Revision of the poorly known Neotropical butterfly genus Zischkaia Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), with descriptions of nine new species
Author
Nakahara, Shinichi
A7240997-442C-41C7-9B20-D8D4AE31AED9
McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA. & Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA. & Departamento de Entomología, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.
snakahara@ufl.edu
Author
Zacca, Thamara
EBE99273-B02D-4A17-AD52-5BB3DFBA6C85
Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
zacca.butterfly@gmail.com
Author
Dias, Fernando M. S.
FA0950D9-DC58-4230-8180-F26CB5788E55
Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
fernandomsdias@yahoo.com.br
Author
Dolibaina, Diego R.
0A762FB6-AF41-4A09-9DF8-6F3954BA8956
Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
dirodrido@gmail.com
Author
Xiao, Lei
4233F498-4D30-428A-B2A4-A6A76DC5FCA4
McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
lxiao@floridamuseum.ufl.edu
Author
Espeland, Marianne
00D6F9F9-3902-4A8B-846F-720AB32922A6
Arthropoda Department, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Adenauer Allee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany.
marianne.espeland@gmail.com
Author
Casagrande, Mirna M.
Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
mibras@ufpr.br
Author
Mielke, Olaf H. H.
Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
omhesp@ufpr.br
Author
Lamas, Gerardo
Departamento de Entomología, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.
glamasm@unmsm.edu.pe
Author
Huertas, Blanca
Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, UK.
B.Huertas@nhm.ac.uk
Author
Kleckner, Kaylin
McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA. & Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
kaylin.kleckner@ufl.edu
Author
Willmott, Keith R.
McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
kwillmott@flmnh.ufl.edu
text
European Journal of Taxonomy
2019
2019-09-13
551
1
67
journal article
10.5852/ejt.2019.551
98f587bb-3baf-4961-89a0-5679c0dcf731
2118-9773
3476676
C3C851C3-0F12-412C-A15B-56F0F263CD00
Zischkaia pacarus
(Godart, [1824])
Figs 1
,
2
S–V,
4
G,
6
G–H,
8
A,
10
A–C,
11
,
12
A–D,
14
Satyrus pacarus
Godart, [1824]:
465, 495 (
type
locality:
Brazil
).
Euptychia fumata
Butler, 1867b: 109
, pl. 12, fig. 14 (
type
locality: “Rio Grande”).
Neonympha pacarus
– Westwood 1851: 375.
Euptychia pacarus
–
Butler 1867a: 501
;
1868: 38
;
1877: 120
. —
Kirby 1871: 55
. —
Gaede 1931: 458
. —
Weymer 1911: 213
. —
D’Abrera 1988: 789
.
Euptychia fumata
–
Butler 1867a: 501
, nomen nudum.
Euptychia fumata
–
Butler 1868: 38
;
1877: 120
. —
Kirby 1871: 55
;
1879: 134
. —
Weymer 1911: 213
. —
Riley & Gabriel 1924: 22
. —
Gaede 1931: 446
. —
Miller 1968: 95
. —
D’Abrera 1988: 789
.
Zischkaia fumata
–
Forster 1964: 116–118
, fig. 123 (the description date of the name was mistakenly given as “1857”). —
Brown 1992: 152
, fig. 49. —
Mielke & Casagrande 1998: 976
. —
Brown & Freitas 2000: 105
.
Zischkaia pacarus
–
Mielke 1995: 772
. —
Lamas 2004: 223
, syn.:
fumata
Butler, 1867
. —
Emery
et al.
2006: 90
. —
Beccaloni
et al.
2008: 346
. —
Carneiro
et al.
2008: 264
. —
Peña
et al.
2010: 248
, 250–251, 253. —
Dolibaina
et al.
2011: 350
. —
Silva
et al.
2015: 6
.
