner surface, sparsely beset with conspicuous brown rounded glands, the torus adaxially minutely glandular.
Calyx
open in bud and persistent in fruit, green; tube 0.2–0.3(–0.5) mm long, with the same vestiture as the torus adaxially and as the hypanthium abaxially; lobes 0.1 ×
0.75–0.85 mm
, or if obsolete then just the tube present, depressed-rounded, the margin vaguely and obscurely undulate, the apex obtuse; exterior calyx teeth
0.2 mm
long, minutely depressed-rounded, inserted at the base of the calyx lobes or tube, not projecting beyond the lobes but covering their entire dorsal surface.
Petals
2.5–3.5 ×
0.5–1 mm
, lanceolate-triangular, the margin entire, the apex bluntly acute, white to translucent white, glabrous, reflexed at anthesis.
Stamens
8; filaments 1.2–2 ×
0.25 mm
, white-yellowish, glabrous; anther thecae 1–1.25 ×
0.3–0.4 mm
, oblong-obovate, truncate to emarginate at the apex, opening by two dorsally inclined pores
0.1–0.15 mm
in diameter, white-yellowish; connective pale yellow, its prolongation and appendage (0.5–)
0.6–0.8 mm
long, the appendage oblong-deltoid or orbicular, obtuse or rounded-truncate at the apex, copiously and conspicuously gland-edged, the glands stalked and apically rounded.
Ovary
4-locular, 3/4 inferior, 1.3–1.5(–1.7) mm long at anthesis, the apical collar 0.3–0.4 ×
0.17–0.19 mm
, conic, conspicuously glandularpuberulent; style
3–3.3 mm
long, narrowed distally (i.e. tapering), white, glabrous; stigma expanded truncate to capitellate.
Berries
2–2.5 ×
3–3.8 mm
when dry, globose-oblate, white or orange when fully ripe, the hypanthium indumentum persistent at maturity.
Seeds
0.44–0.5 ×
0.16–0.19 mm
, typically pyramidal, occasionally ovoid and angled, brownish; lateral and antiraphal symmetrical planes triangular, the highest point toward the chalazal side;
SYSTEMATICS OF THE
OCTOPLEURA
CLADE OF
MICONIA
Phytotaxa
179 (1) © 2014 Magnolia Press
85
raphal zone suboblong to sublinear, ca. 90% the length of the seed, somewhat ventrally expanded toward the micropyle or from the chalazal side to the micropyle; appendage absent but a small protuberance present; individual cells elongate, anticlinal boundaries channeled, undulate, with Ω- and U-type patterns; periclinal walls convex, low-domed to nearly flat, microrelief verrucose to somewhat striate.
Additional specimens studied:—
COLOMBIA
.
Nariño
:
(Tumaco),
Chajal
,
13 June 1951
,
Romero-
Castañeda
2726
(
NY
)
.
Putumayo
:
15 km
NW of Puerto Asís
,
305 m
,
6 August 1965
,
King
&
Guevara
6205
(
COL
, F,
NY
,
US
)
;
15 km
NW of
Puerto Asís
,
305 m
,
6 August 1965
,
King
&
Guevara
6234
(
COL
, F,
NY
,
US
)
;
Selva
higrófila del
Río San Miguel
, entre las quebradas
de Sipenae
y
de Churruyaco
,
400 m
,
11 December 1940
,
Cuatrecasas
10945
(
COL
, F,
US
)
.
COSTA RICA
.
Alajuela
:
(Upala),
Dos Ríos
,
5 km
al
Sde Brasilia
, margen derecha del
Río Pizote
,
10°55’N
,
85°20’W
,
500 m
,
29 October 1987
,
Herrera 995
(
CAS
,
CR
,
MO
); (Upala)
,
Bijagua
,
El
Pilón, Cabeceras del Río Celeste,
10°49’N
,
84°27’W
,
700 m
,
14 November 1987
,
Herrera 1265
(
CAS
,
CR
,
MO
)
;
R.B. Monteverde
,
Río Peñas Blancas
,
10°19’N
,
84°43’W
,
850 m
,
6 August 1988
,
Bello 253
(
CAS
,
CR
,
MO
)
.
Guanacaste
:
P.N. Guanacaste
,
Estación Pitilla
y Sendero
El
Mismo,
10°59’26"N
,
85°25’40"W
,
700 m
,
15 June 1991
,
Ríos 380
(
MO
)
.
Heredia
:
Finca La Selva
,
The
OTS
Field Station
on the
Río Puerto Viejo
just Eof its junction with the
Río Sarapiquí
, Q.
