The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide Author Gravili, Cinzia Author Vito, Doris De Author Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di Author Martell, Luis Author Piraino, Stefano Author Boero, Ferdinando text Zootaxa 2015 3908 1 1 187 journal article 42365 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1 6f1d1977-6b97-4789-828c-76ed250cf1ae 1175-5326 242729 D6AD2B49-170B-4D9C-84AA-DBE0FEEAD8BE Plumularia setacea (Linnaeus, 1758) Fig. 90 A–D See Medel & Vervoort (1995) and Schuchert (2001a) for a complete synonymy. FIGURE 90. Plumularia setacea : A , general view of a colony; B , parts of stem showing origins of hydrocladia and gonothecae; C , detail of hydrocladium; D , gonotheca (A, B drawn by L. Basso; C, D drawn by C.G. Di Camillo). Scale bars: B, D, 500 µm; C, 250 µm. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 97 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento—fauna of the Salento Peninsula). Description (based on our own observations; Ramil & Vervoort 1992; Cornelius 1995 ; Medel & Vervoort 1995 ): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza tubular, variably ramified in accordance to the substrate; colonies erect, pinnate; hydrocauli monosiphonic, unbranched, but occasionally branched, up to ca 60 mm , divided into internodes by transverse nodes, each segment bearing a basal and a distal nematotheca, the last one almost in the axil of a lateral apophysis; hydrocladia alternate, borne on stem apophyses, in the same plane, heteromerously segmented by transverse nodes into hydrothecate and non-hydrothecate internodes; hydrothecate internodes with one hydrotheca and 3 nematothecae, one inferior median one and 2 latero-superior ones, non-hydrothecate segments with one frontal nematotheca, usually with one perisarcal septum above and below it, septum also may occur basally on hydrothecate internodes; first hydrocladial internode athecate and shorter; hydrothecae cup-shaped, entirely adnate, rim even, aperture slightly tilted downwards; nematothecae all two-chambered, conical, basal chamber longer, apical one wider, with adcauline embayment. Gonothecae of both sexes on the same stem or not, typically in a continuous line towards the base of stem, female ones elongated, fusiform, smooth, narrower distally with a more or less developed tubular neck, with narrow and circular apical aperture, male ones narrower and smaller than females, less attenuate above, tapering to a minute orifice. Colours: stem pale to dark horn (dark brown in some old colonies). Cnidome. Microbasic mastigophores. Habitat type . Eurybathic species, in the Mediterranean Sea found from the tidal level to about 400 m depth ( Broch 1933 ; García Carrascosa 1981 ; Boero & Fresi 1986 ; Roca 1986 ; Ramil & Vervoort 1992). Substrate. Recorded on other hydroids, sponges, barnacles, Posidonia , algae, mollusc shells, bryozoans, other organisms, and biogenic banks. Seasonality. January–March ( Llobet i Nadal 1987 ; Llobet et al. 1991 ; Puce et al. 2009), April ( Llobet i Nadal 1987 ; Llobet et al. 1991 ), July ( Llobet i Nadal 1987 ; Llobet et al. 1991 ; Brahim et al. 2010 ), August ( Boero & Fresi 1986 ; Brahim et al. 2010 ), and November ( Boero & Fresi 1986 ) in the several localities of the Mediterranean Sea; all year in Salento waters (De Vito 2006; this study). Reproductive period. February ( Ramil 1988 ), March ( Stechow 1923 ; Puce et al. 2009), May ( Stechow 1919 ; Rossi 1961 ), June ( Picard 1955 ; Morri & Bianchi 1999), August and September ( Picard 1952 ) in the several localities of the Mediterranean Sea; October–May (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters. Distribution. Cosmopolitan ( Millard 1975 ; Cornelius & Ryland 1990 ; Medel & Vervoort 1995 ; Ramil et al. 1998 ; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008a ). Records in Salento. Common at: La Strea, Porto Cesareo ( Presicce 1991 ; Denitto 1996 ; Faucci & Boero 2000 ); Montagna Spaccata, Torre S. Emiliano, Ponte del Ciolo ( Presicce 1991 ); Otranto ( Denitto 1996 ; Miglietta et al . 2000 ; Fraschetti et al . 2002 ; De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; Andreano 2007 ; Gravili et al. 2008a ; Stabili et al. 2008 ; Ventura 2011 ; Piraino et al. 2013 ; this study); Costa Merlata ( Fraschetti et al . 2002 ; Andreano 2007 ); Il Chiapparo (C. Gravili unpublished observations). Remarks. For more details about the variability of this species see Ramil & Vervoort (1992). References. Broch (1912 , 1933 ), Stechow (1919 , 1923 ), Billard (1926) , Leloup (1934) , Rossi (1950 , 1961 , 1971 ), Picard (1952 , 1958a ), Riedl (1959 , 1970 , 1991 ), Schmidt (1973) , Hughes (1975) , Chas & Rodriguez (1977) , García-Corrales et al. (1978), Morri (1980b) , García Carrascosa (1981) , Isasi (1985) , Boero & Fresi (1986) , Gili (1986), Roca (1986) , Llobet i Nidal (1987), Ramil (1988) , Llobet et al . (1991) , Ramil & Vervoort (1992), Alvarez Claudio (1993) , Altuna (1994), Medel & Vervoort (1995) , Medel & López-González (1996) , Morri & Bianchi (1999), Morri et al . (1999), Piraino et al. (1999) , Faucci & Boero (2000) , Miglietta et al. (2000) , Ansín Agís et al. (2001) , Fraschetti et al. (2002) , Peña Cantero & García Carrascosa (2002) , Bouillon et al. (2004), De Vito (2006), Gravili (2006), Gravili et al. (2008a) , Morri et al . (2009) , Puce et al. (2009), Brahim et al. (2010) , Bianchi et al. (2011) , Ventura (2011) , Piraino et al. (2013) .