Aguapanela, a new tarantula genus from the Colombian Andes (Araneae, Theraphosidae)
Author
Perafán, Carlos
Author
Cifuentes, Yeimy
Author
Estrada-Gomez, Sebastián
text
Zootaxa
2015
4033
4
529
542
journal article
39522
10.11646/zootaxa.4033.4.4
9ba82bb0-089a-4332-b5e9-a41686c13ff2
1175-5326
237644
D837C4BE-AB7C-4DAA-991C-6F50A1019078
Aguapanela arvi
Perafán, Cifuentes & Estrada
sp. nov.
Figs 1–27
,
30–33
;
Table 2
Type
material.
Colombia
, Antioquia:
holotype
male (ICN-Ar 7914), Medellín, Corregimiento
Santa Elena
, Piedras Blancas Ecological Park (
6°17’44.8’’N
,
75°30’04.7’’W
), 2400 masl,
18 October 2013
, C. Perafán, Y. Cifuentes & S. Estrada
leg
.
Paratypes
: allotype female (ICN-Ar 7915), data as
holotype
;
3 females
(SUA-113, SUA-116 and SUA-117) from same data as
holotype
.
Additional material examined:
2 males
(CEUA-Ar 266 and CEUA-Ar 230) from Medellín, Corregimiento
Santa Elena
, Vereda El Placer, 2400 masl,
3 July 2001
and
26 March 2002
, respectively, J.G. Ochoa
leg.
;
1 male
and
1 female
(CEUA-Ar 89) from Caldas, 2100 masl,
March 1997
, H. Estrada & G. Parra
leg.
;
1 female
(CEUA- Ar) from Medellín, Corregimiento
San Cristobal
, Vereda El Uvito, Sector El Arbolito, 2400 masl,
19 March 2006
, J. García
leg.
Etymology.
The specific epithet is a noun in apposition taken from the locality where the
holotype
was found.
Arvi
means place with a very rich area in natural resources in a native indigenous language. This ancient indigenous people inhabited the Valle de Aburrá and the eastern Altiplano of the Cordillera Central from
Colombia
, where this species is distributed.
Diagnosis.
See diagnosis of the genus.
FIGURES 17–27
. Male
Aguapanela arvi
sp. nov.
17
–
23. Male holotype. 17
–
20. Left palpal bulb. 17. Prolateral view. 18. Retrolateral view. 19. Dorsal view. 20. Ventral view. 21
–
22. Tibia I, without apophysis. 21. Ventral view. 22. Prolateral view. 23. Right palpal tibia and cymbium. 24
–
27. Left palpal bulb, SEM. 24. Prolateral view. 25. Retrolateral view. 26
–
27. Detail of apex. Arrow indicates prolateral keels. Scale bars: Figs 17
–
22. = 1mm; 23-24. = 500µm; 25. = 200µm; 26. = 100µm.
Description.
Male
(
holotype
ICN-Ar 7914) (
Fig. 29
). Total length, not including chelicerae or spinnerets 27; including chelicerae 30.2. Carapace length 13.8, width 13.5. Abdomen length 12.2. PLS: basal length 2.1, medial 1.9, distal 1.8. PMS length 1.7. Anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior slightly recurved. Eyes sizes and interspaces: AME 0.3, ALE 0.53, PME 0.33, PLE 0.47, AME–AME 0.47, AME–ALE 0.13, ALE–ALE 1.23, PME–PME 1.1, PME–PLE 0.07, PLE-PLE 1.5, AME-PME 0.23, ALE-PLE 0.27. OQ elevated, sub-rectangular, surrounded by black setae, length 1.56, width 2.13, clypeus 0.06. Fovea transverse deep, straight, width 3.2. Cephalic area slightly raised, thoracic striae conspicuous with black setae (
Fig. 14
). Basal segment of chelicerae with 11 well-developed teeth on furrow promargin and 6/8 (left/right) small teeth on proximal area of furrow; intercheliceral tumescense absent. Labium trapezoidal, length 1.63, width 2.7, with 8 cuspules (
Fig. 15
). Maxillae sub-rectangular, with 46/79 (left/right) cuspules restricted to proximal prolateral angle (
Fig. 13
). Labio-sternal junction wide in middle (
Fig. 13
). Sternum length 5.4, width 5.8, with 3 pairs of sigilla. Sigilla oval, anterior pair smaller, posterior pair larger, separated from margin by their diameter (
Fig. 13
). Tarsal scopula: I–IV densely scopulated; I and II entire; III entire but with few dispersed longer conical setae; IV divided by medial strip of longer conical setae. Paired claws with teeth on proximal half and central axis: I, 1 tooth; II, 3 teeth; III and IV, 4 teeth. Metatarsal scopula extent: I and II scopulate on distal 1/3; III less than distal 1/4; IV not scopulate. Palpal tibia elongate with long spines (
Fig. 23
). Metatarsus I straight. Tibia I without apophysis (
Figs 21–22
). Stridulatory setae (
Figs 1–12
): plumose setae on prolateral coxae I–II, trochanters I–-II, femora I–II and retrolateral palpal coxa and trochanter, very few; thorns setae on retrolateral maxilla and coxa I. Stridulatory setae thicker on coxae, thinner on trochanter and smaller on femur; femur I extended proximal half, II proximal 1/3. Urticating setae:
