First records of the Common Eastern Bumble Bee, Bombusimpatiens Cresson (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Apinae, Bombini) from the Prairies Ecozone in Canada Author Palmier, Kirsten M. Author Sheffield, Cory S. text Biodiversity Data Journal 2019 7 30953 30953 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.7.e30953 journal article http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.7.e30953 1314-2828--30953 Bombus (Pyrobombus) impatiens Cresson, 1863 Bombus impatiens Cresson 1863 : 90 [♂] Bombus (Pyrobombus) impatiens Bombus (Pratobombus) impatiens var. deayi Chandler 1956 : 116 [♀] Bombus (Pyrobombus) impatiens Materials Type status: Other material . Occurrence: catalogNumber: RSKM_ENT_E-181532 ; recordedBy: C. Sheffield, D. Fauser ; individualCount: 1 ; sex: male ; lifeStage: adult ; Taxon: scientificName: Bombusimpatiens; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Apidae; genus: Bombus; subgenus: Pyrobombus; specificEpithet: impatiens; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: Cresson, 1863; vernacularName: Common Eastern Bumble Bee; Location: country: Canada ; stateProvince: Alberta; locality: 20 km south Medicine Hat ; decimalLatitude: 49.9855 ; decimalLongitude: -110.75101 ; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Identification: identifiedBy: Cory S. Sheffield ; dateIdentified: 2018; Event: samplingProtocol: sweeping ; year: 2014; month: 7; day: 1; habitat: roadside; Melilotus officinalis; Record Level: language: en; collectionID: urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34252; institutionCode: RSKM ; collectionCode: ENT ; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen Type status: Other material . Occurrence: catalogNumber: RSKM_ENT_E-181533 ; recordedBy: C. Sheffield, D. Fauser ; individualCount: 1 ; sex: male ; lifeStage: adult ; Taxon: scientificName: Bombusimpatiens; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Apidae; genus: Bombus; subgenus: Pyrobombus; specificEpithet: impatiens; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: Cresson, 1863; vernacularName: Common Eastern Bumble Bee; Location: country: Canada ; stateProvince: Alberta; locality: 20 km south Medicine Hat ; decimalLatitude: 49.9855 ; decimalLongitude: -110.75101 ; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Identification: identifiedBy: Cory S. Sheffield ; dateIdentified: 2018; Event: samplingProtocol: sweeping ; year: 2014; month: 7; day: 1; habitat: roadside; Melilotus officinalis; Record Level: language: en; collectionID: urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34252; institutionCode: RSKM ; collectionCode: ENT ; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen Type status: Other material . Occurrence: catalogNumber: RSKM_ENT_E-181534 ; recordedBy: C. Sheffield, D. Fauser ; individualCount: 1 ; sex: male ; lifeStage: adult ; Taxon: scientificName: Bombusimpatiens; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Apidae; genus: Bombus; subgenus: Pyrobombus; specificEpithet: impatiens; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: Cresson, 1863; vernacularName: Common Eastern Bumble Bee; Location: country: Canada ; stateProvince: Alberta; locality: 20 km south Medicine Hat ; decimalLatitude: 49.9855 ; decimalLongitude: -110.75101 ; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Identification: identifiedBy: Cory S. Sheffield ; dateIdentified: 2018; Event: samplingProtocol: sweeping ; year: 2014; month: 7; day: 1; habitat: roadside; Melilotus officinalis; Record Level: language: en; collectionID: urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34252; institutionCode: RSKM ; collectionCode: ENT ; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen Type status: Other material . Occurrence: catalogNumber: RSKM_ENT_E-181535 ; recordedBy: C. Sheffield, D. Fauser ; individualCount: 1 ; sex: female ; lifeStage: adult ; Taxon: scientificName: Bombusimpatiens; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Apidae; genus: Bombus; subgenus: Pyrobombus; specificEpithet: impatiens; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: Cresson, 1863; vernacularName: Common Eastern Bumble Bee; Location: country: Canada ; stateProvince: Alberta; locality: 20 km south Medicine Hat ; decimalLatitude: 49.9855 ; decimalLongitude: -110.75101 ; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Identification: identifiedBy: Cory S. Sheffield ; dateIdentified: 2018; Event: samplingProtocol: sweeping ; year: 2014; month: 7; day: 1; habitat: roadside; Melilotus officinalis; Record Level: language: en; collectionID: urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34252; institutionCode: RSKM ; collectionCode: ENT ; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen Type status: Other material . Occurrence: catalogNumber: RSKM_ENT_E-173057 ; recordedBy: C. Sheffield, D. Fauser ; individualCount: 1 ; sex: female ; lifeStage: adult ; Taxon: scientificName: Bombusimpatiens; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Apidae; genus: Bombus; specificEpithet: impatiens; scientificNameAuthorship: Cresson, 1863; vernacularName: Common Eastern Bumble Bee; Location: continent: North America; country: Canada ; stateProvince: Alberta; locality: Redcliff ; decimalLatitude: 50.07984 ; decimalLongitude: -110.77859 ; Identification: identifiedBy: C. Sheffield ; dateIdentified: 2018; Event: year: 2016; month: 8; day: 10; Record Level: collectionCode: Insects ; ownerInstitutionCode: RSKM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen Type status: Other material . Occurrence: catalogNumber: RSKM_ENT_E-173058 ; recordedBy: C. Sheffield, D. Fauser ; individualCount: 1 ; sex: male ; lifeStage: adult ; Taxon: scientificName: Bombusimpatiens; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Apidae; genus: Bombus; specificEpithet: impatiens; scientificNameAuthorship: Cresson, 1863; vernacularName: Common Eastern Bumble Bee; Location: continent: North America; country: Canada ; stateProvince: Alberta; locality: Redcliff ; decimalLatitude: 50.07984 ; decimalLongitude: -110.77859 ; Identification: identifiedBy: C. Sheffield ; dateIdentified: 2018; Event: year: 2016; month: 8; day: 10; Record Level: collectionCode: Insects ; ownerInstitutionCode: RSKM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen Type status: Other material . Occurrence: catalogNumber: RSKM_ENT_E-173059 ; recordedBy: C. Sheffield, D. Fauser ; individualCount: 1 ; sex: female ; lifeStage: adult ; Taxon: scientificName: Bombusimpatiens; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Apidae; genus: Bombus; specificEpithet: impatiens; scientificNameAuthorship: Cresson, 1863; vernacularName: Common Eastern Bumble Bee; Location: continent: North America; country: Canada ; stateProvince: Alberta; locality: Redcliff ; decimalLatitude: 50.07984 ; decimalLongitude: -110.77859 ; Identification: identifiedBy: C. Sheffield ; dateIdentified: 2018; Event: year: 2016; month: 8; day: 10; Record Level: collectionCode: Insects ; ownerInstitutionCode: RSKM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen Type status: Other material . Occurrence: catalogNumber: RSKM_ENT_E-173060 ; recordedBy: C. Sheffield, D. Fauser ; individualCount: 1 ; sex: male ; lifeStage: adult ; Taxon: scientificName: Bombusimpatiens; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Apidae; genus: Bombus; specificEpithet: impatiens; scientificNameAuthorship: Cresson, 1863; vernacularName: Common Eastern Bumble Bee; Location: continent: North America; country: Canada ; stateProvince: Alberta; locality: Redcliff ; decimalLatitude: 50.07984 ; decimalLongitude: -110.77859 ; Identification: identifiedBy: C. Sheffield ; dateIdentified: 2018; Event: year: 2016; month: 8; day: 10; Record Level: collectionCode: Insects ; ownerInstitutionCode: RSKM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen Type status: Other material . Occurrence: catalogNumber: RSKM_ENT_E-173061 ; recordedBy: C. Sheffield, D. Fauser ; individualCount: 1 ; sex: male ; lifeStage: adult ; Taxon: scientificName: Bombusimpatiens; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Apidae; genus: Bombus; specificEpithet: impatiens; scientificNameAuthorship: Cresson, 1863; vernacularName: Common Eastern Bumble Bee; Location: continent: North America; country: Canada ; stateProvince: Alberta; locality: Redcliff ; decimalLatitude: 50.07984 ; decimalLongitude: -110.77859 ; Identification: identifiedBy: C. Sheffield ; dateIdentified: 2018; Event: year: 2016; month: 8; day: 10; Record Level: collectionCode: Insects ; ownerInstitutionCode: RSKM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen Type status: Other material . Occurrence: