Molecular and morphological characterisation of Longidoruspolyae sp. n. and L. pisi Edward, Misra & Singh, 1964 (Dorylaimida, Longidoridae) from Bulgaria
Author
Lazarova, Stela S.
Author
Elshishka, Milka
Author
Radoslavov, Georgi
Author
Lozanova, Lydmila
Author
Hristov, Peter
Author
Mladenov, Alexander
Author
Zheng, Jingwu
Author
Fanelli, Elena
Author
Francesca De Luca,
Author
Peneva, Vlada K.
text
ZooKeys
2019
830
75
98
http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.830.32188
journal article
http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.830.32188
1313-2970-830-75
802300DF12834852B60A0F883605CF42
Longidorus polyae Lazarova, Elshishka, Radoslavov & Peneva
sp. n.
Description.
(for measurements see Table 1, Figs 1-7)
Female. Body assuming a spiral shape. Lip region narrow, 5-6
μm
high, continuous with body profile, anteriorly flattened. Labial papillae, especially second circle, prominent, changing slightly the body contour. Cuticle 4-5
μm
thick at postlabial region, 4-5
μm
along the body, and 9-10
μm
on tail posterior to anus. Guide ring 4-6
μm
wide. Body pores conspicuous, 1 lateral pore anterior to or at the level of guide ring, 2 or 3 along odontostyle, 1 or 2 along odontophore, 3-5 in narrow part of the pharynx and 2-4 in bulb region as well as none dorsal and 5-6 ventral in pharyngeal region; numerous lateral pores observed along the rest of body. Amphidial fovea prominent, deeply bilobed, lobes long, slightly asymmetrical, amphidial aperture assumed to be a minute pore, hardly visible under light microscope. Odontostyle very slender, 1.5-2
μm
wide at base. Two nerve rings observed, the first at some distance behind the odontophore and at 246.3
+/-
11.1 (230-254)
μm
from anterior end, the second, more prominent, behind the first one at 354.8
+/-
48.1 (327-440)
μm
from anterior end. Pharyngo-intestinal valve broadly rounded. Normal arrangement of pharyngeal glands: nuclei of the dorsal and ventrosublateral glands situated at 22.7-28.5 % and 54.3-58.5 % (n = 5) of the distance from anterior end of the bulb. Dorsal gland nuclei 2-2.5
μm
in diameter, subventral gland nuclei 3-4
μm
in diameter. In odontophore area of one female a small rudimentary odontostyle tip (vestigium) observed pointing forward. Peculiar crystalloid bodies of various sizes and shapes (mostly rod-like) found in the intestine of all females. Prerectum 465-497.5
μm
long and rectum 33-42
μm
or 0.6-0.8 of body diameter at anus. Tail bluntly conoid, rounded to hemispherical. Two pairs of lateral caudal pores. Vagina extending to ca. half the corresponding body width. Pars distalis vaginae 20-26
μm
long; pars proximalis vaginae 21-27
μm
long, thick walled. Uterus bipartite, moderately long, anterior uterus 230-406, posterior uterus 235-394
μm
long, respectively; well-developed sphincter between uterus and pars dilatata oviductus, pars dilatata, and uteri containing numerous sperm cells; ovary small.
Male
. Rarer than females. Habitus as in females, posterior part more strongly coiled ventrally. Shape of lip region similar to that in females. Cuticle 4.0-4.5
μm
thick at postlabial region, 4
μm
along the body and 5
μm
on tail posterior to cloaca. One lateral pore anterior to or at the level of guide ring, 2 along odontostyle, 1 or 2 along odontophore, 3 or 4 in narrow part of the pharynx and 2 or 3 in pharyngeal bulb region, no dorsal and 6 ventral pores; numerous lateral pores present along the rest of the body.
