Identification key

1 Elytron bi- or tricolorous, with transverse bands (Figs 5A, 20A, 23A, 29A, 32A), circular yellow spots (Figs 25A, 47A, 56A), or spot with undulate black and yellow colouration (Fig. 14A) ................ 2

– Elytron predominantly unicolorous, yellow, reddish or black (Figs 8A, 17A, 39A, 44A, 58A, 60A), yellow with black suture and/or basal and lateral elytral margins (Figs 34A, 42A, 51A, 53A), with reddish base (Fig. 3a), or brownish with red elytral tip (Fig. 49A)......................................................... 10

2 Elytron with transverse bands (Figs 5A, 20A, 23A, 29A, 32A)................................................................ 3

– Elytron with circular or longitudinal yellow spot (Figs 25A, 47A, 56A), or spot with undulate black and yellow colouration (Fig. 14A) .......................... 7

3 Elytron only with one brown or black transverse band at base, extension varies from very narrow up to one third of elytral length (Figs 29A, 32A) ........ 4

– Elytron with at least two clearly defined transverse bands (Figs 1b, 4a, 5A, 20A, 23A), rarely subterminal band reduced to spots (Fig. 2b) ............................... 5

4 Elytron with dark brown to black base, remaining parts of elytron pale reddisch-brown, head and pronotum contrasting yellow (Figs 31b, 32A); smaller, total length 3.70–5.40 mm; wide distribution from India to Southeast Asia up to Borneo (Fig. 33) ......................................... M. militaris Jacoby, 1896

– Elytron with paler brownish base, other parts more yellow, head and pronotum brownish-red, not or less contrasting to the elytral base (Figs 27b, 29A); larger, total length 4.90–6.25 mm; wide distribution in Sumatra, Borneo, Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore (Fig. 30).............. M. mentaweiensis (Jacoby, 1896)

5 Subapical transverse band ends far from elytral margin (Figs 1b, 4a, 5A), sometimes reduced to small spots (Fig. 2b); smaller, total length 3.70–5.10 mm; pronotum less broad, pronotal width to length 0.61–0.65; spermatheca without spherical nodulus (Fig. 5D); widely distributed from India through SE-Asia towards New Guinea (Fig. 6)............................ ............................... M. bifasciata (Hornstedt, 1788)

– Subapical transverse band extending to elytral margin (Figs 20A, 23A); larger 4.10–5.80 mm; pronotum broader, pronotal length to width 0.55– 0.59 (mean 0.58); spermatheca with spherical nodulus (Figs 20D, 23D)......................................... 6

6 Broad yellowish transverse band bounded above and below by a narrow black band, and another narrow black band on basal margin (19b, 20A), scutellum brown-reddish; median lobe broad, with three types of spiculae (Fig. 20C); widely distributed from India towards Java (Fig. 21) ... M. orientalis Jacoby, 1889

– Narrow yellowish transverse-band in the middle, broad black at base and narrow black behind the yellow band, brown-reddish in the apical third (Fig. 22b, 23A); scutellum black; median lobe comparatively small, ventral spiculae hardly visible (Fig. 23C); widely distributed from India towards Java (Fig. 21)............. M. flavofasciata Jacoby, 1889

7. Head and pronotum of same colouration, reddish-brown (Figs 10b–13b, 14A), usually one yellowish spot at elytral base and a second in the apical third, but usually weakly defined, resulting in somewhat undulating colouration on elytra (Figs 10b–12b, 14A), rarely with clearly defined elytral spots (Fig. 13b); total length 3.50–5.25 mm; widely distributed and abundant from Northwest-India and Central China throughout the entire Oriental Region to Luzon, Palawan, Borneo and Java, not known from Wallacea (Fig. 15) .. M. signata (Olivier, 1808)

– Pronotum yellow, head usually black (rarely yellow), elytron yellow and black only, yellow spots not close to humerus and well defined (Figs 25A, 47A, 56A). ................................................................................. 8

8 Elytron black with one circular yellow spot in the middle (Fig 25A), apical third of elytron or at least broad apical margin yellowish, suture sometimes reddish (Fig. 24b), antenna with exception of the terminal antennomere yellow; on average larger, total length 3.50–4.90 mm; Sundaland distribution without Wallacea (Fig. 26) ... M. zonula Weise, 1916