Type material examined
Neotype
(here designated)
BRAZIL
•
♂
; “
//
BRASIL,
PARANÁ
,
TUNEIRAS DO OESTE
, REBIO [
Reserva Biológica
]
DAS PEROBAS
, 23° 50” 49”S 52° 44” 18”
W
,
8-X-2012
LABLEP [
Laboratório de Estudos
de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná] LEG.// BC-DZ Willmott 246// DZ 36.998//”;
DZUP
.
Lectotype
(here designated)
BRAZIL
•
♂
; “(//
Rio Grande
[do Sul, Brazil]
Hewitson
coll[ection]. 79-69
Euptychia Fumata, Butl
[er]. 2.// BM
TYPE
No. Rh
3251
Euptychia fumata
♂
Butl[er].//
Type
// BMNH(E) 1267093//”;
NHMUK
.
Other material examined
(
87 ♂♂
,
50 ♀♀
)
ARGENTINA
–
Misiones
•
2 ♂♂
;
Apr. 1927
;
I. Heider
leg.; BMNH(E)-10247985, BMNH(E)-10430700;
NHMUK
•
1 ♀
;
El Dorado
; [
26°23′ S
,
54°40′ W
];
ZSM
•
1 ♂
;
Loreto
; [
27°19′ S
,
55°32′ W
];
Oct. 1956
;
W. Forster
leg.;
ZSM
.
BOLIVIA
–
Not
located
•
1 ♂
; “Torochila” [perhaps representing “Jorochito”];
Garlepp
leg.; 1890;
MNHU
.
BRAZIL
–
Bahia
•
1 ♂
;
Una
,
Reserva Biológica de Una
; [
15°10′38″ S
,
39°6′20″ W
];
G.M. Accácio
leg.;
ZUEC
. –
Espírito Santo
•
1 ♂
;
Fruhstorfer
leg.; BMNH(E)-1205412;
NHMUK
. –
Minas Gerais
•
1 ♀
;
S of Minas Gerais
; BMNH(E)-1718052;
NHMUK
•
2 ♀♀
;
Carangola
, Serra
Rio Glória
,
Sítio Boa Vista
; [
20°43′44″ S
,
42°3′27″ W
];
600–800 m
;
Dec. 1950
;
Ebert
leg.; DZ-36529, DZ-36549;
DZUP
•
4 ♂♂
;
Porto Real
; [
20°11′ S
,
45°43′ W
]; BMNH(E)-1718043 to BMNH(E)-1718045, BMNH(E)-1718056;
NHMUK
•
2 ♀♀
; same collection data as for preceding; BMNH(E)-1718050 to BMNH(E)-1718051;
NHMUK
•
1 ♂
;
San
[São]
Jacinto
; [
17°51′ S
,
41°30′ W
];
Nov. 1907
;
F. Birch
leg.; BMNH(E)-1718042;
NHMUK
. –
Paraná
•
1 ♂
; BMNH(E)-1205411];
NHMUK
•
1 ♀
; BMNH(E)-1718062;
NHMUK
•
1 ♂
;
Balsa Nova
,
São Luís do Purunã
;
1000 m
;
8 Apr. 2006
;
Beltrami
and
Selusniaki
leg.; DZ-36643;
DZUP
•
1 ♂
;
Campo Mourão
, (
Justus
);
Jan. 1952
; DZ-36861;
DZUP
•
5 ♂♂
;
Candói
,
Santa Clara
; [
25°37′ S
,
51°59′ W
];
21 Nov. 1986
;
O.H.H. Mielke
and
M.M. Casagrande
leg.; DZ-36589, DZ-36633, DZ-36831, DZ-36891, DZ-5575;
DZUP
•
2 ♀♀
; same collection data as for preceding; DZ-36851, DZ-36991;