Two
nerve rings observed, the first just behind the odontophore at a distance of 240.7
+/-
12.0 (229-253)
μm
from anterior end, the second, more prominent behind the first one at 324
+/-
12.7 (307.5-333)
μm
from anterior end. A small rudimentary odontostyle tip (vestigium) pointing forward observed in all males; in odontophore area (in 2 specimens) and in the slender part of pharynx (in 2 specimens). Pharyngo-intestinal valve broadly rounded. Tail short, bluntly conoid, dorsally convex, ventrally first straight then slightly concave. Three pairs of lateral pores on tail. One adclocal pair preceded by a row of 10 or 11 ventromedian supplements. Spicules slender, curved ventrally, lateral guiding piece sigmoid, 20-22
μm
long. Spermatozoids oval (6-8
μm
long).
Figure 1.
Longidorus polyae
sp. n. A, B anterior region C posterior region D, J variations in tail shape E vagina F anterior genital branch G lateral pieces H, I female and male pharyngeal bulb K variations in female and male habitus shapes. Female: all except C, G and I. Scale bars: 25
μm
(
A-E
, J, G); 50
μm
(F); 1 mm (K).
Figure 2.
Longidorus polyae
sp. n., female A anterior region B, C variations in vagina D, E variations in tail shape
F-H
intestine inclusions I posterior genital branch J part of reproductive system. Scale bars: 20
μm
(
A-H
); 100
μm
(I, J).
Figure 3.
Longidorus polyae
sp. n., holotype A anterior end B pharyngeal region, arrows point to at nerve ring, pharyngeal bulb and cardia C intestine, posterior part with inclusions D anterior genital branch E vagina and part of the posterior genital branch F sphincter G intestine inclusion at higher magnification H tail I vagina J posterior ovary. Scale bars: 20
μm
(A,
F-I
); 40
μm
(E, J); 100
μm
(
B-D
).
Figure 4.
Longidorus polyae
sp. n., male A anterior region B amphidial fovea C labial region D junction of two testes E distal part of testis F sperm cells G nerve ring H, I posterior end, different magnifications J tail and spicules K supplements. Scale bars: 20
μm
(
A-C
, F, G, J, K); 40
μm
(D, E, H); 100
μm
(I).
Juveniles. Four juvenile stages can be differentiated based on the body, odontostyle, and replacement odontostyle length (Figs 5-7, Table 1). Habitus more or less an open C-shape, tail of the first stage juvenile digitate, with 9-11
μm
long ventral peg, whereas in the subsequent developmental stages, bluntly rounded,
c'
decreasing.
Figure 5.
Longidorus polyae
sp. n.
A-D
anterior end of first- (J1) to fourth- (J4) stage juveniles
E-H
tail of first to fourth juvenile stages I variations in J1-J4 habitus shapes. Scale bars: 25
μm
(
A-H
); 1 mm (I).
Figure 6.
Longidorus polyae
sp. n.
A-E
anterior end of first- to fourth-stage juveniles and female
F-J
tail of first- to fourth- stage juvenile and female. Scale bar: 20
μm
.
Figure 7. Scatter plot of functional odontostyle (blue square) and replacement odontostyle (white square) against body length of
Lonigidorus polyae
sp. n. juveniles (J1-J4) and females (blue), and male odontostyle (red).
Table 1. Measurements of adults and juveniles of
Longidorus polyae
sp. n. (mean
+/-
standard deviation, with range). All measurements in micrometers except body length (mm).
Character |
Holotype |
Females |
Males |
J4 |
J3 |
J2 |
J1 |
Body diameter at |
Type locality and plant association.
Balgarene village, Pre-Balkan zone of the Balkan Mountains, north-central Bulgaria (
43°2'48.08"N
;
24°46'24.53"E
), 386 m a.s.l., private orchard, rhizosphere of
Pyrus communis
L.
Type material.
