A new species of Physiculus (Teleostei: Moridae) from the Cape Verde Islands (Eastern Central Atlantic)
Author
González, José A.
Author
Triay-Portella, Raül
Author
Biscoito, Manuel
text
Zootaxa
2018
2018-08-21
4461
2
286
292
journal article
28985
10.11646/zootaxa.4461.2.10
102134f1-27aa-45ec-8cd9-9bdaa9c19e9f
1175-5326
1460000
DD0B46B1-7E7E-4E1D-B7B9-5C1DA09365A5
Physiculus caboverdensis
n. sp.
(Capeverdean codling;
PT
, Abrótea de Cabo Verde)
Tables 1–2
,
Figs. 1–4
Material
examined
(
10 specimens
, SL
83–168 mm
,
Cruise
“
Camarão
1”, R/
V Prof. Ignacio Lozano
,
semi-floating shrimp traps
, rocky bottom).
Holotype
:
MMF
42537, SL
167 mm
,
East of Cidade Velha
,
15° 14’N
,
23° 34’W
,
St.
14D2, 108
–
111 m
,
25 Nov. 2011
.
Paratypes
:
BMNH 2013.5
.10.1, SL
142 mm
, same collection data as
holotype
;
MMF
43122, SL
165 mm
,
Ponta Covinha
,
15° 09.6’N
,
23° 43.8’W
,
St.
10, 260
–
270 m
,
21 Nov. 2011
; MMF 43123, SL
153 mm
, MMF 43124, SL
168 mm
, TFMCBMVP/01955, SL
154 mm
,
MNHN 2013-0648
, SL
150 mm
,
Ponta Água Doce
,
15° 09’N
,
23° 47’ W
, St. 4, 220
–
258 m
,
19 Nov. 2011
; MMF 43127, SL
83 mm
, MMF 43128, SL
132 mm
,
USNM 440407
, SL
144 mm
,
Ribeira da Barca
,
15° 07’N
,
23°47’ W
, St. 9, 225–
238 m
,
20 Nov. 2011
. Additional
67 specimens
, not included in the
type
series, were caught and are being studied for its biology.
Diagnosis
. A species of
Physiculus
,
as defined by
Paulin (1989)
and
Shcherbachev (1993)
, with the following combination of characters: teeth in upper jaw in two series, the outer one with large inward-curved canine teeth interspaced with small canine-like teeth, and the inner one a narrow band with small canine-like teeth identical to the smaller teeth on outer row, irregularly distributed; teeth in lower jaw in one series, with large straight canine teeth, interspaced with small canine-like teeth; scales in longitudinal series ca. 111–128; scale rows between base of first dorsal fin and lateral line 8–9; D 11–12, 57–67; A 63–69; P 26–28;
V 7
; C 25–28; vertebrae: 52–55 (
Tab. 1
).
FIGURE 1.
Physiculus caboverdensis
n. sp.
, holotype, MMF 42537, SL 167 mm, East of Cidade Velha, 108–111 m of depth. Scale bar 10 mm.
Description
. Body moderately elongate, laterally compressed posteriorly; greatest body depth at level of the origin of first dorsal fin, slightly less than four times into SL (17.3%–24.3%); head moderately conical; eye large (21.7%–28.9% HL); snout short (24.1%–28.5% HL), blunt at tip; mouth terminal, slightly oblique, upper jaw reaching to vertical from posterior rim of orbit; jaw teeth unequal (
Fig. 2
), distributed as above; upper jaw symphyseal separation wide; chin barbel very small (7.0%–9.6% HL); outer gill rakers on first gill arch small, varying from spinous tubercles to small clubs, spinous initially at tips and progressively more spinous towards the angle on lower branch and spinous at tips on upper branch (
Fig. 3
); abdominal cavity reaching the 15th pterygiophore of anal fin.
TABLE 1.
Morphometry, meristics and light organ size and position of the type series of
Physiculus caboverdensis
n. sp.