DZUP
•
1 ♂
,
1 ♀
;
Castro
; [
24°47′ S
,
50°1′ W
];
950 m
;
E.D. Jones
leg.; BMNH(E)-1718058, BMNH(E)-1718055;
NHMUK
•
1 ♂
; same collection data as for preceding but collector unknown; BMNH(E)-1718041;
NHMUK
•
2 ♂♂
;
Chopinzinho
; [
25°51′ S
,
52°30′ W
];
1 Mar. 1970
;
E. Furtado
leg.; DZ-36971, DZ-37031;
DZUP
•
1 ♂
;
Foz do Iguaçu
; [
25°30′ S
,
53°48′ W
];
Mar. 1952
;
Justus
leg.; DZ-37021;
DZUP
•
1 ♂
;
Iguazu
;
24 Jan. 1922
; BMNH(E)-1718057;
NHMUK
•
1 ♀
;
Londrina
; [
23°19′ S
,
51°10′ W
];
25 Oct. 1985
;
O.H.H. Mielke
and
M.M. Casagrande
leg.; DZ-37041;
DZUP
•
1 ♀
;
Ponta Grossa
; [
25°6′ S
,
50°10′ W
];
Nov. 1956
;
Justus
leg.; DZ-36821;
DZUP
•
1 ♀
;
Vila Velha
; [
25°8′ S
,
49°58′ W
];
900 m
;
16 Mar. 1972
;
Mielke
leg.; DZ-36841;
DZUP
•
1 ♀
;
7 Mar. 1973
; DZ-36981;
DZUP
•
1 ♀
;
Lapa
,
Rio de Várzea
; [
25°46′ S
,
49°43′ W
];
Feb. 1938
;
Pohl
leg.;
MZSP
•
1 ♀
;
Tibagi
,
Parque Estadual do Guartelá
, [
24°33′59″ S
,
50°15′25″ W
];
1000 m
;
11–12 Feb. 2016
;
D. Dolibaina
,
E. Carneiro
and
A. Warren
leg.;
DD-374
•
6 ♂♂
,
4 ♀♀
;
Tuneiras do Oeste
,
Reserva Biológica das Perobas
; [
23°50′49″ S
,
52°44′18″ W
]; (‘LELN UFPR’);
6 Oct. 2012
; DZ-36498, DZ-36728, DZ-36858, DZ-36918, DZ-36939, DZ-36949, DZ-36778, DZ-36909, DZ-36919, DZ-36959;
DZUP
•
4 ♂♂
,
2 ♀♀
; same collection data as for preceding but
8 Oct. 2012
; DZ-36708, DZ-36929, DZ-36989, DZ-37039, DZ-36588, DZ-36999;
DZUP
•
1 ♂
; [
23°53′ S
,
52°44′ W
;
578 m
;
6 Oct. 2012
;
G. Lamas
leg.;
MUSM
•
1 ♂
; same collection data as for preceding but
8 Oct. 2012
;
MUSM
•
1 ♂
;
Turvo
,
Britador
; [
25°2′11″ S
,
51°32′8″ W
];
1000 m
;
19 Feb. 2010
;
D. Dolibaina
and
A. Warren
leg.;
DD-303
•
1 ♂
,
1 ♀
;
Turvo
,
Salto do Paulinho Rickli
; [
25°3′59″ S
,
51°31′8″ W
];
1050 m
;
15 Mar. 2009
;
D. Dolibaina
leg.;
DD-301
to
DD-302
•
4 ♂♂
,
1 ♀
; same collection data as for preceding but
7 Feb. 2016
;
D. Dolibaina
and
Warren
leg.;
DD-369
to
DD-373
. –
Rio Grande do Sul
•
1 ♀
; 1890;
Mabilde
leg.;
MNHU
•
1 ♀
;
Elsenau
[Panambi];
Dec. 1904
;
ZSM
•
3 ♂♂
,
2 ♀♀
;
Campo Novo
;
9 Nov. 1985
;
Araújo, O.H.H
.