El
Salto, at S,
Boundary
,
100 m
,
30 August 1980
,
Hammel
9634
(
CAS
)
;
Finca La Selva
,
The
OTS
Field Station
on the
Río Puerto Viejo
just Eof its junction with the
Río Sarapiquí
,
Along Loop Trail
, between
Central Trail
and
Q. El Saltito
,
100 m
,
15 July 1980
,
Grayum
2979
(
CAS
)
;
Finca La Selva
,
The
OTS
Field Station
on the
Río Puerto Viejo
just Eof its junction with the
Río Sarapiquí
,
Central Trail
, about
2800 m
S,
100 m
,
1 August 1980
,
Hammel
9408
(
CAS
)
;
P.N. Braulio Carrillo
, Puesto
El
Ceibo,
Gently
sloping area just above the steep rim of the
Río Peje
gorge on the w side, along side path that goes from guard house to water supply intake, about 15 minutes uphill,
Transect
500–1,
10°19’18"N
,
84°4’44"W
,
520 m
,
9 December 1992
,
Boyle 1415
(
CAS
,
CR
)
;
Finca La Selva
,
The
OTS
Field Station
on the
Río Puerto Viejo
just Eof its junction with the
Río Sarapiquí
,
SW Trail
,
1400–1600 m
line,
100 m
,
7 March 1981
,
Folsom
9262
(
CAS
, F)
;
9 km
Eof San Ramon
,
10°20’N
,
84°3’W
,
425 m
,
1 December 1986
,
Loiselle 211
(
MO
)
;
Finca La Selva
,
The
OTS
Field Station
on the
Río Puerto Viejo
just Eof its junction with the
Río Sarapiquí
, 2600 NS survey cut, Eof 1050 to 850 EW m line,
Camino Central
, new property,
100 m
,
7 October 1982
,
McDowell
396
(
CAS
,
MO
)
;
Cerros Sardinal
, ca.
2–2.5 km
Nof Chilamate de Sarapiquí
,
10°28’N
,
84°4’W
,
80–160 m
,
21 January 1986
,
Grayum et al. 6158
(
MO
); (Sarapiquí)
,
La Virgen
,
P.N. Braulio Carrillo
,
Puesto La Ceiba
,
500 m
Ssendero
El
Ceibo,
10°20’N
,
84°5’W
,
500 m
,
21 November 1988
,
Ballestero 21
(
CR
,
MO
)
;
Finca La Selva
,
Confluence of Río Puerto Viejo
and
Río Sarapiquí
, to
Puerto Viejo de Sarapiquí
,
10°25’N
,
84°0’W
,
80 m
,
16 October 1979
,
Denslow 79-30
(
CAS
); (Sarapiquí)
,
Horquetas
,
Rara Avis
,
Cerca del Plástico
,
10°18’N
,
84°2’W
,
550–600 m
,
24 December 1994
,
Knapstein 21
(
CAS
,
CR
)
;
Finca La Selva
,
The
OTS
Field Station
on the
Río Puerto Viejo
just Eof its junction with the
Río Sarapiquí
,
Long
spot along
Q.
El
Saltito
, back of
Loop Trail
,
950 m
E,
100 m
,
9 September 1980
,
Hammel
9723
(
CAS
)
;
Finca La Selva
,
The
OTS
Field Station
on the
Río Puerto Viejo
just Eof its junction with the
Río Sarapiquí
,
Central Trail
,
Río Salto
at
2500 m
,
100 m
,
10 February 1981
,
Folsom
8875
(
CAS
)
;
Estación Carrillo
de 700 a
450 m
de la Fila
al
Cañón
del R,
Sucio
,
12 November 1983
,
Chacón
&
Herrera
1678
(
CAS
,
CR
,
MO
)
.
Limón
:
(Pococí), P.N.
Braulio Carrillo
,
Cuenca del Sarapiquí
,
Estación Quebrada González
, a lo largo del sendero
Las Palmas
,
10°9’50"N
,
83°56’20"W
,
500 m
,
20 January 1998
,
Rodríguez et al. 2865
(
INB
,
MO
); (Pococí)
,
P.N. Braulio Carrillo
,
Cuenca del Sarapiquí
,
Estación Quebrada González
,
Sendero Las Palmas
,
10°9’48"N
,
83°56’20"W
,
500 m
,
11 September 1996
,
Rodríguez et al. 1527
(
INB
,
MO
)
.
Puntarenas
:
(Golfito),
R.F. Golfo Dulce
,
Península de Osa
,
Cerro Rincón
,
Puerto
Jiménez
,
Cabeceras
de los
Ríos Tigre
y
Rincón
,
8°30’50"N
,
83°28’20"W
,
700 m
,
7 May 1993
,
Aguilar 1870
(
CAS
,
INB
,
MO
)
;
P.N. Corcovado
,
Cerro Brujo
,
Quebrada Vaquedano
,
8°38’N
,
83°35’W
,
400 m
,
22 January 1991
,
Castro 224
(
CR
,
MO
)
.