Holotype
|
Paratypes
|
MMF |
MMF |
MMF |
BMNH |
USNM |
MNHN |
MMF |
TFMCBMVP MMF |
MMF |
42537 |
43127 |
43128 |
2013.5.10.1 |
440407 |
2013-0648 |
43123 |
0 1955 |
43122 |
43124 |
Range |
Standard length (mm) |
167 |
83 |
132 |
142 |
144 |
150 |
153 |
154 |
165 |
168 |
83-168 |
(%SL)
|
Head length |
27.5 |
27.1 |
27.5 |
28.2 |
26.7 |
26.7 |
29.6 |
27.9 |
27.9 |
26.8 |
26.7-29.6 |
Pre-dorsal 1 length |
31.1 |
31.3 |
30.6 |
32.4 |
29.3 |
29.7 |
31.5 |
30.5 |
29.7 |
29.5 |
29.3-32.4 |
Pre-dorsal 2 length |
41.6 |
41.0 |
40.5 |
40.8 |
40.3 |
39.7 |
40.8 |
39.6 |
40.0 |
39.9 |
39.6-41.6 |
Pre-pectoral length |
29.9 |
29.5 |
29.5 |
29.6 |
28.5 |
29.3 |
30.7 |
29.9 |
29.1 |
28.9 |
28.5-30.7 |
Pre-pelvic |
26.9 |
24.7 |
28.0 |
27.1 |
26.7 |
26.0 |
30.1 |
26.0 |
27.9 |
23.2 |
23.2-30.1 |
Pre-anal length |
38.9 |
33.6 |
37.9 |
36.6 |
38.2 |
37.0 |
41.2 |
36.4 |
37.6 |
34.5 |
33.6-41.2 |
Pre-anus length |
34.7 |
32.5 |
34.8 |
33.1 |
35.4 |
32.3 |
35.9 |
32.5 |
33.3 |
33.9 |
32.3-35.9 |
First dorsal fin base length 9.6 |
8.6 |
9.2 |
9.5 |
9.4 |
9.3 |
9.9 |
9.1 |
9.4 |
9.0 |
8.6-9.9 |
Second dorsal fin base length |
56.9 |
55.3 |
53.5 |
57.0 |
54.8 |
54.6 |
53.5 |
55.2 |
52.1 |
53.6 |
52.1-57.0 |
Anal fin base length |
59.0 |
59.7 |
60.3 |
61.6 |
63.9 |
64.7 |
63.4 |
62.3 |
61.3 |
58.9 |
58.9-64.7 |
Pectoral fin length |
16.8 |
21.7 |
19.6 |
15.5 |
17.0 |
18.0 |
19.0 |
16.2 |
16.8 |
15.9 |
15.5-21.7 |
Caudal peduncle length |
5.1 |
4.8 |
3.8 |
4.8 |
3.5 |
4.7 |
3.9 |
4.5 |
4.2 |
3.9 |
3.5-5.1 |
Least depth of caudal peduncle |
2.4 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
2.3 |
2.1 |
2.4 |
2.1-2.4 |
Maximum body depth |
23.4 |
21.9 |
21.6 |
23.2 |
24.3 |
20.7 |
20.8 |
17.5 |
21.4 |
17.3 |
17.3-24.3 |
(%HL)
|
Snout length |
26.1 |
26.7 |
28.5 |
27.5 |
25.2 |
26.7 |
24.3 |
26.7 |
25.3 |
24.1 |
24.1-28.5 |
Post-orbital length |
54.3 |
48.1 |
52.3 |
50.0 |
52.2 |
52.3 |
50.8 |
50.0 |
52.2 |
53.3 |
48.1-54.3 |
Eye diameter |
21.7 |
28.9 |
28.2 |
27.3 |
26.0 |
26.4 |
22.6 |
25.6 |
24.8 |
24.4 |
21.7-28.9 |
Inter-orbital width |
20.7 |
22.3 |
20.4 |
20.8 |
19.4 |
19.1 |
17.7 |
20.9 |
20.7 |
22.2 |
17.7-22.3 |
Preopercular length |
82.6 |
80.1 |
79.8 |
80.0 |
77.9 |
79.8 |
77.3 |
76.7 |
79.3 |
81.1 |
76.7-82.6 |
Upper jaw length |
52.2 |
53.8 |
53.7 |
51.3 |
48.4 |
50.8 |
50.8 |
46.5 |
49.5 |
53.3 |
46.5-53.8 |
Gape length |
37.0 |
33.4 |
34.4 |
40.0 |
35.1 |
38.6 |
34.3 |
27.9 |
37.0 |
35.6 |
27.9-40.0 |
Chin barbel length |
8.0 |
- |
9.6 |
7.5 |
8.6 |
7.8 |
7.0 |
8.1 |
9.6 |
7.1 |
7.0-9.6 |
Head height at posterior border of orbit |
63.0 |
57.9 |
55.0 |
55.0 |
57.2 |
67.3 |
57.5 |
55.8 |
56.5 |
55.6 |
55.0-67.3 |
……continued on the next page
TABLE 1.