Mielke
and
M.M. Casagrande
leg.; DZ-36781, DZ-36941, DZ-36951, DZ-36741, DZ-36751;
DZUP
•
2 ♀♀
;
Derrubadas
,
Parque Florestal Estadual do Turvo
; [
27°13′58″ S
,
53°51′5″ W
];
10 Nov. 1985
;
O.H.H. Mielke
,
Araújo
, and
M.M. Casagrande
leg.; DZ-36761, DZ-36811;
DZUP
•
1 ♀
;
Pelotas
; [
31°45′ S
,
52°22′ W
];
15 Oct. 1953
;
C.M. Biezanko
leg.; DZ-36931;
DZUP
•
1 ♂
;
28 Feb. 1961
;
AMNH
•
1 ♂
,
2 ♀♀
;
11 Mar. 1961
;
USNM
•
1 ♂
;
25 Nov. 1961
;
AMNH
•
1 ♂
;
12 Dec. 1961
;
USNM
•
1 ♀
;
22 Mar. 1964
;
AMNH
•
1 ♂
;
13 Feb. 1966
;
V. Becker
leg.; DZ-36801;
DZUP
•
1 ♀
;
6 Nov. 1961
;
C.M. Biezanko
leg.;
ZSM
•
1 ♂
;
7 Nov. 1966
;
ZSM
•
1 ♂
;
7 Nov. 1966
; DZ-36971;
DZUP
•
1 ♂
;
3 Mar. 1967
; DZ-36791;
DZUP
•
1 ♂
;
7 Mar. 1970
; DZ-21207;
DZUP
. –
Santa
Catarina
•
1 ♂
;
Wernicke
leg.;
ZSM
•
1 ♂
;
Rio Capivary
[Capivari]; 1883;
Fruhstorfer
leg.; BMNH(E)-1718059;
NHMUK
•
1 ♀
; ridge between
Joinville
and
Itajaí
,
Tajú
; [
26°34′26″ S
,
48°44′51″ W
];
Apr.
;
Schmid
leg.; DZ-36881;
DZUP
•
1 ♂
; same collection data as for preceding but
Feb.
; DZ-37001;
DZUP
•
1 ♂
;
Águas Mornas
,
Teresópolis
; [
27°44′ S
,
48°56′ W
]; BMNH(E)-1718048;
NHMUK
•
1 ♀
; same collection data as for preceding;
Michalis
leg.; BMNH(E)-1718063;
NHMUK
•
1 ♂
;
Blumenau
; [
26°55′ S
,
49°4′ W
];
Fruhstorfer
leg.; BMNH(E)-1205413;
NHMUK
•
1 ♀
;
Florianópolis
,
Naufragados
;
11 May 2003
;
E. Carneiro
leg.; DZ-37011;
DZUP
•
5 ♂♂
,
1 ♀
;
Seara
,
Nova Teutonia
; [
27°3′ S
,
52°23′ W
];
300–500 m
;
Feb. 1973
;
F. Plaumann
leg.; FLMNH-MGCL-1036000 to FLMNH-MGCL-1036005;
FLMNH
•
1 ♂
;
1 Feb. 1972
;
F. Plaumann
and
O.H.H. Mielke
leg.; DZ-36658;
DZUP
•
1 ♂
;
Taió
,
Rio Taió
; [
27°6′ S
,
49°59′ W
];
2 Oct. 1935
;
Pohl
leg.;
MZSP
•
1 ♀
;
Timbó
; [
26°49′ S
,
49°17′ W
];
Apr. 1936
;
Pohl
leg.;
MZSP
. –
São Paulo
•
1 ♀
;
Araras
; [
22°19′ S
,
47°58′ W
];
600 m
;
17 Apr. 1966
;
Ebert
leg.; DZ-36519;
DZUP
•
1 ♂
,
1 ♀
; same collection data as for preceding but
6 Jan. 1966
; DZ-36499, DZ-5577;
DZUP
•
1 ♂
;
Casa Branca
; [
21°47′ S
,
47°5′ W
]; G[arbe] leg.;
MNHU
•
1 ♂
[conf];
1893–1895
;
Garbe
leg.;
MNHU
•
1 ♂
;
Cotia
,
Morro Grande
;
22 Nov. 2000