ECUADOR
.
Carchi
:
Nside of
Río Mira
, across from
Lita
,
Steep
N-facing slope directly across from (
S
of) community of
Baboso
, on Sside of
Río Baboso
,
Transect
750–2,
0°53’N
,
78°27’W
,
750 m
,
11 August 1994
,
Boyle
&
Boyle
3562
(
MO
); (Tulcán)
,
R. Étnica Awá
,
Comunidad de Gualpi Medio
,
1°1’N
,
78°16’W
,
900 m
,
21 May 1992
,
Quelal et al. 539
(
MO
); (Tulcán)
,
R. Indígena Awá
,
Comunidad El Baboso
,
8 km
al
Nde Lita
,
0°50’N
,
78°20’W
,
800 m
,
15 October 1991
,
Rubio et al. 2135
(
MO
,
QCNE
,
US
); (Tulcán)
,
R. Indígena Awá
,
Parroquia Tobar Donoso
,
Sector Sabalera
,
Bosque
primario NE de casa comunal,
1°0’N
,
78°24’W
,
50–100 m
,
19 June 1992
,
Tipaz et al. 1445
(
MO
,
QCNE
)
;
Prominent
hillcrest directly
Nof Lita
, on Nside of
Río Mira
and just to Eof
Río Baboso
,
On
steep W-facing slope,
Transect
750–1,
0°53’N
,
78°27’W
,
760 m
,
1 July 1994
,
Boyle
&
Boyle
3277
(
MO
); (Tulcán)
,
Chical
,
R. Étnica Awá-Camumbí
,
0°53’N
,
78°16’W
,
1700–1900 m
,
20 July 1991
,
Quelal et al. 143
(
MO
,
QCNE
)
.
El Oro
:
Hacienda
86
Phytotaxa
179 (1) © 2014 Magnolia Press
GAMBA & ALMEDA
Daucay,
600 m
,
12 October 1993
,
Cornejo
470
(
MO
).
Esmeraldas
:
(
San
Lorenzo), R.
Indígena Awá
,
Parroquia Ricaurte
,
Comunidad Balsareño
,
Río Palabí
,
1°9’N
,
78°31’W
,
100 m
,
15 April 1991
,
Rubio
&
Quelal
1310
(
MO
,
US
); (
San
Lorenzo),
Comunidad Awá Guadalito
,
1°16’N
,
78°45’W
,
125 m
,
6 June 1996
,
Cerón
et al. 31347
(
MO
,
QAP
); (
Lita
),
Río Lita
and tributaries (affluent of
Río Mira
),
110 km
NW of Ibarra
,
4.5 km
WNW of
Lita
,
0°52’N
,
78°29’W
,
600 m
,
8 May 1987
,
Daly
&
Acevedo
5154
(F,
MO
,
NY
,
US
); (
Eloy
Alfaro
),
R.E. Cotacachi-Cayapas
,
Parroquia Luis Vargas Torres
,
Río Santiago
,
Estero Angostura
,
0°49’S
,
78°45’W
,
250 m
,
8 December 1993
,
Tirado
et al. 793
(
MO
,
QCNE
);
Environs of Lita
, on the
Ibarra-San Lorenzo
R.N
.,
550–650 m
,
11 June 1978
,
Madison
et al. 5206
(F,
QCA
,
US
);
Cayapas-Cotacachi area
,
San
Miguel and
Santiago river
, 0°75’N,
78°50’W
,
100 m
,
1 July 1977
,
Rodriguez-Carrasquero
5587
(
MO
,
US
);
Along
road between main
Lita-San Lorenzo Hwy
, and village of
la Ceiba
,
2.1 km
Wof main hwy,
1°6’38"N
,
78°41’33"W
,
141 m
,
16 July 2000
,
Croat
et al. 84068
(
MO
); (
Eloy
Alfaro
),
Selva Alegre
,
Estero Gasparito
y
Estero Felipe
,
0°56’N
,
78°50’W
,
100 m
,
21 January 1993
,
Álvarez
et al. 805
(
MO
); (
Eloy
Alfaro
),
Selva Alegre
,
Estero Gasparito
y
Estero Felipe
,
0°56’N
,
78°50’W
,
100 m
,
21 January 1993
,
Álvarez
et al. 793
(
MO
,
QCNE
); (
San
Lorenzo),
Finca La Chiquita
,
1°13’N
,
78°49’W
,
80 m
,
8 July 1988
,
Palacios
2666
(
MO
); (
San
Lorenzo),
Carretera Lita-Alto
Tambo-La
Punta
,
1°0’N
,
78°35’W
,
400 m
,
6 February 1991
,
Gudiño
&
Moran
1289
(
MO
,
QCNE
); (
San
Lorenzo),
San
Francisco,
Recinto Durango
,
Loma del Rey
,
Camino
al
Valle de la Virgen
,
2 km
al SE de la carretera
Lita-San Lorenzo
,
1°2’N
,
78°37’W
,
350 m
,
18 October 1999
,
Valenzuela
&
Freire
513
(
MO
);
Zapallo Grande
, a mixed black and
Cayapa Amerindian
community along
Río Cayapa
,
0°48’N
,
78°54’W
,
200 m
,
11 October 1983
,
Barfod
et al. 48173
(
MO
); (
San
Lorenzo),
Alto Tambo
, A
15 km
al
Wde Lita
,
0°50’N
,
78°32’W
,
400 m
,
9 September 1990
,
Rubio
&
Quelal
625
(
MO
,
QCNE
); (
Eloy
Alfaro
), R.E.