– Elytron black with two circular yellow spots (Figs 47A) where the hind one can extend to the apical margin (Fig. 56 Aa), or longitudinal band (Fig. 56 Ab), antenna with exception of the yellow three basal antennomeres black; on average smaller, total length 3.25–4.00 mm ...................................... 9

9 Pronotum broad, pronotal width to length 0.58–0.62, elytral colouration quite variable (Fig. 56A); median lobe slender (Fig. 56C), bursas sclerites with very strong spines (Fig. 56E); Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo............................ M. mohamedsaidi sp. nov.

– Pronotum less broad, pronotal width to length 0.63– 0.66; elytron with completely black margins and two circular spots (Fig. 47A); median lobe very broad (Fig. 47C), bursa sclerites less spiny (Fig. 47E); restricted to Borneo .............. M. empatbulat sp. nov.

10 Elytron yellow with at least parts of the suture black, usually often also parts of outer margins black (Figs 34A, 42A, 53A)............................................ 11

– Elytron entirely yellow (Figs 39A, 44A, 58A), yellow with black base (Figs 17A, 51A), or reddish to black.................................................................. 13

11 Only basal third of suture black, antenna yellow (Fig. 42A); total length 4.60–4.90 mm; endemic in Bali ............................. M. putri Mohamedsaid, 2001

– Suture mainly black, antenna brown to black (Figs 34A, 53A); Malay Peninsula, Borneo or Sumatra ................................................................. 12

12 Head yellow to brownish-yellow, vertex with longitudinal median black spot, outer and basal pronotal margins black (Fig. 34A); smaller, total length 3.25–4.00 mm; median lobe conical (Fig. 34C) spermatheca with large nodulus (Fig. 34D); Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra (Fig. 9) ................... .................................. M. marginicollis Jacoby, 1896

– Head black, pronotum completely yellow (Fig. 53A); larger, total length 3.70–5.10 mm; median with very slender apical third (Fig. 53C), spermatheca with small nodulus (Fig. 53D); Malay Peninsula and Borneo (Fig. 54) .......... M. marginicolloides sp. nov.

– Head black or yellow, pronotum completely yellow, very broad sutural and outer margins (Fig. 56 Ab); smaller, total length 3.25–4.00 mm; median lobe like Fig. 56C; colouration type of .................................... ............................. M. mohamedsaidi sp. nov. (see 9)

13 Elytron entirely yellow (Figs 39, 58) or yellow with black (Figs 17, 51) or reddish (Fig. 3a) base......... 14

– Elytron unicolorous reddish, brownish or black (Figs 8A, 37A, 60A), or brownish to black with red elytral tip (Fig. 49A) ............................................. 19

14 Elytron entirely yellow (Figs 39A, 44A, 58A); total length 3.25–6.15 mm ............................................. 15

– Base of yellow elytra black (Fig. 51A), sometimes black colour very narrow (Fig. 17A), or reddish (Fig. 3b)................................................................. 17

15 Head and pronotum contrasting brownish-red, to the yellow elytra; basal antennomeres yellowish to brown, others brown to black (Figs 43a, 44A); second antennomere significantly longer than third, ratio length of second to third antennomere 1.00– 1.50 (Fig. 44B); total length 3.75–4.70 mm; endemic to Brunei .............................. M. bruneiensis sp. nov.

Pronotum yellow, same color as elytra; antenna entirely yellow (with exception of terminal antennomere, Figs 39A, 58A); second antennomeres not shorter than third (Figs 39B, 58B) .................. 16

16 Head black, strong contrast to yellow pronotum (Fig. 39A); larger, total length 4.75–6.15 mm; median lobe very short and broad (Fig. 39C); Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra and Java (Fig. 40) ........ ........................ M. tiomanensis Mohamedsaid, 1999

– Head and pronotum of same colour (Fig. 58A); much smaller, total length 3.25–3.70 mm; median lobe slender, conical (Fig. 58C); endemic to Sulawesi (Fig. 26).................................. M. ranuensis sp. nov.