;
K.S. Brown
and
A.V.L. Freitas
leg.;
ZUEC
•
1 ♂
;
Guararapes
,
Figueira
;
5 Apr. 1940
;
R.F. d’Almeida
leg.; DZ-36509;
DZUP
•
1 ♀
;
Paranapiacaba
,
Alto da Serra
;
Feb. 1922
;
Spitz
leg.; MZUSP-56158;
MZSP
•
1 ♂
;
Rio Claro
, [
22°24′ S
,
47°33′ W
];
600 m
;
13 Apr. 1967
;
Ebert
leg.; DZ-36911;
DZUP
•
1 ♀
; same collection data as for preceding but
26 May 1963
; DZ-5576;
DZUP
•
1 ♂
,
1 ♀
; same collection data as for preceding but
31 Dec. 1966
; DZ-5578, DZ-36559;
DZUP
•
1 ♂
;
Rio
das
Cobras
; [
23°7′13″ S
,
46°5′44″ W
];
Feb. 1942
;
Widerski
leg.; DZ-36539;
DZUP
•
1 ♀
;
Salesópolis
,
Estação Biológica da Boraceía
; [
23°40′ S
,
45°53′ W
];
850 m
;
20 Mar. 1968
;
Lopes
leg.;
MZSP
•
1 ♂
; same collection data as for preceding but
27 Feb. 1968
;
Oliveira Santos
leg.;
MZSP
•
1 ♂
;
São Paulo
; [
23°32′ S
,
46°37′ W
];
790 m
; BMNH(E)-1718047;
NHMUK
•
3 ♂♂
,
1 ♀
; same collection data as for preceding;
Garbe
leg.; MZUSP-56159 to MZUSP-56162;
MZSP
•
1 ♂
,
1 ♀
;
Teodoro Sampaio
,
Parque Estadual Morro do Diabo
; [
22°30′ S
,
52°20′ W
];
250–500 m
;
15–18 Mar. 1990
;
O.H.H. Mielke
and
M.M. Casagrande
leg.; DZ-36569, DZ-36579;
DZUP
•
1 ♂
; same collection data as for preceding but
15–18 Mar. 1991
; DZ-36901;
DZUP
•
1 ♂
,
1 ♀
; same collection data as for preceding but
20–23 Feb. 1990
; DZ-36921, DZ-36613;
DZUP
•
1 ♂
; same collection data as for preceding but
22–23 May 1990
; DZ-36771;
DZUP
. –
No
specific locality
•
1 ♂
;
H. Rogers
leg.; PLT
fumata
; BMNH(E)-1718068;
NHMUK
–
Not
located
•
1 ♂
; ‘
Brazil’
; BMNH(E)-1718046;
NHMUK
•
1 ♂
; ‘
Brazil’
; PLT
fumata
; BMNH(E)-1718067;
NHMUK
•
1 ♀
; ‘
Brazil’
; PLT
fumata
; BMNH(E)-1718066;
NHMUK
.
Fig. 10.
Head morphology.
A–C
.
Zischkaia pacarus
(
Godart, 1824
)
(DZ 36.728).
A
. Ventral view.
B
. Frontal view.
C
. Lateral view.
D–F
.
Z. saundersii
(
Butler, 1867
)
(DZ 36.029).
D
. Ventral view.
E
. Frontal view.
C
. Lateral view.
PARAGUAY
–
Caaguazú
•
1 ♂
;
Caaguazú
; [
25°26′ S
,
56°2′ W
];
Apr. 1960
;
ZSM
.
VENEZUELA
–
Not
located
•
1 ♂
; ‘Venezuela’, BMNH(E)-1718065;
NHMUK
.
COUNTRY UNKNOWN –
Not located
•
1 ♂
; no data; BMNH(E)-1718049;
NHMUK
.