Cotacachi-Cayapas
,
Río San Miguel
,
Charco Vicente
,
0°43’N
,
78°53’W
,
200 m
,
20 September 1993
,
Tirado
et al. 289
(
CAS
,
MO
,
QCNE
); (
San
Lorenzo),
R. Étnica Awá
,
Parroquia Mataje
,
Centro Mataje
,
1°8’N
,
78°33’W
,
200 m
,
21 September 1992
,
Aulestia
et al. 345
(
MO
,
QCNE
);
Further
along trail to
Río Mataje
(beginning at point where collecting ended previous day),
Awa
encampment from
Río Palavi
encampment,
1°7’N
,
78°37’W
,
200–230 m
,
11 February 1988
,
Hoover
et al. 3929
(
MO
); (
Eloy
Alfaro
), R.E.
Cotacachi-Cayapas
,
Río Bravo Grando
, margen derecha, a 1/
2 km
del
Centro Chachi de Corriente Grande
,
0°40’N
,
78°57’W
,
280 m
,
3 October 1992
,
Álvarez
&
Herrera
709
(
MO
,
QCNE
);
Trail
from
Awá
encampment on
Río Palaví
to
Awá
encampment on
Río Mataje
, begining about
1.5 km
from
Río Palaví
,
1°7’N
,
78°37’S
,
200 m
,
10 February 1988
,
Hoover
et al. 3872
(
MO
); (
Eloy
Alfaro
),
San
Miguel,
Río Cayapas
,
Propiedad del Sr Miguel Chapiro
,
Parcela
permanente 07 y alrededores,
0°45’N
,
78°55’W
,
130 m
,
3 September 1993
,
Palacios
&
Tirado
11137
(
MO
,
QCNE
);
Cerro de Río Bravo de Cayapas
,
0°41’N
,
78°56’W
,
250 m
,
1 September 1980
,
Holm-Nielsen
et al. 25523
(
CAS
,
MO
).
Imbabura
:
(
Lita
)
,
540 m
,
28 May 1949
,
Acosta-Solís 12537
(F); (
Lita
)
,
501 m
,
14 April 1949
,
Acosta-Solís 12215
(F); (
Lita
)
,
501 m
,
28 April 1949
,
Acosta-Solís
12312
(F).
Morona-Santiago
:
Centro Shuar Yukutais
,
Wof Pedro Kunkumas’house
and Sof school,
2°30’S
,
78°8’W
,
900 m
,
12 March 1990
,
Bennett
et al. 4046
(
NY
,
US
); (
Morona
),
Cordillera de Cutucú
,
Centro Shuar Uunsuants
/
TransKutuku
,
2°32’S
,
77°54’W
,
650 m
,
18 January 2002
,
Toasa
&
Paque
8566
(
MO
).
Napo
:
Carretera Hollín-Loreto
,
3 km
al Edel
Río Pucuno
, camico al caserío
El
Pacto,
0°42’S
,
77°35’W
,
1200 m
,
15 July 1988
,
Neillet
al. 8518
(
CAS
,
MO
); (
Orellana
),
Zona
de amortiguamiento del P.N,
Sumaco
,
Río Bigal
,
Líneas
sísmicas de la compañía petrolera
Amoco
,
Bloque
18,
0°29’S
,
77°21’W
,
400 m
,
9 November 1996
,
Revelo
125
(
MO
); (
Archidona
), Sslopes of
Volcán Sumaco
,
4 km
N of Huahua Sumaco
community, Near
Río Huataraco
,
0°43’S
,
77°32’W
,
1000 m
,
13 December 1989
,
Neillet
al. 9160
(
MO
,
US
); (
Loreto
),
Al
Nde la carretera
Campo Alegre
, carretera Hollín-Loreto-Coca.