17 Very large, total length 6.40–7.70 mm; pronotum broad, pronotal width to length 0.59–0.61 (Fig. 17A); black basal elytral margin very fine; antenna yellow; widely distributed in Sundaland (Fig. 18)................. ............................................. M. jacobyi Weise, 1908

– Much smaller, total length 3.70–4.35 mm ............ 18

18 Pronotum less broad, pronotal width to length 0.70– 0.72 (Fig. 51A); broad black basal elytral margin and also elytral tip black; outer antennomeres black; endemic to Borneo ............ M. kuninghitam sp. nov.

– Pronotum broader, pronotal width to length 0.61– 0.65; elytra reddish to brownish at base (Fig. 3b);; rare colour pattern of................ M. bifasciata (see 5)

19 Elytron dark brown to black with reddish apex (Fig. 49A)); total length 4.60–6.00 mm; endemic to Sulawesi ........................................ M. hitam sp. nov.

– Elytron unicolorous reddish, brownish or black ... 20

20 Small, total length 3.70–4.40 mm; median lobe broad (Fig. 60C), spermatheca with spherical nodulus (Fig. 60E); endemic to Sulawesi ............................... .............................................. M. sulawensis sp. nov.

– Larger, total length 4.50–6.35 mm ¸ median lobe slender (Figs 8C, 37C), spermatheca without spherical nodulus (Figs 8E, 37E); unknown from Sulawesi ................................................................ 21

21 Head, pronotum and underside black, elytron reddish-brown (Figs 36b, 37A); median lobe broad (Fig. 37C); Malay Peninsula only ............................. ....................................... M. rufipennis Jacoby, 1899

– Upper- and underside uniformly brownish-red, outer elytral margins gradually darker (Figs 7b, 8A); median lobe slender (Fig. 8C); Java, Borneo and adjacent islands (Fig. 9) ............................................ ....................................... M. rubra (Gyllenhal, 1808)

Checklist of Monolepta Chevrolat, 1836 from Sundaland

The following list comprises all known species of Monolepta after revision including synonymies:

Monolepta bifasciata (Hornstedt, 1788)

Chrysomela bifasciata Hornstedt, 1788

= Cryptocephalus multicolor Gmelin, 1790

= Crioceris quadrinotata Fabricius, 1801

= Luperodes latefascia Motschulsky, 1858

= Monolepta parvonotata Jacoby, 1886; syn. nov.

= Monolepta mustaphai Mohamedsaid, 1997; syn. nov.

= Monolepta entimauensis Mohamedsaid, 1998; syn. nov.

Monolepta bruneiensis sp. nov.

Monolepta empatbulat sp. nov.

Monolepta flavofasciata Jacoby, 1889

Monolepta hitam sp. nov.

Monolepta jacobyi Weise, 1908

Monolepta kuninghitam sp. nov.

Monolepta marginicollis Jacoby, 1896

Monolepta marginicolloides sp. nov.

Monolepta mentaweiensis (Jacoby, 1896)

Candezea mentaweiensis Jacoby, 1896

= Monolepta basalis Jacoby, 1884

= M. hageni Weise, 1916; syn. nov.

Monolepta militaris Jacoby, 1896

Monolepta mohamedsaidi sp. nov.

Monolepta orientalis Jacoby, 1889

= Monolepta konbiriensis Duvivier, 1891 Monolepta putri Mohamedsaid, 2001

Monolepta ranuensis sp. nov.

Monolepta rubra (Gyllenhal, 1808)

= Luperodes javanensis Jacoby, 1887 Monolepta rufipennis Jacoby, 1899

Monolepta signata (Olivier, 1808)

Galeruca signata Olivier, 1808

= Crioceris neglecta Sahlberg, 1829: 29

= Luperodes quadripustulatus Motschulsky, 1858

= Luperodes hieroglyphicus Motschulsky, 1858

= Monolepta elegantula Boheman, 1859: 183

= Luperodes dorsalis Motschulsky, 1866: 415

= Luperodes quadriguttata Fairmaire, 1887: 333

= Monolepta picturata Jacoby, 1896; syn. nov.

= Monolepta simplex Weise, 1913

Monolepta sulawensis sp. nov.

