New records of sabellids and serpulids (Polychaeta: Sabellidae, Serpulidae) from the Tropical Eastern Pacific Author Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando Author Buelna, Alondra Sofía Rodríguez Author León-González, Jesús Angel De Author Camacho-Cruz, Karla Andrea Author Carmona, Isabel text Zootaxa 2016 4184 3 401 457 journal article 37886 10.11646/zootaxa.4184.3.1 4d1b5b33-2741-4f58-b920-d3c8f6abbbff 1175-5326 255062 3DD2861B-C3E9-474A-B442-A2BFEBB1AE9D Hydroides elegans ( Haswell, 1883 ) ( Figures 4 , 11 F–G) Eupomatus elegans Haswell, 1883 : 633 , pl. 12, Fig. 1 . Type locality: Port Jackson , Australia . Hydroides norvegica (not Gunnerus, 1768 ).— Berkeley & Berkeley 1941 : 56 (Newport Bay, Southern California, from “piling”); Hartman 1961 : 44 (Los Angeles harbor, Southern California, fouling on hulls of ships); Lakshmana Rao 1969 : 5 , pl. 2, Figs a–g (Visakhapatnam and Madras, India; harbours); Salazar-Vallejo & Londoño-Mesa 2004 : 54 (Tropical Eastern Pacific, checklist). Hydroides pacificus Hartman, 1969 : 759 –760, Figs 1–5 ( type locality: Velero IV , sta. 1454-42, from hull of ship; central and Southern California ); Díaz-Castañeda 2000 : 327 (Todos Santos Bay, Baja California , terracotta plates, 10 m ). Serpula verimicularis (not Linnaeus, 1767).— Lakshmana Rao 1969 : 2 –3, pl. 1, Figs a–g (Visakhapatnam and Madras, India ; harbours; auctore misspelling). Hydroides elegans .— Zibrowius 1971 : 721–725, Figs 56–64 (Oahu, Hawaii, Newport Bay and Los Angeles Harbor, California ) ; Long 1974 : 28 (Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii , 9 m , fouling, with little coverage on test panels); Bailey-Brock 1976 : 77–78 ( Oahu Island and Hawaii Island, reef flats, live substrata [chlorophyte Dictyosphaeria cavernosa ], epifauna of mobile substrata [mollusks and crustaceans], boat harbors, lagoons, brackish waters and reef slope); Dueñas 1981 : 100– 101, fig. 31A–G (Cartagena Bay , Colombia ; on plastic ponds for shrimp culture); Bailey-Brock 1987 : 420–421 ( Hawaii ) ; Zibrowius 1992 : 91 (discussion about its origin); Carpizo-Ituarte & Hadfield 1998 : 15, Fig. 2 (Pearl Harbor, Hawaii , stimulation of metamorphosis); Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2003: 86–87, Figs 11 A–S ( California and Hawaii ; 0–1 m ); Rodríguez-Valencia 2004 : 520 (Petacalco Bay, Guerrero ) ; Okolodkov et al . 2007 : 40 (cryptogenic in the Mexican Pacific); Bastida-Zavala 2008: 25–26, fig. 6H ( California and Baja California Sur ; 0–1 m ; deeper records questionable); Bastida- Zavala 2009 : 535, Figs 2 E, 5F (identification key for Tropical America ); Díaz-Castañeda & Valenzuela-Solano 2009 : 513 (Salsipuedes Bay, Baja California , near tuna sea-cages); ten Hove & Kupriyanova 2009: 53 (worldwide serpulid checklist); Tovar-Hernández et al . 2009b : 331, Figs 3 l, 8a-c (fouling in Mazatlán , Sinaloa ) ; Tovar-Hernández et al . 2012: 16–17 (Guaymas, Sonora , and Topolobampo, Sinaloa ) ; Bastida-Zavala et al . 2014: 326, Figs 19.1e –h (exotic in the Mexican Pacific ); Tovar-Hernández et al . 2014 : 390 ( Marina Palmira, Topolobampo , Sinaloa ; API and Marina Fonatur, Guaymas , Sonora ; and API and Marina Palmira, La Paz , Baja California Sur) ; Villalobos-Guerrero et al . 2014: 107 ( Sinaloa , checklist); Sun et al . 2015: 23–29, fig. 6a–b ( Capital Territory, New South Wales , Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia ; intertidal to 20 m ; in natural habitat as lagoons, also in fouling communities of fish farms, harbors and ship’s hulls). Material examined. 3,545 specimens. Baja California Sur : UANL 7875, 548 spec. ( Marina Santa Rosalía , sta. 3: 27°20’24.5”N , 112°15’56.1”W , April 19, 2010 , ARB & JAL) ; UANL 7876 (same, sta. 4: 27°20’23.9”N, 112°15’55.9”W, April 19, 2010 , ARB & JAL); UANL 7877, 1,271 spec. (same, Sta. 1, 27°20’25.2”N, 112°15’56.1”W, March 31, 2011 , coll. JAL & ARB); UANL 7878, 1,702 spec. ( Puerto Escondido , sta. 1: 25°48’51.8”N , 111°18’41.2”W , sta. 2: 25°48’53.1”N , 111°18’40.5”W , April 2, 2011 , coll. ARB & JAL) ; UANL 7879 ( Marina Palmira, La Paz , 24°11’05.3”N , 110°18’12.8”W , April 3, 2011 , coll. ARB & JAL). Oaxaca : UMAR-Poly 765, 4 spec. ( Salina Cruz , angler pier, main dock, sta. 4, 1 m , May 26, 2011 , coll. SGM et al .); UMAR-Poly 766, 10 spec. (same, hull of the shrimp boat “Golfo Pérsico”, 1 m , May 26, 2011 , coll. EVP): UMAR-POLY 767, 8 spec. (“sample 85”, Oaxaca , 0–6 m , September 15, 2004 ). Habitat. Intertidal to subtidal ( 20 m , Sun et al . 