Identification and taxonomy
The male of
Zischkaia pacarus
is distinguishable from males of other species of
Zischkaia
by the apical process of the valva being somewhat rectangular with a convex distal margin (
Fig. 4G
), whereas the apical process of the valva is somewhat triangular in other species of
Zischkaia
. The female of
Z. pacarus
can also be distinguished by the genitalia (
Fig. 6
G–H), namely by the sclerotized tube being one-fourth the length of the ductus bursae, whereas this sclerotized tube is reduced and restricted to the area around the ostium bursae in
Z. chullachaki
sp. nov.
, more developed and reaching almost half the length of the ductus bursae in
Z. baku
sp. nov.
and
Z. arenisca
sp. nov.
Godart ([1824]: 495) described
Satyrus pacarus
based on a single specimen from
Brazil
, without any mention of the sex of this specimen. He provided a short description of the species (Godart ([1824]: 465), stating “[margin of the] wings entire, dark brown, upper side without spots; forewing under side with two darker wavy lines, hind wing under side with three [darker wavy lines], and five eyes [i.e., ocelli] having the pupil formed by silver dots.” The full description on page 495 is lengthier and more precise: “It has approximately two inches [about
5 cm
] of wingspan. Its wings [margins] are entire, and dark brown in both sides. Its [wings] upper sides are without spots. Its [wings] under sides with, towards the extremity, two lines darker than the ground color. The second wings [i.e., hindwings] have a third similar line, placed transversely towards the middle, and separated from the others by a row of five round, very dark, eyes [i.e., ocelli], with a pupil formed by silver dots, and a brownish iris surrounded by a very dark circle. The first wings [forewings] have no eyes [i.e., ocelli].” (translation based on the original description of both French and Latin version). Certain phenotypic characters described by Godart, namely, no mention of the VFW ocellus (or ocelli), no ocellus (or ocelli) on the dorsal surface, the mention of two lines on the VFW and three lines on the VHW (i.e., lack of VFW submedian line), and the fact this species was allied with several other euptychiine species (e.g.,
Hermeuptychia sosybius
(Fabricius, 1793))
, suggest that Godart was describing a species of
Zischkaia
. There is no mention of dorsal surface androconia in Godart’s description, one of the putative synapomorphic characters for the “
pacarus
clade” of
Zischkaia
, and we offer two possible explanations: 1) although the specimen he examined was a male, Godart failed to perceive or did not regard as important the presence of this character; 2) the specimen examined by Godart was a female, and therefore without androconia. Given that the dorsal androconia are not well marked in
Z. pacarus
, and considering that females are rarer than males, the former is perhaps the more likely. For example, Godart also did not describe the androconial patch of
Calisto hysius hysius
(Godart, [1824]) (described on page 471) and
Forsterinaria necys
(Godart, [1824]) (described on page 511), although males of these two species also possess dorsal wing androconial patches. There remains a possibility that Godart was describing
Z. warreni
sp. nov.
, which also lacks a VFW submedian line and occurs in sympatry with
Z. pacarus
. However,
Z. warreni
sp. nov.
has a much narrower geographic range and is much scarcer than
Z. pacarus
in museum collections (
43 specimens
examined of the former species and 138 of the latter). Most likely, the
holotype
(fixed by monotypy, following Article 73.1.2. of the
ICZN (1999))
of
pacarus
should have been collected in
Minas Gerais
or
Rio de Janeiro
, where
Z. warreni
sp. nov.
is apparently rare (see below). Furthermore, at least some of the species described by Godart are not known or are very rare within the range of
Z. warreni
sp. nov.
(e.g.,
Godartiana byses
(Godart, [1824]), see
Zacca
et al.
(2017)
,
Adelpha epione
(Godart, [1824]), see
Willmott (2003))
, suggesting that the type of
Z. pacarus
might have came from further east in southern
Brazil
. We therefore contend that Godart’s description most likely referred to
Z. pacarus
as treated here. The
holotype
of
S. pacarus
has not been located in any museums where specimens from Godart’s collection are usually found (e.g.,
MNHN
; Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh (
Grimshaw 1897
;
Horn
et al.