(Continued)
Holotype
|
Paratypes
|
MMF |
MMF |
MMF |
BMNH |
USNM |
MNHN |
MMF |
TFMCBMVP MMF |
MMF |
42537 |
43127 |
43128 |
2013.5.10.1 |
440407 |
2013-0648 |
43123 |
0 1955 |
43122 |
43124 |
Range |
Pelvic fin reaching anal |
1 |
5 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
5 |
3 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
1-5 |
fin ray no. |
Pectoral fin reaching |
4 |
6 |
5 |
5 |
4 |
4 |
5 |
5 |
4 |
4 |
4-6 |
second dorsal fin ray no. |
Meristics
|
First dorsal fin rays |
12 |
11 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
11 |
12 |
11 |
12 |
11-12 |
Second dorsal fin rays |
58 |
60 |
67 |
57 |
58 |
59 |
59 |
60 |
57 |
57 |
57-67 |
Anal fin rays |
63 |
69 |
68 |
66 |
65 |
68 |
68 |
67 |
67 |
67 |
63-69 |
Pectoral fin rays |
27 |
28 |
27 |
27 |
27 |
28 |
27 |
26 |
27 |
28 |
26-28 |
Pelvic fins rays |
7 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
Caudal fin rays |
27 |
28 |
27 |
27 |
28 |
27 |
25 |
25 |
25 |
28 |
25-28 |
Branchiostegal rays |
7 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
Gill rakers (1
st arch
)
|
5+10+1r |
5+10 |
5+10+1r |
5+10+1r |
4+10+1r |
5+10 |
5+10 |
5+10+1r |
5+10 |
5+10+1r |
4-5+10=14-15 |
Scale rows between base |
8 |
9 |
9 |
8 |
9 |
9 |
9 |
9 |
9 |
9 |
8-9 |
of first dorsal fin and |
lateral line |
Scales in longitudinal |
123 |
- |
117-118 |
128 |
117 |
117 |
117 |
113 |
111-113 |
113 |
111-128 |
series |
Vertebrae |
15+40=55 |
14+38=52 |
15+40=55 |
14+38=52 |
14+40=54 |
16+38=54 |
14+40=54 |
14+40=54 |
14+40=54 |
13+40=53 |
13-16+38-40=52-55 |
Light organ size and
|
in% InV-af |
position
|
Light organ diameter |
11.1 |
8.3 |
9.3 |
13.3 |
9.5 |
13.2 |
6.8 |
10.5 |
9.5 |
10.0 |
6.8-13.3 |
(LoD) |
Distance between |
25.0 |
20.8 |
23.3 |
20.0 |
26.2 |
26.3 |
25.0 |
23.7 |
23.8 |
25.0 |
20.0-26.3 |
interventral line and |
anterior margin of light |
organ (InV-Lo) |
Distance between |
27.8 |
20.8 |
23.3 |
26.7 |
23.8 |
21.1 |
18.2 |
18.4 |
26.2 |
20.0 |
18.2-27.8 |
posterior margin of light |
organ and anus (Lo-An) |
FIGURE 2.
Upper and lower jaws of
Physiculus caboverdensis
n.sp.
, showing distinct unequal teeth.
FIGURE 3.
Gill rakers on first gill arch of
Physiculus caboverdensis
n. sp.
Upper insert showing rakers near angle. Lower insert showing rakers 2–4 on lower branch.
Scales moderately large, ca.
111–128 in
longitudinal series; 8–9 scale rows between base of first dorsal fin and lateral line; scales present on head and gular region; no scales penetrating into vertical fin membranes; lateral line starting above upper angle of opercle; continuous tube of lateral line reaching at least to mid second dorsal fin; discontinuous tubes of lateral line reaching caudal peduncle.