2015); deeper records, 110– 1,200 m from California ( LACM- AHF 1377, 2475 , 2792, 2850), were regarded to be questionable by Bastida-Zavala (2008: 26). Most records of Hydroides elegans were as fouling on artificial substrates: hulls of ships, terracotta and PVC panels and harbor structures. In the Hawaiian Islands it was also found on reef flats, reef slope and on the native alga Dictyosphaeria cavernosa ( Bailey-Brock 1976 ) . In the material studied the specimens were associated only with anthropogenic substrates in marinas and ports from La Paz , Puerto Escondido and Santa Rosalía , Baja California Sur , and from Salina Cruz , Oaxaca . Fouling species. Distribution. Worldwide in temperate and tropical regions. Mediterranean, North Sea, Gulf of Mexico to Brazil , South Africa , Persian Gulf, India , Australia , Micronesia ; California ( USA ) to Oaxaca ( México ), Hawaii ( Zibrowius 1971 ; Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002 ; 2003 ; Sun et al . 2015). Remarks. The confusion between Hydroides elegans and H. norvegica Gunnerus, 1768 was unraveled by Zibrowius (1971) , mainly on the basis of the collar chaetae: in H. norvegica with 2–3 teeth, while they have many small teeth in H. elegans . Hydroides norvegica has a distribution limited to the boreal Atlantic and subtidal waters in the Mediterranean, while H. elegans has a worldwide distribution in temperate and tropical waters, mainly in harbors and marinas ( Zibrowius 1971 ; ten Hove 1974 ; Zibrowius 1992 ; Kupriyanova & Jirkov 1997 ; Bastida- Zavala & ten Hove 2002 ; 2003 ; Moen 2006 ; Bastida-Zavala 2008; Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove 2011 ). Long (1974: 28) recorded both H. elegans and H. norvegica from Oahu, Hawaii ; however, after the revision of Zibrowius (1971) it is uncertain if the specimens identified by Long as H. norvegica belong to H. elegans or a different taxon. Zibrowius (1992) doubted if Hydroides elegans originated from Australia ; however, Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove (2011) propose that its origin probably is Australia and Sun et al . (2015) suggest on biogeographical and ecological reasons that H. elegans is likely to be a native to Australia . Many historic and recent records of H. elegans come from ports and marinas, on anthropogenic substrates; however, in the Hawaiian Islands the species was found in both natural sites and in boat harbors ( Long 1974 ; Bailey-Brock 1976 ); also, H. elegans was found in Australia both in natural sites (lagoons), as well as fouling of fish farms, harbors and ship’s hulls (Sun et al . 2015). Hydroides elegans has been present in the Eastern Pacific for at least 86 years; its first record was Newport Bay , Southern California ( Berkeley & Berkeley 1941, as Hydroides norvegica ); Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove (2003) recorded specimens collected in 1929 from the fouling of a submarine ( U.S. Narwhal, N-1) in the harbor of San Francisco. In the Tropical Eastern Pacific the species was recorded first by Bastida-Zavala (2008) with a sample of more than a thousand specimens encrusting (1991) a PVC plate in La Paz Bay , Baja California Sur ; later, Tovar- Hernández et al . (2009b) recorded the species in the fouling of Mazatlán port, Sinaloa . Hydroides elegans was selected as a model species for research in biofouling and testing marine coatings for a number of reasons: its high abundance and the fact that their calcareous tubes can create problems for vessels. Furthermore H. elegans is easy to reproduce in laboratory ( Carpizo-Ituarte & Hadfield 1998 ; Nedved & Hadfield 2008 ), making it possible to experiment with different means to avoid their settlement, e.g. antifouling paints ( Johnson & Gonzalez 2004 ; Johnson et al . 2006 ); and has been observed that the larvae settle in response to both natural biofilms, formed by marine bacteria, or to artificially induced surfaces by cations and other chemicals ( Nedved & Hadfield 2008 ).