New records of sabellids and serpulids (Polychaeta: Sabellidae, Serpulidae) from the Tropical Eastern Pacific
Author
Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando
Author
Buelna, Alondra Sofía Rodríguez
Author
León-González, Jesús Angel De
Author
Camacho-Cruz, Karla Andrea
Author
Carmona, Isabel
text
Zootaxa
2016
4184
3
401
457
journal article
37886
10.11646/zootaxa.4184.3.1
4d1b5b33-2741-4f58-b920-d3c8f6abbbff
1175-5326
255062
3DD2861B-C3E9-474A-B442-A2BFEBB1AE9D
Hydroides elegans
(
Haswell, 1883
)
(
Figures 4
,
11
F–G)
Eupomatus elegans
Haswell, 1883
: 633
, pl. 12,
Fig. 1
.
Type
locality:
Port Jackson
,
Australia
.
Hydroides norvegica
(not
Gunnerus, 1768
).—
Berkeley & Berkeley 1941
: 56
(Newport Bay, Southern California, from “piling”);
Hartman 1961
: 44
(Los Angeles harbor, Southern California, fouling on hulls of ships);
Lakshmana Rao 1969
: 5
, pl. 2, Figs a–g (Visakhapatnam and Madras, India; harbours);
Salazar-Vallejo & Londoño-Mesa 2004
: 54
(Tropical Eastern Pacific, checklist).
Hydroides pacificus
Hartman, 1969
: 759
–760,
Figs 1–5
(
type
locality:
Velero IV
, sta. 1454-42, from hull of ship; central and
Southern
California
);
Díaz-Castañeda 2000
: 327
(Todos Santos
Bay, Baja
California
, terracotta plates,
10 m
).
Serpula verimicularis
(not Linnaeus, 1767).—
Lakshmana Rao 1969
: 2
–3, pl. 1, Figs a–g (Visakhapatnam and Madras,
India
; harbours; auctore misspelling).
Hydroides elegans
.—
Zibrowius 1971
: 721–725, Figs 56–64 (Oahu,
Hawaii, Newport Bay
and Los
Angeles
Harbor,
California
)
;
Long 1974
: 28 (Pearl Harbor, Oahu,
Hawaii
,
9 m
, fouling, with little coverage on test panels);
Bailey-Brock
1976
: 77–78 (
Oahu Island
and
Hawaii
Island, reef flats, live substrata [chlorophyte
Dictyosphaeria cavernosa
], epifauna of mobile substrata [mollusks and crustaceans], boat harbors, lagoons, brackish waters and reef slope);
Dueñas
1981
: 100– 101, fig. 31A–G (Cartagena
Bay
,
Colombia
; on plastic ponds for shrimp culture);
Bailey-Brock
1987
: 420–421 (
Hawaii
)
;
Zibrowius 1992
: 91 (discussion about its origin);
Carpizo-Ituarte & Hadfield 1998
: 15,
Fig. 2
(Pearl Harbor,
Hawaii
, stimulation of metamorphosis); Bastida-Zavala &
ten
Hove
2003: 86–87,
Figs 11
A–S (
California and Hawaii
;
0–1 m
);
Rodríguez-Valencia
2004
: 520 (Petacalco
Bay, Guerrero
)
;
Okolodkov
et al
. 2007
: 40 (cryptogenic in the Mexican Pacific); Bastida-Zavala 2008: 25–26, fig. 6H (
California and
Baja
California
Sur
;
0–1 m
; deeper records questionable); Bastida-
Zavala
2009
: 535,
Figs
2
E, 5F (identification key for
Tropical America
);
Díaz-Castañeda
&
Valenzuela-Solano
2009
: 513 (Salsipuedes
Bay, Baja
California
, near tuna sea-cages);
ten
Hove
& Kupriyanova 2009: 53 (worldwide serpulid checklist);
Tovar-Hernández
et al
. 2009b
: 331,
Figs
3
l, 8a-c (fouling in
Mazatlán
,
Sinaloa
)
;
Tovar-Hernández
et al
. 2012: 16–17 (Guaymas,
Sonora
, and Topolobampo,
Sinaloa
)
;
Bastida-Zavala
et al
. 2014: 326, Figs
19.1e
–h (exotic in the
Mexican Pacific
);
Tovar-Hernández
et al
. 2014
: 390 (
Marina Palmira, Topolobampo
,
Sinaloa
; API and
Marina Fonatur, Guaymas
,
Sonora
; and API and
Marina Palmira,
La Paz
,
Baja
California
Sur)
;
Villalobos-Guerrero
et al
. 2014: 107 (
Sinaloa
, checklist); Sun
et al
. 2015: 23–29, fig. 6a–b (
Capital Territory, New
South Wales
,
Northern
Territory, Queensland, South Australia and
Western
Australia
; intertidal to
20 m
; in natural habitat as lagoons, also in fouling communities of fish farms, harbors and ship’s hulls).
Material examined.
3,545 specimens.
Baja
California
Sur
:
UANL
7875, 548
spec. (
Marina
Santa Rosalía
, sta. 3:
27°20’24.5”N
,
112°15’56.1”W
,
April 19, 2010
,
ARB
& JAL)
; UANL 7876 (same, sta. 4: 27°20’23.9”N, 112°15’55.9”W,
April 19, 2010
, ARB & JAL); UANL 7877, 1,271 spec. (same, Sta. 1, 27°20’25.2”N, 112°15’56.1”W,
March 31, 2011
, coll. JAL & ARB);
UANL
7878, 1,702
spec. (
Puerto Escondido
, sta. 1:
25°48’51.8”N
,
111°18’41.2”W
, sta. 2:
25°48’53.1”N
,
111°18’40.5”W
,
April 2, 2011
, coll.