The holotype (PNT 42), 20 paratype females, 2 males, and 92 juveniles (overall PNT 43-101) from all stages are deposited in the nematode collection of the Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, BAS, Sofia, Bulgaria; 1 female, 1 male and 6 juveniles in the USDA Nematode Collection, Beltsville, Maryland, USA; 1 female, 1 male and 6 juveniles in the Wageningen Nematode Collection (WANECO), Wageningen, the Netherlands; 1 female and 8 juveniles in the Nematode Collection of the Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, Bari, Italy.
Molecular characterisation.
The NCBI BLASTn search of D2-D3 expansion segments of the 28S rRNA gene sequence showed highest similarity (93-94%) to several
Longidorus
species (
L. attenuatus
Hooper, 1961;
L. dunensis
Brinkmam, Loof & Barbez, 1987;
L. athesinus
Lamberti, Coiro & Agostinelli, 1991;
L. persicus
Esmaeili, Heydari, Archidona-Yuste, Castillo & Palomares-Rius, 2017;
L. euonymus
Mali & Hooper, 1974;
Longidorus
sp. 1, and
Longidorus
sp. 3). The highest identity (93.0-93.1%) was calculated with populations identified as
L. attenuatus
and
L. dunensis
(accessions KT755457 and AY593057, respectively). However, in the 28S rDNA phylogenetic analyses
L. polyae
sp. n. grouped in a clade with four
Longidorus
spp. (
L. athesinus
, Italy;
Longidorus
sp. 1,
Longidorus
sp. 2, and
Longidorus
sp. 6 from USA) with intermediate to high PP support (0.7-1.0) depending of the applied MSA algorithm (Fig. 9). The phylogenetic position of the new species based of 18S rRNA gene remained unresolved (Fig. 10) and was changing when different MSA algorithms and outgroups were tested. The pairwise sequence comparisons revealed highest identity (99.2%) with 18S rDNA sequences of
L. attenuatus
(AY687994),
L. elongatus
(de Man, 1876) Micoletzky, 1922 (EU503141),
L. piceicola
Liskova, Robbins & Brown, 1997 (AY687993), and
L. uroshis
Krnjaic
, Lamberti,
Krnjaic
, Agostinelli & Radicci, 2000 (EF538760) (or 1564 identical residues of 1577 MSA length).
Diagnosis and relationships.
Longodorus polyae
sp. n. is a comparatively large bisexual species average 7.98 (6.81-9.12 mm) with the odontostyle over 100
μm
(114.0-127.5
μm
) long; the lip region narrow (14.0-15.5
μm
), almost continuous with body profile, anteriorly flat; amphidial fovea long, pocket-shaped, deeply bilobed, and lobes slightly asymmetrical; normal arrangement of pharyngeal glands; and tail short, bluntly rounded to hemispherical, four juvenile stages present, with the tail of the first-stage juvenile digitate.
The alpha-numeric codes for
L. polyae
sp. n. to be applied to the polytomous identification key for
Longidorus
species by
Chen et al. (1997)
and partial polytomous key proposed by
Peneva et al. (2013)
are: A5, B2, C34, D3, E3, F45, G12, H1, I2, J1, K7 (Table 2).
Table 2. A partial polytomous key to the species of
Longidorus
species close to
L. polyae
sp. n., based on the key by
Chen et al. (1997)
and
Peneva et al. (2013)
incorporating species described after 1997.
Longidorus
species
|
A |
B |
C |
D |
E |
F |
G |
H |
I |
J |
K |
L. polyae
sp. n.