type
III and IV present, and urticating setae of intermediate length and morphology between III and IV;
type
III located lateral of urticating setae patch and
type
IV on medial. Cymbium bilobed. Palpal bulb (
Figs 17–20, 24–27
): subcylindrical, subtegulum less extended than usual in
Theraphosinae
, elongated curved embolus, ventrally concave, with two prolateral keels (PI and PS) very flat and developed on dorsal edge, PI sub-apically truncated. Colour (in vivo): cephalothorax, abdomen and legs black, femur darker; legs with reddish long setae. Abdomen ornamented with red long setae and dark patch of urticating setae. Spination (proximal to distal): femur: palp: 0V, 0D, 0-0-1P, 0R; I: 0V, 0D, 0-0-2P, 0R; II: 0V, 0D, 0-0-2P, 0R; III 0V, 0D, 0-0-1P, 0-0-1R; IV: 0V, 0D, 0-0-1P, 0-0-2R. Patella: palp: 0V, 0D, 0P, 0R; I: 0V, 0D, 0-1-0P, 0R; II: 0V, 0D, 0-1-0P, 0R; III: 0V, 0D, 0-1-0P, 0R; IV: 0V, 0D, 0P, 0R. Tibia: palp: 0-2-
2V
, 0D, 1-4-1P, 0R; I: 2-4-
6V
, 0D, 0-2-2P, 1-3-3R; II: 3-2-
2V
, 0D, 0-3-3P, 0-3-2R; III: 1-2-
4V
, 0D, 0-4-1P, 0-3-1R; IV: 0-3-
4V
, 0D, 0-4-1P, 1-4-2R. Metatarsus: I: 0-6-
5V
, 0D, 1-1-2P, 1-1-1R; II: 0-5-
3V
, 0D, 1-3-2P, 1-1-1R; III: 2-4-
5V
, 0-0-1D, 1-4-3P, 1-3-4R; IV:
2-9-10V
, 0D, 0-3-4P, 1-3-4R. Tarsus: palp and legs: 0. Legs and palpal segments lengths in
Table 2
.
Female
(allotype ICN-Ar 7915) (
Fig. 30
). Total length, not including chelicerae or spinnerets 28.5; including chelicerae 33. Carapace length 13.4, width 12.8. Abdomen length 14.6. PLS: basal length 2.4, medial 1.45, distal 1.8. PMS length 1.25. Anterior eye row procurved; posterior, slightly recurved. Eyes sizes and interspaces: AME 0.43, ALE 0.5, PME 0.43, PLE 0.46, AME–AME 0.37, AME–ALE 0.2, ALE–ALE 1.13, PME–PME 1.07, PME- PLE 0.07, PLE–PLE 1.43, AME–PME 0.1, ALE–PLE 0.3. OQ elevated sub-rectangular, surrounded by black setae, less than in male, length 1.97, width 2.1, clypeus 0.3. Fovea transverse deep, straight, width 3.15. Cephalic area slightly raised, thoracic striae conspicuous, less than in male, with black setae. Basal segments of chelicerae with 9/10 (left/right) well-developed teeth on furrow promargin and 10/8 (left/right) small teeth on proximal area of furrow, intercheliceral tumescense absent. Labium trapezoidal, length 2.2, width 3.4, with 2 cuspules. Maxillae sub-rectangular, with 71/74 (left/right) cuspules restricted on proximal prolateral angle. Labio-sternal junction narrow in middle. Sternum length 5.3, width 5.6, with 3 pairs of sigilla. Sigilla oval, anterior pair smaller, posterior pair larger, anterior pairs separated from margin by their diameter, posterior pair separated from margin slightly more than their diameter. Tarsal scopula: palp and I–IV densely scopulated; palp and legs I–II entire but with few dispersed longer conical setae; III divided by narrow line of longer conical setae; IV divided by wide medial stripe of longer conical setae. Paired claws: palp and legs I–II without teeth; III and IV with 3 teeth on proximal 1/3 and central axis. Metatarsal scopula extent: I scopulate on distal half; II distal 1/3; III less than distal 1/4; IV not scopulate. Stridulatory setae: as in male, but less dense. Urticating setae: as male. Spermathecae with two digitiform, elongated and granulated seminal receptacles, rounded and wide distally, attached to semicircular, wide membranous base (
Fig. 16
). Colour (in vivo): as in male, but abdomen with red long setae abundant laterally. Spination (proximal to distal). femur: palp: 0V, 0D, 0-0-1P, 0R; I: 0V, 0D, 0-0-1P, 0R; II: 0V, 0D, 0-0-1P, 0R; III: 0V, 0D, 0-0-1P, 0R; IV: 0V, 0D, 0P, 0-0-1R. Patella: palp: 0V, 0D, 0P, 0R; I: 0V, 0D, 0P, 0R; II: 0V, 0D, 0P, 0R; III: 0V, 0D, 0-1-0P, 0R; IV: 0V, 0D, 0P, 0R. Tibia: palp: 0-2-
3V
, 0D, 0-1-0P, 0R; I: 0-1-
2V
, 0D, 0P, 0R; II: 0-1-
3V
, 0D, 0-2-0P, 0R; III: 0-1-
2V
, 0D, 0-0-1P, 0-1-1R; IV: 0-1-
2V
, 0D, 0-1-1P, 0-2-1R. Metatarsus: I: 0-3-
4V
, 0D, 0P, 0R; II: 0-4-
3V
, 0D, 0-1-1P, 0R; III: 0-6-
5V
, 0D, 2-2-2P, 0-1-1R; IV: 0-
14
-6V, 0D, 0-1-2P, 0-2-1R. Legs and palpal segments lengths in
Table 2
.