ARB
& JAL)
;
UANL
7879
(
Marina Palmira,
La Paz
,
24°11’05.3”N
,
110°18’12.8”W
,
April 3, 2011
, coll.
ARB
& JAL).
Oaxaca
:
UMAR-Poly 765, 4 spec. (
Salina Cruz
, angler pier, main dock, sta.
4, 1 m
,
May 26, 2011
, coll. SGM
et al
.); UMAR-Poly 766, 10 spec. (same, hull of the shrimp boat “Golfo Pérsico”,
1 m
,
May 26, 2011
, coll. EVP): UMAR-POLY 767, 8 spec. (“sample 85”,
Oaxaca
,
0–6 m
,
September 15, 2004
).
Habitat.
Intertidal to subtidal (
20 m
, Sun
et al
. 2015); deeper records, 110–
1,200 m
from
California
(
LACM-
AHF
1377, 2475
, 2792, 2850), were regarded to be questionable by
Bastida-Zavala
(2008: 26).
Most
records of
Hydroides elegans
were as fouling on artificial substrates: hulls of ships, terracotta and PVC panels and harbor structures.
In
the
Hawaiian Islands
it was also found on reef flats, reef slope and on the native alga
Dictyosphaeria cavernosa
(
Bailey-Brock 1976
)
.
In
the material studied the specimens were associated only with anthropogenic substrates in marinas and ports from
La Paz
,
Puerto Escondido
and
Santa Rosalía
,
Baja
California
Sur
, and from
Salina Cruz
,
Oaxaca
. Fouling species.
Distribution.
Worldwide in temperate and tropical regions. Mediterranean, North Sea, Gulf of
Mexico
to
Brazil
,
South Africa
, Persian Gulf,
India
,
Australia
,
Micronesia
;
California
(
USA
) to
Oaxaca
(
México
),
Hawaii
(
Zibrowius 1971
; Bastida-Zavala & ten
Hove 2002
;
2003
; Sun
et al
. 2015).
Remarks.
The confusion between
Hydroides elegans
and
H. norvegica
Gunnerus, 1768
was unraveled by
Zibrowius (1971)
, mainly on the basis of the collar chaetae: in
H. norvegica
with 2–3 teeth, while they have many small teeth in
H. elegans
.
Hydroides norvegica
has a distribution limited to the boreal Atlantic and subtidal waters in the Mediterranean, while
H. elegans
has a worldwide distribution in temperate and tropical waters, mainly in harbors and marinas (
Zibrowius 1971
; ten
Hove 1974
;
Zibrowius 1992
;
Kupriyanova & Jirkov 1997
; Bastida- Zavala & ten
Hove 2002
;
2003
;
Moen 2006
; Bastida-Zavala 2008; Ben-Eliahu & ten
Hove 2011
).
Long (1974: 28)
recorded both
H. elegans
and
H. norvegica
from Oahu,
Hawaii
; however, after the revision of
Zibrowius (1971)
it is uncertain if the specimens identified by Long as
H. norvegica
belong to
H. elegans
or a different taxon.
Zibrowius (1992)
doubted if
Hydroides elegans
originated from
Australia
; however, Ben-Eliahu & ten
Hove (2011)
propose that its origin probably is
Australia
and Sun
et al
. (2015) suggest on biogeographical and ecological reasons that
H. elegans
is likely to be a native to
Australia
. Many historic and recent records of
H. elegans
come from ports and marinas, on anthropogenic substrates; however, in the Hawaiian Islands the species was found in both natural sites and in boat harbors (
Long 1974
;
Bailey-Brock 1976
); also,
H. elegans
was found in
Australia
both in natural sites (lagoons), as well as fouling of fish farms, harbors and ship’s hulls (Sun
et al
. 2015).
Hydroides elegans
has been present in the
Eastern Pacific
for at least 86 years; its first record was
Newport Bay
, Southern
California
(
Berkeley & Berkeley 1941, as
Hydroides norvegica
); Bastida-Zavala &
ten
Hove
(2003) recorded specimens collected in 1929 from the fouling of a submarine (
U.S.
Narwhal, N-1) in the harbor of San Francisco. In the Tropical
Eastern Pacific
the species was recorded first by Bastida-Zavala (2008) with a sample of more than a thousand specimens encrusting (1991) a PVC plate in
La Paz Bay
, Baja
California
Sur
;
later, Tovar- Hernández
et al
. (2009b) recorded the species in the fouling of Mazatlán port,
Sinaloa
.
Hydroides elegans
was selected as a model species for research in biofouling and testing marine coatings for a number of reasons: its high abundance and the fact that their calcareous tubes can create problems for vessels. Furthermore
H. elegans
is easy to reproduce in laboratory (
Carpizo-Ituarte & Hadfield 1998
;
Nedved & Hadfield 2008
), making it possible to experiment with different means to avoid their settlement, e.g. antifouling paints (
Johnson & Gonzalez 2004
;
Johnson
et al
. 2006
); and has been observed that the larvae settle in response to both natural biofilms, formed by marine bacteria, or to artificially induced surfaces by cations and other chemicals (
Nedved & Hadfield 2008
).