Bloque
19, linea sismica 4,
Compañía Triton
,
0°36’S
,
77°19’W
,
420 m
,
19 January 1996
,
Vargas
&
Cerda
548
(
MO
);
Road
to
Bermejo
oil field,
35 km
N of”km 46" of
Lago Agrio-Quito
road, ridge top,
10 km
Wof Lumbaque
,
0°10’S
,
77°20’W
,
950 m
,
21 July 1986
,
Gentry
&
Miller
54969
(
MO
);
Carretera Hollín-Loreto
, km 25, entre el
Río Hollín
y el
Río Guamaní
,
0°43’S
,
77°40’W
,
1200 m
,
17 May 1988
,
Neill
8417
(
MO
); (
Archidona
), Comuna
Huahua Sumaco
,
Faldas
al Sdel volcán
Sumaco
,
Carretera Hollín-Loreto
, km 50,
0°43’S
, 77°345’W,
1000 m
,
1 May 1989
,
Hurtado
et al. 2124
(
MO
); (
Archidona
),
Comunidad Guagua Sumaco
,
Carretera Hollín-Loreto
, km 50,
Faldas
al S del volcán
Sumaco
,
0°38’S
,
77°27’W
,
1000 m
,
29 April 1989
,
Cerón
&
Hurtado
6686
(
CAS
,
MO
); (
Archidona
), Comuna
Huahua Sumaco
,
Faldas
al Sdel volcán
Sumaco
,
Carretera Hollín-Loreto
, km 50,
0°44’S
,
77°34’W
,
1100 m
,
3 May 1989
,
Alvarado
281
(
MO
); (
Archidona
), Comuna
Huahua Sumaco
,
Faldas
al Sdel volcán
Sumaco
,
Carretera Hollín-Loreto
, km 50,
0°43’S
,
77°34’W
,
1000 m
,
29 April 1989
,
Hurtado
et al. 2004
(
MO
);
Entre
el
Río Pucuno
y el
Río Guamaní
,
Carretera
Hollín-Loreto-Coca,
0°46’S
,
77°26’W
,
1100–1200 m
,
11 December 1987
,
Cerón
2892
(
MO
); (
Archidona
),
R. de Biósfera Sumaco
,
Comunidad Mushullacta
,
Bosque
protector,
0°49’39"S
,
SYSTEMATICS OF THE
OCTOPLEURA
CLADE OF
MICONIA
Phytotaxa
179 (1) © 2014
Magnolia Press
87
77°33’47"W
,
1160 m
,
26 February 2003
,
Cevallos 42
(
CAS
)
.
Napo-Pastaza
:
(
Veracruz
),
900 m
,
18 February 1956
, Asplund 19461 (
NY
)
.
Pastaza
:
(
Pastaza
),
Edge of Plateau
on Sside of
Río Arajuno
, above river canyon,
Proposed
ARCO oil pipeline route, km 16,
1°20’S
,
77°49’W
,
1000 m
,
7 September 1997
,
Neill et al. 10953
(
MO
,
NY
,
QCNE
); (Pastaza)
,
Pozo
petrolero”Corrientes" de UNOCAL,
1°43’S
,
76°49’W
,
300 m
,
1 August 1990
,
Gudiño 630
(
CAS
,
MO
,
QCNE
); (Pastaza)
,
Villano-Pandanuque
,
Junto
al
Río Villano
,
Terraza de Río Villano
,
1°30’S
,
77°27’W
,
340 m
,
26 July 1992
,
Palacios 10361
(
MO
,
QCNE
)
.
Pichincha
:
Carretera Quito-Puerto Quito
, km 113, 10 km al Nde la carretera principal,
Bosque
virgen y alrededores de la reserva,
0°5’N
,
79°2’W
,
800 m
,
23 February 1984
,
Betancourt 121
(F,
MO
,
NY
,
QCA
,
US
); (Quito)
,
R.F. ENDESA: “Corporación Forestal Juan Manuel Durini”,
Río Silanche
, km 113 de la carretera
Quito-Pto Quito
, faldas occidentales, a
10 km
Nde la carretera principal, 0°5"N,
79°2’0"W
,
650–700 m
,
20 February 1984
,
Jaramillo 6380
(
NY
,
QCA
)
;
R.F. ENDESA: “Corporación Forestal Juan Manuel Durini”,
Río Silanche
, km 113 de la carretera
Quito-Pto Quito
, faldas occidentales, a
10 km
Nde la carretera principal,
0°5’N
,
79°2’0"W
,
650–700 m
,
9 June 1984
,
Jaramillo 6627
(
NY
,
QCA
)
;
R.F. ENDESA: “Corporación Forestal Juan Manuel Durini”,
Carretera Quito-Puerto Quito
, km 113, 10 km al Nde la carretera principal,
0°5’N
,
79°2’0"W
,
800 m
,
19 February 1984
,
Betancourt 102
(F,
NY
,
QCA
)
.