First dorsal fin higher than second, 5th ray longest, a very small gap separating first from second dorsal fins; second dorsal fin origin at level of vertical through 6th anal-fin ray; anal fin base slightly larger than second dorsal fin base, both fins not indented, their rear tips rounded; pectoral fins symmetrical, their origin almost at level of vertical through origin of first dorsal fin and extending to below 4th to 6th second-dorsal fin rays; pelvic fins small, the first two rays elongate, reaching at least the 5th anal-fin ray; caudal peduncle narrow (2.1–2.4% SL), caudal fin rounded and well separated from second dorsal and anal fins.
Light organ small, its diameter ranging from 6.8% to 13.3% InV-af and behind interventral line (20.0–26.3% InV-af), distance from posterior margin of light organ to anterior margin of anus 18.2% to 27.8% InV-af.
Otoliths sagitiform. Sulcus acusticus heterosacoidal positioned in the longitudinal line of the otolith with well differentiated tail and ostium. Ostium smaller than the tail, long and elliptical, ending close to the anterior margin. Tail funnel-shaped and slightly convex. Anterior region slightly pointed. Posterior region very sharp, with postrostrum long, narrow and pointed and antipostrostrum short, narrow and pointed. Excisura caudalis with a deep and sharp notch (
Fig. 4
,
Table 2
).
TABLE 2.
Physiculus caboverdensis
n. sp.
otolith shape indices taken from 11 specimens (TL 133–170 mm) not belonging to the type series (OL=otolith length; OH=otolith height; OT=otolith thickness; TL=total length of the fish).
Shape indices |
n |
Mean ± sd |
Minimum |
Maximum |
OL/TL (%) |
11 |
5.29 ± 0.32 |
4.52 |
5.71 |
OH/OL (%) |
11 |
34.46 ± 2.93 |
30.52 |
39.54 |
OT/OL (%) |
11 |
32.14 ± 2.01 |
29.31 |
34.31 |
OT/OH (%) |
11 |
93.60 ± 6.28 |
86.13 |
101.75 |
Circularity |
11 |
27.17 ± 1.77 |
24.34 |
29.98 |
Rectangularity |
11 |
0.59 ± 0.02 |
0.56 |
0.61 |
FIGURE 4.
Inner side of right sagittal otolith of
Physiculus caboverdensis
n. sp.
, showing the major anatomical features (D = dorsal margin; P = posterior margin; A = anterior margin; V = ventral margin; sulcus acusticus limited by a discontinuous line). Scale bar 2 mm.
Vertebrae: 13–16+38–40=52–55.
Colouration
. In recently caught specimens, overall body reddish-brown, bluish silvery on belly and golden reflections on cheeks, opercles, and dorsum above lateral line. Fins reddish. Pectorals with dark bluish mark at base, first dorsal fin ray with a dark mark distally, second dorsal and anal fins with dark bluish margins. Interior of mouth pale.
Comparative remarks
. Taking into account that
Physiculus
species have fairly restricted geographical distributions (
Paulin 1989
) and that up to the present there are no known species occurring in more than one ocean basin (
Froese & Pauly 2017
),
P. caboverdensis
is only compared with their Atlantic Ocean congeners.
P. caboverdensis
can be distinguished from all other nine Atlantic
Physiculus
species by the dentition, being the only one to have large fang-like teeth, interspaced with smaller canine teeth in both jaws.
In comparison with the other 33 or 32 species from the Indian and Pacific oceans, only
Physiculus cynodon
Sazonov, 1986
from the Emperor Seamount chain, in the North Pacific, has a similar dentition. However, it differs from this species by several characters, namely, the number of fin rays in first dorsal fin (11–12
vs
9–10), second dorsal fin (57–67
vs
72–79), anal fin (63–69
vs
78–85), pectoral fin (26–28
vs
24–25), the number of scales in longitudinal series (111–128
vs
ca. 200) and number of vertebrae (52–55
vs
54–59) (
Sazonov 1986
). Moreover, the present species has a shorter abdominal cavity than
P. cynodon
(extending to the 15th pterygiophore of the anal fin
vs
24th to 26th) (
Sazonov 1986
).
Distribution
. At present,
P. caboverdensis
is only known from the
Cape Verde
archipelago, where it has been found off the islands of Santa Luzia,
São Vicente
, Santiago and
Sal
, at depths between
104 m
and
339 m
, over rocky bottoms. Its collection in semi-floating traps, and not on benthic ones, seems to indicate that it is epibenthic.
Etymology
.
P. caboverdensis
is named for the
Cape Verde
Islands, the
type
locality of the species.