TABLE 2.
Length (mm) of legs and palp segments of holotype male and allotype female
Aguapanela arvi
gen. nov.
, sp. nov.
Segments |
Palp |
I |
II |
III |
IV |
Femur |
12.8/8.0 |
16.3/11.1 |
15.2/1.0 |
14.0/9.1 |
15.1/11.0 |
Patella |
6.3/5.3 |
7.0/5.8 |
6.7/5.8 |
5.9/5.2 |
5.8/4.6 |
Tibia |
12.9/6.3 |
13.7/8.5 |
13.9/7.3 |
11.3/7.0 |
12.7/8.1 |
Metatarsus |
-- |
11.1/5.2 |
10.9/5.7 |
14.1/7.8 |
18.2/10.4 |
Tarsus |
2.2/4.5 |
7.5/3.6 |
7.0/3.6 |
6.7/3.6 |
7.6/3.7 |
Total |
34.2/24.1 |
55.6/34.2 |
53.7/32.4 |
52.0/32.7 |
59.4/37.8 |
FIGURES 28–29
. 28. Map of Antioquia, Colombia, geographical distribution of
Aguapanela arvi
sp. nov.
29. Piedras Blancas Ecological Park, Santa Elena, Medellín.
Distribution.
See distribution of the genus.
Natural history.
These tarantulas were found in high Andean forests and were also frequently observed inside dwellings and walking on city roads near these forests (SE personal observations). Based on data collections, there are reports of males captured in March, July and October. We captured some specimens in October inside caves on small crags located on the edge of a footpath from Piedras Blancas Ecological Park,
Santa Elena
, Medellín (
Fig. 29
). Concurrently, on that occasion, we also observed both females and males walking at night on the footpath and crags of the Park.
Piedras Blancas Ecological Park, the
type
locality of
Aguapanela arvi
, is a place with high diversity of Mygalomorphae. This forest reserve surrounds the Piedras Blancas dam and it is located in an area of recovering native cloud forest. A review of the material deposited in the MEUA allowed us to report the presence of 6 of the 8 families found in
Colombia
in this Ecological Park. In addition to
Aguapanela
, we identified
Hapalopus
sp.,
Ami
sp. and Ischnocolinae species (
Theraphosidae
),
Melloina
sp. and
Paratropis
sp. (
Paratropididae
),
Bolostromus
sp. (Cyrtauchenidae),
Pseudonemesia
sp. (
Microstigmatidae
),
Linothele
sp. (
Dipluridae
) and
Psalistops
sp. (
Barychelidae
).
FIGURES 30–31
.
Aguapanela arvi
sp. nov.
30. Male holotype,
habitus
. 31. Female allotype,
habitus
.
FIGURES 32–33
.
Aguapanela arvi
sp. nov.
Defensive behavioral deployment. Box shows a drop of venom emerging.
Defensive behavior
:
Aguapanela arvi
exhibits a conspicuous and stereotyped defensive behavior, more frequent and intense in juveniles and females. Individuals strongly raise the cephalothorax, palps and anterior legs, often beyond the vertical axis, and open the fangs (
Figs 32–33
), from which a drop of venom emerges in some cases (
Fig. 33
).
Venom.
RP-HPLC chromatographic profile of venom from
Aguapanela arvi
(
Fig. 34
) indicates that it is moderately rich in polar compounds since most of peaks eluted at ≤30% of acetonitrile. However, other hydrophobic compounds elute above 35% acetonitrile. The electrophoretic profile (
Fig. 35
) indicates the presence of many compounds with a molecular mass below 14 kDa, consistent with the RP-HPLC chromatographic profile of the venom. A strong band is also observed between 31 kDa and 45 kDa.