Sucumbíos:
(Gonzalo Pizarro),
Campo Bermejo
6 N,
30 km
al
NW de Lago Agrio
,
0°14’N
,
77°13’W
,
1050 m
,
23 March 1990
,
Cerón
et al. 9339
(
MO
,
QCNE
,
US
); (
Cascales
)
,
Parroquia El Dorado
,
Cooperativa Los Angeles
,
Bloque
11
Compañía Santa Fe
,
Coleccion
3 km
entre La Trocal y Los Angeles
,
0°0’S
,
77°12’W
,
250 m
,
3 May 1997
,
Freire
et al. 2166
(
MO
,
QCNE
)
.
NICARAGUA
.
Río San Juan
:
(
El
Castillo),
R. Indio-Maíz
, Cerro
El
Diablo,
11°1’N
,
84°12’W
,
350–609 m
,
9 December 1998
,
Rueda
et al. 9644
(
CAS
,
MO
); (
El
Castillo)
,
Comunidad Aguas Zarcas
,
2.5 km
al Sdel puesto de guardaparques,
11°14’22"N
,
84°14’16"W
,
350 m
,
10 March 2005
,
Urbina
160
(
CAS
)
.
PANAMA
.
Bocas del Toro
:
Vicinity of Fortuna Dam
,
Near
road to
Chiriquí
Grande
,
8°45’N
,
82°15’W
,
650 m
,
10 August 1986
,
McPherson
9924
(
MO
)
.
Coclé
:
Near El Vallede Anton
,
8°37’N
,
80°7’W
,
600 m
,
26 November 1985
,
McPherson
7640
(
CAS
,
MO
); (
El Copé
)
,
Cerca
del aserradero,
31 August 1996
,
Montenegro
1477
(
CAS
); (
Anton
)
,
La Mesa
,
800 m
,
17 January 1973
,
Kennedy
et al. 2109
(
MO
)
;
Alto Calvario Region
,
Vivinity
of old saw mill works,
4.5 mi
Nof El Copé
,
2.5 mi
Nof
Escuela Barrigón
,
8°38’N
,
80°36’W
,
580–740 m
,
12 September 1987
,
Croat
67510
(
CAS
,
MO
); (
El Copé
)
,
On Pacific
side 1/2 hour walk from sawmill,
732 m
,
16 October 1979
,
Antonio
2164
(
CAS
,
MO
)
;
In mountains
near continental divide,
8 km
above El Cope
(ca.
0.5 km
down logging trail going NE from sawmill),
610 m
,
10 January 1978
,
Hammel
816
(
CAS
); (
El Copé
)
,
Sendero
desde la casa de los guardaparques hasta la quebrada,
8°40’N
,
80°35’W
,
7 July 1996
,
Aranda
et al. 2855
(
CAS
)
;
Forested
slopes above
El Copé
off of the abandoned road leading to the
Contienetal Divide
,
8°38’N
,
80°38’W
,
800 m
,
25 January 1989
,
Almedaet
al. 6400
(
CAS
)
;
NE slopes of
Cerro Caracoral, Nrim
of
El
Valle,
823–975 m
,
12 March 1981
,
Sytsma
3774
(
CAS
)
;
7.2 km
from
El Valle
main road along the
Mesa Road
,
700 m
,
18 December 1977
,
Folsom
et al. 6936
(
CAS
,
MO
,
NY
)
;
In mountains
near continental divide,
8 km
above El Copé
(ca
5 km
down logging trail going NE from sawmill),
610 m
,
10 January 1978
,
Hammel
sn
(
MO
)
;
Colón
:
Trail
from
Alto Pacora
to
Cerro Brewster
,
9°18’N
,
79°16’W
,
700 m
,
18 November 1985
,
de Nevers
et al. 6237
(
CAS
,
MO
)
.
Veraguas
:
Valley of Río Dos Bocas
on road between
Alto Piedra
(above
Santa Fe
) and
Calovebora
,
350–400 m
,
29 August 1974
,
Croat
27469
(
MO
)
;
Alongroadbetween
Escuela Agrícola Alto Piedra
(above
Santa Fe
) and
Río Dos Bocas
, ca
10 km
from the
Escuela
,
530–620 m
,
26 July 1974
,
Croat
25895
(
MO
)
;
Valley of Río Dos Bocas
alongroad between
Escuela Agrícola Alto Piedra
and
Calovebora
,
15.6 km
NW of Santa Fe
,
Along
trail to
Santa Fe, Eof
river,
450–550 m
,
31 August 1974
,
Croat
27628
(
MO
)
;
Valley of Río Dos Bocas
alongroad between
Escuela Agrícola Alto Piedra
and
Calovebora
,
15.6 km
NW of Santa Fe
,
Along
trail to
Santa Fe, Eof
river,
450–550 m
,
31 August 1974
,
Croat
27623
(
MO
)
.