|
5 |
2 |
34 |
3 |
3 |
45 |
12 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
7 |
L. arthensis
|
L. pauli
|
L. silvae
|
3 |
L. kheirii
|
3 |
L. uroshis
|
The group of large
Longidorus
species (code F34) with a moderately long odontostyle (code A45), pocket-shaped amphidial fovea, bilobed, symmetrical (code E2) or asymmetrical (code E3), normal arrangement of pharyngeal glands nuclei, short rounded tail (code H1) and digitate tail or tail with mucro (code K7) (according to
Peneva et al. 2013
) consists of a few species, namely:
L. arthensis
;
L. pauli
Lamberti, Molinari, De Luca, Agostinelli & Di Vito, 1999;
L. kheirii
Pedram, Niknam, Robbins, Ye & Karegar, 2008;
L. silvae
Roca, 1993; and
L. uroshis
(Table 2). The new species differs from these by the presence of peculiar inclusions in the intestine. Furthermore, it differs from:
L
. pauli
by females having differently shaped amphidial pouches (asymmetrically vs symmetrically bilobed); plumper body (a = 95.7-119.5 vs 120.3-143.5); more posterior guide ring position (37-42 vs 27-36
μm
); longer spicules (71.0-74.5 vs 61-69
μm
); guiding piece in male sigmoid vs straight; different shape of tail in second- and third-stage juveniles (bluntly rounded vs conical) (
Lamberti et al. 1999
);
L. uroshis
by females having a longer body (6.81-9.12 vs 5.6-7.6 mm); narrower lip region (average 14.6 (14.0-15.5) vs average 17 (15.0-20.5)
μm
), higher c (184.8-260.0 vs 120.4-162.0) and lower
c'
values (0.7-0.8 vs 0.9-1.0) (
Krnjaic
et al. 2000
);
L. kheirii
by females having a narrower lip region (14.0-15.5 vs 19.5-23.0
μm
) and pharyngeal bulb (25-29 vs 39.5-48
μm
), higher c values (184.8-260.0 vs 119.0-167.8),
amphidial
pouches deeply bilobed vs not to slightly bilobed; differently shaped tail of the first- and second-stage juvenile and different ovarium structure (
Pedram et al. 2008
).
L. arthensis
by females having longer body (6.81-9.12 vs 5.14-6.74 mm) and odontostyle (114.0-127.5 vs 102.0-111.0
μm
); asymmetrically vs evenly bilobed amphidial pouches, lower
c'
values (0.7-0.8 vs 1.0); males with longer spicules (71.0-74.5 vs 60.0-66.0
μm
) (
Brown et al. 1994
);
L. silvae
by females having two vs one nerve rings, differently shaped tail of the first-stage juvenile (subcylindrical, rarely cylindrical part/mucro with ventral position vs cylindrical mucro with central position), mucro shorter (9-11 vs 20-27
μm
), higher c values (average 211.3 (184.8-260.0) vs average 166.7 (132.0-189.0) and posteriorly located vulva (50.9 (49.2-52.6) vs 48.6 (44.9-50.7) (
Roca 1993
). Males common vs absent (
Roca 1993
) or rare (
Barsi and Lamberti 2004
;
Barsi et al. 2007
).
Additionally, it can be differentiated from
L. athesinus
, a phylogenetically related species (Fig. 9), by females having longer body (6.81-9.12 vs 3.7-5.8 mm) and odontostyle (114.0-127.5 vs 83.5-94.0
μm
); higher a value (95.7-119.5 vs 56.2-88.1); differently shaped tail in first-stage juvenile (digitate vs bluntly conoid) (
Lamberti et al. 1991
);
Morphometrical data of the most similar species are presented in Table 3.
Table 3. Morphometric comparisons of
Longidorus polyae
sp. n. and related
Longidorus
spp. with similar morphological characters and DNA sequences.
Species |
L (mm) |
a |
c'
|
Odontostyle length (µm) |
Lip region width (µm) |
Guide ring position (µm) |
L. polyae
|
6.81-9.12 |
95.7-119.5 |
0.7-0.8 |
114-127.5 |
14-15.5 |
37-42 |
L. arthensis
|
L. athesinus
|
L. kheirii
|
L. pauli
|
L. silvae
|
L. uroshis
|
Etymology.
Named after the first
author's
sister Mrs Polya Kadiyska, a school teacher of art and iconography at the "Nikola Obretenov" Primary school in Rousse, Bulgaria.