catalogNumber: RSKM_ENT_E-173062 ; recordedBy: C. Sheffield, D. Fauser ; individualCount: 1 ; sex: female ; lifeStage: adult ; Taxon: scientificName: Bombusimpatiens; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Apidae; genus: Bombus; specificEpithet: impatiens; scientificNameAuthorship: Cresson, 1863; vernacularName: Common Eastern Bumble Bee; Location: continent: North America; country: Canada ; stateProvince: Alberta; locality: Redcliff ; decimalLatitude: 50.07984 ; decimalLongitude: -110.77859 ; Identification: identifiedBy: C. Sheffield ; dateIdentified: 2018; Event: year: 2016; month: 8; day: 10; Record Level: collectionCode: Insects ; ownerInstitutionCode: RSKM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen Type status: Other material . Occurrence: catalogNumber: RSKM_ENT_E-173063 ; recordedBy: C. Sheffield, D. Fauser ; individualCount: 1 ; sex: female ; lifeStage: adult ; Taxon: scientificName: Bombusimpatiens; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Apidae; genus: Bombus; specificEpithet: impatiens; scientificNameAuthorship: Cresson, 1863; vernacularName: Common Eastern Bumble Bee; Location: continent: North America; country: Canada ; stateProvince: Alberta; locality: Redcliff ; decimalLatitude: 50.07984 ; decimalLongitude: -110.77859 ; Identification: identifiedBy: C. Sheffield ; dateIdentified: 2018; Event: year: 2016; month: 8; day: 10; Record Level: collectionCode: Insects ; ownerInstitutionCode: RSKM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen Type status: Other material . Occurrence: catalogNumber: RSKM_ENT_E-189525 ; recordedBy: K. Palmier ; individualCount: 1 ; sex: male ; lifeStage: adult ; Taxon: scientificName: Bombusimpatiens; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Apidae; genus: Bombus; specificEpithet: impatiens; scientificNameAuthorship: Cresson, 1863; vernacularName: Common Eastern Bumble Bee; Location: continent: North America; country: Canada ; stateProvince: Alberta; locality: Redcliff ; decimalLatitude: 50.0752 ; decimalLongitude: -110.7905 ; Identification: identifiedBy: K. Palmier ; dateIdentified: 2018; Event: samplingProtocol: Blue Vane Trap ; verbatimEventDate: 22-Jun-2018 to 13-Jul-2018 ; Record Level: collectionCode: Insects ; ownerInstitutionCode: RSKM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen Type status: Other material . Occurrence: catalogNumber: RSKM_ENT_E-189530 ; recordedBy: K. Palmier ; individualCount: 1 ; sex: female ; lifeStage: adult ; Taxon: scientificName: Bombusimpatiens; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Apidae; genus: Bombus; specificEpithet: impatiens; scientificNameAuthorship: Cresson, 1863; vernacularName: Common Eastern Bumble Bee; Location: continent: North America; country: Canada ; stateProvince: Alberta; locality: Redcliff ; decimalLatitude: 50.0752 ; decimalLongitude: -110.7905 ; Identification: identifiedBy: K. Palmier ; dateIdentified: 2018; Event: samplingProtocol: Blue Vane Trap ; verbatimEventDate: 22-Jun-2018 to 13-Jul-2018 ; Record Level: collectionCode: Insects ; ownerInstitutionCode: RSKM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen Type status: Other material . Occurrence: catalogNumber: RSKM_ENT_E-189529 ; recordedBy: K. Palmier ; individualCount: 1 ; sex: female ; lifeStage: adult ; Taxon: scientificName: Bombusimpatiens; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Apidae; genus: Bombus; specificEpithet: impatiens; scientificNameAuthorship: Cresson, 1863; vernacularName: Common Eastern Bumble Bee; Location: continent: North America; country: Canada ; stateProvince: Alberta; locality: Redcliff ; decimalLatitude: 50.0752 ; decimalLongitude: -110.7905 ; Identification: identifiedBy: K. Palmier ; dateIdentified: 2018; Event: samplingProtocol: Blue Vane Trap ; verbatimEventDate: 22-Jun-2018 to 13-Jul-2018 ; Record Level: collectionCode: Insects ; ownerInstitutionCode: RSKM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen Type status: Other material . Occurrence: catalogNumber: RSKM_ENT_E-189528 ; recordedBy: K. Palmier ; individualCount: 1 ; sex: female ; lifeStage: adult ; Taxon: scientificName: Bombusimpatiens; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Apidae; genus: Bombus; specificEpithet: impatiens; scientificNameAuthorship: Cresson, 1863; vernacularName: Common Eastern Bumble Bee; Location: continent: North America; country: Canada ; stateProvince: Alberta; locality: Redcliff ; decimalLatitude: 50.0752 ; decimalLongitude: -110.7905 ; Identification: identifiedBy: K. Palmier ; dateIdentified: 2018; Event: samplingProtocol: Blue Vane Trap ; verbatimEventDate: 22-Jun-2018 to 13-Jul-2018 ; Record Level: collectionCode: Insects ; ownerInstitutionCode: RSKM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen Type status: Other material . Occurrence: catalogNumber: RSKM_ENT_E-189527 ; recordedBy: K. Palmier ; individualCount: 1 ; sex: female ; lifeStage: adult ; Taxon: scientificName: Bombusimpatiens; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Apidae; genus: Bombus; specificEpithet: impatiens; scientificNameAuthorship: Cresson, 1863; vernacularName: Common Eastern Bumble Bee; Location: continent: North America; country: Canada ; stateProvince: Alberta; locality: Redcliff ; decimalLatitude: 50.0752 ; decimalLongitude: -110.7905 ; Identification: identifiedBy: K. Palmier ; dateIdentified: 2018; Event: samplingProtocol: Blue Vane Trap ; verbatimEventDate: 22-Jun-2018 to 13-Jul-2018 ; Record Level: collectionCode: Insects ; ownerInstitutionCode: RSKM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen Type status: Other material . Occurrence: catalogNumber: RSKM_ENT_E-189526 ; recordedBy: K. Palmier ; individualCount: 1 ; sex: female ; lifeStage: adult ; Taxon: scientificName: Bombusimpatiens; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Apidae; genus: Bombus; specificEpithet: impatiens; scientificNameAuthorship: Cresson, 1863; vernacularName: Common Eastern Bumble Bee; Location: continent: North America; country: Canada ; stateProvince: Alberta; locality: Redcliff ; decimalLatitude: 50.0752 ; decimalLongitude: -110.7905 ; Identification: identifiedBy: K. Palmier ; dateIdentified: 2018; Event: samplingProtocol: Blue Vane Trap ; verbatimEventDate: 22-Jun-2018 to 13-Jul-2018 ; Record Level: collectionCode: Insects ; ownerInstitutionCode: RSKM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen Type status: Other material . Occurrence: catalogNumber: RSKM_ENT_E-197326 ; recordedBy: K. Palmier ; individualCount: 1 ; sex: female ; lifeStage: adult ; Taxon: scientificName: Bombusimpatiens; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Apidae; genus: Bombus; specificEpithet: impatiens; scientificNameAuthorship: Cresson, 1863; vernacularName: Common Eastern Bumble Bee; Location: continent: North America; country: Canada ; stateProvince: Alberta; locality: Redcliff ; decimalLatitude: 50.0752 ; decimalLongitude: -110.7079 ; Identification: identifiedBy: K. Palmier ; dateIdentified: 2018; Event: samplingProtocol: Blue Vane Trap ; verbatimEventDate: 13-Jun-2018 to 13-Jul-2018 ; Record Level: collectionCode: Insects ; ownerInstitutionCode: RSKM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen Type status: Other material . Occurrence: catalogNumber: RSKM_ENT_E-197327 ; recordedBy: K. Palmier ; individualCount: 1 ; sex: female ; lifeStage: adult ; Taxon: scientificName: Bombusimpatiens; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Apidae; genus: Bombus; specificEpithet: impatiens; scientificNameAuthorship: Cresson, 1863; vernacularName: Common Eastern Bumble Bee; Location: continent: North America; country: Canada ; stateProvince: Alberta; locality: Redcliff ; decimalLatitude: 50.0752 ; decimalLongitude: -110.7079 ; Identification: identifiedBy: K. Palmier ; dateIdentified: 2018; Event: samplingProtocol: Blue Vane Trap ; verbatimEventDate: 13-Jun-2018 to 13-Jul-2018 ; Record Level: collectionCode: Insects ; ownerInstitutionCode: RSKM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen Type status: Other material . Occurrence: catalogNumber: RSKM_ENT_E-197484 ; recordedBy: K. Palmier ; individualCount: 1 ; sex: male ; lifeStage: adult ; Taxon: scientificName: Bombusimpatiens; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Apidae; genus: Bombus; specificEpithet: impatiens; scientificNameAuthorship: Cresson, 1863; vernacularName: Common Eastern Bumble Bee; Location: continent: North America; country: Canada ; stateProvince: Alberta; locality: Redcliff ; decimalLatitude: 50.0657 ; decimalLongitude: -110.778 ; Identification: identifiedBy: K. Palmier ; dateIdentified: 2018; Event: samplingProtocol: Blue Vane Trap ; verbatimEventDate: 13-Jun-2018 to 13-Jul-2018 ; Record Level: collectionCode: Insects ; ownerInstitutionCode: RSKM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen Type status: Other material . Occurrence: catalogNumber: RSKM_ENT_E-197486 ; recordedBy: K. Palmier ; individualCount: 1 ; sex: female ; lifeStage: adult ; Taxon: scientificName: Bombusimpatiens; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Apidae; genus: Bombus; specificEpithet: impatiens; scientificNameAuthorship: Cresson, 1863; vernacularName: Common Eastern Bumble Bee; Location: continent: North America; country: Canada ; stateProvince: Alberta; locality: Redcliff ; decimalLatitude: 50.0657 ; decimalLongitude: -110.778 ; Identification: identifiedBy: K. Palmier ; dateIdentified: 2018; Event: samplingProtocol: Blue Vane Trap ; verbatimEventDate: 13-Jun-2018 to 13-Jul-2018 ; Record Level: collectionCode: Insects ; ownerInstitutionCode: RSKM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen Type status: Other material . Occurrence: catalogNumber: RSKM_ENT_E-197485 ; recordedBy: K. Palmier ; individualCount: 1 ; sex: female ; lifeStage: adult ; Taxon: scientificName: Bombusimpatiens; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Apidae; genus: Bombus; specificEpithet: impatiens; scientificNameAuthorship: Cresson, 1863; vernacularName: Common Eastern Bumble Bee; Location: continent: North America; country: Canada ; stateProvince: Alberta; locality: Redcliff ; decimalLatitude: 50.0657 ; decimalLongitude: -110.778 ; Identification: identifiedBy: K. Palmier ; dateIdentified: 2018; Event: samplingProtocol: Blue Vane Trap ; verbatimEventDate: 13-Jun-2018 to 13-Jul-2018 ; Record Level: collectionCode: Insects ; ownerInstitutionCode: RSKM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen Type status: Other material . Occurrence: catalogNumber: RSKM_ENT_E-197522 ; recordedBy: K. Palmier ; individualCount: 1 ; sex: female ; lifeStage: adult ; Taxon: scientificName: Bombusimpatiens; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Apidae; genus: Bombus; specificEpithet: impatiens; scientificNameAuthorship: Cresson, 1863; vernacularName: Common Eastern Bumble Bee; Location: continent: North America; country: Canada ; stateProvince: Alberta; locality: Redcliff ; decimalLatitude: 50.083 ; decimalLongitude: -110.8163 ; Identification: identifiedBy: K. Palmier ; dateIdentified: 2018; Event: samplingProtocol: Blue Vane Trap ; verbatimEventDate: 13-Jun-2018 to 13-Jul-2018 ; Record Level: collectionCode: Insects ; ownerInstitutionCode: RSKM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen Type status: Other material . Occurrence: catalogNumber: RSKM_ENT_E-197523 ; recordedBy: K. Palmier ; individualCount: 1 ; sex: female ; lifeStage: adult ; Taxon: scientificName: Bombusimpatiens; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Apidae; genus: Bombus; specificEpithet: impatiens; scientificNameAuthorship: Cresson, 1863; vernacularName: Common Eastern Bumble Bee; Location: continent: North America; country: Canada ; stateProvince: Alberta; locality: Redcliff ; decimalLatitude: 50.083 ; decimalLongitude: -110.8163 ; Identification: identifiedBy: K. Palmier ; dateIdentified: 2018; Event: samplingProtocol: Blue Vane Trap ; verbatimEventDate: 13-Jun-2018 to 13-Jul-2018 ; Record Level: collectionCode: Insects ; ownerInstitutionCode: RSKM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen Diagnosis Bombus impatiens is morphologically unique amongst other North American bumble bees in that both males and females have only the first metasomal tergum with pale pubescence, the remaining terga are entirely black (Fig. 1). On rare instances, some individuals may have the second and third terga with some orange pubescence medially, hence the form described by Chandler (1956) (see Taxon Treatment above). Distribution In Canada, this species native range includes southern Ontario, Quebec and perhaps adjacent New Brunswick ( Laverty and Harder 1988 ), but has established throughout the Maritime Provinces ( Sheffield et al. 2003 , Williams et al. 2014 ) and south-western British Columbia ( Ratti and Colla 2010 ) and has been used commercially in field settings in Newfoundland ( Hicks 2011 , Hicks and Sircom 2016 , Hicks et al. 2018 ). In the United States, it is widespread in the east, with only a handful of records west of Texas ( Williams et al. 2014 ).