PERÚ
.
Amazonas
:
(
Bagua
),
Imaza
,
Comunidad Samaria
,
Río Cenepa region
,
Región
NE del
Marion
,
4°51’S
,
78°18’W
,
300 m
,
1 January 1995
,
Hodges
&
Gorham
209
(
CAS
,
MO
); (
Bagua
)
,
Imaza
,
Comunidad Aguaruna de Putuim
,
Arriba
(W)
Pueblo de Putuim
,
4°55’S
,
78°19’W
,
680 m
,
12 June 1996
,
Rodríguez
et al. 962
(
CAS
,
MO
); (
El
Cenepa)
,
Comunidad de Mamayaque
,
Cerro Sakee-gaig
,
4°34’49"S
,
78°14’1"W
,
600–800 m
,
14 February 1997
,
Rodríguez
et al. 1511
(
CAS
, F,
MO
)
.
Huánuco
:
(
Pachitea
),
Codo de Pozuzo
,
Alluvial
fan floodplain of
Río Pozuzo
after it emerges from mountains,
Trail
to NW behind settlement,
9°40’S
,
75°25’W
,
450 m
,
18 October 1982
,
Foster
9253
(F,
MO
,
US
)
.
San Martín
:
Alongroad
between
Tocache Nuevo
,
114.5 km
Sof
Juanjui
,
16 km
Sof
Río Pulcache
and village of
San Martín
,
7°50’S
,
70°40’30"W
,
700 m
,
8 April 1984
,
Croat
58071
(
CAS
,
MO
,
US
)
.
Illustration:—
Wurdack 1980: 346
, fig. 38.
88
Phytotaxa
179 (1) © 2014 Magnolia Press
GAMBA & ALMEDA
Common names and documented uses:—
Ecuador
: “cayapa”, for curing cramps and epilepsy (
Barfod et al. 48173
, MO!); “chicnul” (
Quelal et al. 539
, MO!); “engal chignul”, for making traps (
Tipaz et al. 1445
, MO!); “uvitilla” (
Quelal et al. 143
, MO!); “payatzi" (
Vargas & Cerda 548
, MO!). The first common name is used by the Cayapa Amerindian community; the next three common names are used by the Awá ethnic community.
Habitat, distribution and ecology:—
Locally common in primary or secondary lowland rain forests and montane forests, growing on flat areas or steep slopes, commonly in the understory and near streams, from southern
Nicaragua
through southern Central America, to
Colombia
,
Ecuador
and
Perú
(
Fig. 15
), at 42–1200(–1900) m. In
Nicaragua
it is only known from the Reserva Natural Indio-Maíz; it occurs throughout
Costa Rica
and in
Panama
it is known from central areas of the country. In South America the distribution is disjunct. In
Colombia
it is only known from the southern departments of
Nariño
and
Putumayo
, and it occurs throughout
Ecuador
to northern
Perú
.
FIGURE 15.
Distributions of
Miconia laxivenula
,
M. magnifolia
,
M. neocoronata
,
M. neomicrantha
and
M
. aff.
neomicrantha
.
Manakins, Tanagers, Thrushes, the orange-billed Sparrows (
Arremon aurantiirostris
) and
Myadestes melanops
have been reported to feed on
M. laxivenula
berries in a
Costa
Rican premontane wet forest (
Stiles & Rosselli 1993
).
Phenology:—
Collected in flower and fruit throughout the year, but only flowering material has been collected in March.
Etymology:—
The specific epithet refers to the lax (loose) reticulation on the abaxial surfaces of leaves.
Discussion:—
Miconia laxivenula
has lax foliar reticulation in which the areoles are conspicuously bigger than in other species of the
Octopleura
clade (
2–3 mm
vs. commonly <
2 mm
) and its leaves are commonly narrowly decurrent on the petiole. In the protologue
Wurdack (1973a)
recognized
M. sessilis
as the closest relative of
M. laxivenula
, which is confirmed on the basis of molecular data showing that
M. laxivenula
is sister to
M. sessilis
(
Fig. 1
). Both have a basal position among some species within the Variabilis subclade, including
M. magnifolia
SYSTEMATICS OF THE
OCTOPLEURA
CLADE OF
MICONIA
Phytotaxa
179 (1) © 2014 Magnolia Press
89
and allies. Morphologically
M. sessilis
has similar lax venule reticulation (areoles
3–5 mm
) and 4-merous flowers, but its leaf blades are long decurrent at the base (leaves sessile), it has more prominent foliar plinervation (innermost pair of secondaries diverging
3–5 cm
vs.
1–1.5 cm
above the base), and the petals are densely puberulent abaxially (vs. glabrous).
Miconia variabilis
is similar in appearance and inflorescence architecture but differs in the much denser foliar venule reticulation (areoles ca.