1990
;
Bland 2019
)). Therefore, a male specimen deposited at the
DZUP
(
Fig. 2
), which we also barcoded and included in the phylogeny (
BC-DZ
246), is designated as the
neotype
of
Satyrus pacarus
Godart
, [1824] in order to settle the nomenclature (
neotype
designation).
Fig. 11.
Zischkaia pacarus
(
Godart, 1824
)
, wing venation.
A
. ♂ (FLMHN-MGCL-1036002).
B
. ♀ (MGCL-LOAN 518).
Fig. 12.
Wing scales of
Zischkaia
Forster, 1964
.
A–C
. Images of forewing androconial scales of
Z. pacarus
(Godart, [1824]), showing the presence of plumose androconial scales.
D
. Typical wing scales of
Z. pacarus
.
E–F
. Images of forewing androconial scales of
Z. chullachaki
Nakahara & Zacca
,
sp. nov.
, showing the presence of plumose androconial scales.
Butler (1867a)
introduced the name
Euptychia fumata
, but in a way that failed to fulfill Article 12.1 of the
ICZN (1999)
, as the name was not accompanied by a description, definition, or indication of the taxon it denotes. Therefore, the name was correctly recognized as a nomen nudum by
Lamas (2004)
. Subsequently,
Butler (1867b)
properly described
Euptychia fumata
Butler, 1867
based on an unknown number of specimens from “Rio Grande” (likely the state of
Rio Grande do Sul
, southern
Brazil
) from Hewitson’s collection. Given the presence of other similar
Zischkaia
species in southern
Brazil
, a male
syntype
, deposited in the
NHMUK
, which compares closely to the description and illustration provided by
Butler (1867b)
, is here designated
lectotype
, in order to settle the nomenclature (
lectotype
designation).
Euptychia fumata
Butler, 1867
was treated as a junior subjective synonym of
Z. pacarus
by
Lamas (2004)
. Although
Lamas (2004)
did not provide any justification for this synonymy, the
lectotype
of
E. fumata
, here designated, compares closely with Godart’s description of
S. pacarus
and the
neotype
male designated above; therefore, we retain
Euptychia fumata
Butler, 1867
as a junior subjective synonym of
Z. pacarus
.
Variation
The conspicuous dorsal androconia is variable, from being slightly to moderately marked; the VHW ocellus in Rs-M
1
is variable in terms of presence and development; the visibility of the bright silvery purple ground color between the VHW submedian line and submarginal line when seen under direct light is also apparently variable, from absent to present.
Distribution
(
Fig. 14
)
This species is known from southwestern and southern
Brazil
to northeastern
Argentina
, in the states of
Minas Gerais
,
São Paulo
,
Paraná
,
Santa
Catarina
,
Rio Grande do Sul
(
Brazil
), in the department of
Caaguazú
(
Paraguay
) and the province of Misiones (
Argentina
). Old records from Amazon Superior,
Brazil
,
Bolívia
and
Venezuela
probably refer to mislabeled specimens.
Remarks
In
Araucaria
forests in
Paraná
, adults of
Z. pacarus
are found during the summer either on small and isolated or large and continuous patches of the bamboo
Merostachys
Spreng.
(
Poaceae
:
Bambusoideae
) (
Fig. 16A, C
). Males fly fast, up to
5 m
above the ground, with several individuals engaged in patrolling flight. Females fly slowly and lower than males. Butterflies are never found away from the bamboo, and they are more active between the middle of the morning and the beginning of the afternoon. The preferred habitat of
Z. pacarus
in
Araucaria
forests suggests that the species likely uses
Merostachys
as the caterpillar host plant. In addition, according to A.V.L Freitas (pers. comm. in
Beccaloni
et al.
2008
), larvae feed on
Bambusa
(
Poaceae
:
Bambusoideae
).