0.2 mm
), densely puberulent vegetative and floral indumentum, and 5-merous flowers. The flowers in
M. laxivenula
are predominantly 4-merous. One specimen from the province of
Coclé
in
Panama
(
Hammel s.n.
, MO-2686219!) has fruits that are uniformly 10-costate (and thus 5-merous flowers), a rare and unusual variant.
Wurdack (1973a)
suspected that
O. robusta
(Triana) Cogn.
fma.
glabrata
Mgf., which was described as a glabrous population from eastern
Ecuador
(Pacapaca region, apparently in the province of
Pastaza
), is the same taxon as
M. laxivenula
. The
holotype
chosen by Wurdack was previously determined as
O. robusta
fma.
glabrata
Mgf., but it was not cited by
Markgraf (1941)
in the protologue. The only specimen that
Markgraf (1941)
based this form on (
Schultze-Rhonhof 2717
) was not seen; all the
Pastaza
specimens of
M. laxivenula
studied have 4- merous flowers and were not glabrous, but covered with the squamate-amorphous indumentum that characterizes this species.
Markgraf (1941)
did not specify the merosity of the specimen he cited, and no records from that region (locality details are not clear) were seen. Specimens of
M. variabilis
examined for this study have 5-merous flowers, and those from the province of
Pastaza
had the normal
M. variabilis
indumentum. The taxon described by
Markgraf (1941)
will probably remain unknown based on available evidence. The only specimen cited by Markgraf was probably deposited in Balong with the other Schultze collections. It was destroyed during the Second World War.
The lax foliar reticulation and squamate-amorphous indumentum of
M. laxivenula
are consistent throughout its geographic range. However, two distinguishable morphological variants have come to light in the course of this study. The
type
of this species was collected in
Colombia
(Putumayo) and in accord with
South American
specimens, has leaves that are elliptic to oblong-elliptic with the base acute and not decurrent along the petiole, or only slightly so. The abaxial leaf surfaces are completely glabrous, and the berries are orange at maturity, which can change to purple-black according to some specimen labels (
Acosta-Solís 12215
, F!). These populations are known from
Colombia
(Nariño, Putumayo),
Ecuador
(
Esmeraldas
,
Napo
,
Pastaza
, and
Sucumbíos
) and
Perú
(Huánuco), at
250–1200 m
. The second morphological variant includes specimens with leaves that are elliptic to elliptic-obovate. The blade base is acute and conspicuously decurrent on part of the petiole, the abaxial leaf surfaces are black-puncticulate (with minute resinous trichomes), and the berries are white at maturity. Populations with these characteristics have been collected more abundantly than those that conform to
type
material.
These
populations are found where the species has been collected in
Mesoamerica
, and also in
Ecuador
(
Carchi
,
Cotopaxi
,
El Oro
,
Esmeraldas
,
Pichincha
, and
Morona-Santiago
) and
Perú
(departments of
Amazonas
, and San Martín), at 42–975(–1900) m.
The
floral morphology and measurements of these two morphological variants are consistent, as are the characters mentioned above which supports the view that they belong to the same taxon.
The
fact that they co-occur in the province of
Esmeraldas
in
Ecuador
would prohibit recognizing them as subspecies, since there is no geographic isolation.
Field
work and population studies are needed to determine how these two variants are interacting where they are sympatric
.
Several Ecuadorian specimens have been reported to have the abaxial surface of the leaves red-purple, which might be another kind of morphological variation within this species. This foliar coloration occurs in individuals of both variants described above. The presence of this coloration is not uncommon among tropical plants that live in the dark forest understory, but the function of this anthocyanin pigmentation remains unclear.
Conservation status:—
This species would be considered
Endangered EN
B2ab(iii) based on IUCN criteria (
AOO
).
However
, it occurs in many protected areas throughout its range, which warrants a status of
Least Concern LC
.
Protected
in
Costa Rica
in the
Monteverde Biological Reserve
(
Alajuela
)
; in the
Guanacaste
National Park (
Guanacaste
);
in
La Selva Biological Station
and the
Braulio Carrillo National Park
(
Heredia
, the latter also in
Limón
); in the
Golfo Dulce Forest Reserve
and in the
Corcovado National Park
(
Puntarenas
)
.
In
Ecuador
it is protected in the
Awá Indigenous Reserve
(
Carchi
and
Esmeraldas
)
;
in the
Cotacachi-Cayapas Ecological Reserve
(
Esmeraldas
)
;
and in the ENDESA
Forest Reserve
(
Pichincha
)
.
In
Nicaragua
it is protected in the
Indio-Maíz Reserve
(
Río San Juan
)
.
90
Phytotaxa
179 (1) © 2014 Magnolia Press
GAMBA & ALMEDA