Monolepta tiomanensis Mohamedsaid, 1999 Monolepta zonula Weise, 1916

Species of Monolepta transferred to other genera

The following list comprises species originally described in Monolepta known from the core of Sundaland without the Philippines (except of Palawan), Thailand and Indo-China, or, as a positive list, comprises species known from the states of Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei and Indonesia without parts East of the Lydekker line, i.e., including the fauna of Sulawesi, Timor and Seram up to the East (Lohmann et al. 2011). Some of these species have been synonymized or transferred by us to other genera, others need to be transferred to other genera in subsequent studies, since they are not con-generic with Monolepta s. str.

Our decision to not include the following taxa in Monolepta is based on a check of most of the type material. Similar to the taxonomic revision on base of monophyletic groups of the Afrotropical galerucine fauna, with nearly 50 papers published up to now, also for the oriental taxa tremendous revisionary work needs to be done. We started this with revisions on Ochralea (Hazmi & Wagner 2010a), Arcastes (Hazmi & Wagner 2010b, 2010c), Neolepta (Hazmi & Wagner 2013) and the redescription of the generotype of Paleosepharia (Rizki et al. 2016) . On base of those results, several of the following species belong to Paleosepharia, but up to now only one transferral has been published (Rizki et al. 2014). Species of Nadrana Baly, 1865 from Sundland have been also revised recently (Zulfadli et al. 2015), and there might be also few species from the following list that need to be transferred to this group.

Monolepta aemula Weise, 1922

Synonym of Paraneolepta imitans (Jacoby, 1894) (Hazmi & Wagner 2013)

Monolepta affinis Jacoby, 1886

Monolepta albofasciata Jacoby, 1884

Monolepta approximans Jacoby, 1896

Monolepta azlani Mohamedsaid, 1998

Transferred to Paleosepharia (Rizki et al. 2014)

Monolepta bimaculata (Hornstedt, 1788)

Monolepta borneensis Mohamedsaid, 1994

Monolepta c-album (Jacoby, 1899)

Monolepta cantik Mohamedsaid, 2000

Monolepta castanea Allard, 1888

Monolepta castanoptera Weise, 1924

Monolepta danumica Mohamedsaid, 1993

Monolepta erythromelas Weise, 1922

Synonym of Ochralea nigripes (Olivier, 1808)

(Hazmi & Wagner 2010a)

Monolepta foveicollis Baly, 1888

Monolepta haemorrhoidalis (Fabricius, 1801)

Monolepta impressicollis (Jacoby, 1896)

Monolepta inornata (Jacoby, 1894)

Monolepta irpa Mohamedsaid, 2000

Monolepta kedenburgi Weise, 1922

Transferred to Nadrana (Zulfadli et al. 2015)

Monolepta kenit Mohamedsaid, 2000

Monolepta kerangas Mohamedsaid, 1998

Monolepta kraepelini Weise, 1922

Monolepta latefasciata Jacoby, 1896

Monolepta laticornis (Jacoby, 1899)

Monolepta longitarsis Jacoby, 1896

Monolepta malaysiana Mohamedsaid, 1993

Monolepta melancholica Jacoby, 1886

Monolepta merah Mohamedsaid, 1993

Monolepta modigliani Jacoby, 1896

Monolepta moluquensis Allard, 1888

Monolepta murphyi Mohamedsaid, 2002

Monolepta nigriceps Weise, 1915

Monolepta nigrilabrum (Jacoby, 1899)

Monolepta nigripes (Olivier, 1808)

Revalidated as Ochralea nigripes (Olivier, 1808) (Hazmi & Wagner 2010a)

Monolepta nigromarginata Jacoby, 1896

Monolepta obtusa Jacoby, 1896

Monolepta pagi Mohamedsaid, 2001

Monolepta parva Mohamedsaid, 2001

Monolepta pectoralis Boheman, 1859

Monolepta piceola Weise, 1915

Monolepta rubricollis Jacoby, 1905

Monolepta rugosa Mohamedsaid, 1998

Monolepta sangirensis Jacoby, 1894

Monolepta semifovea Mohamedsaid, 1993

Monolepta sexmaculata Jacoby, 1886

Monolepta subsulcata Boisduval, 1835

Monolepta thoracica (Jacoby, 1896)

Monolepta terminata (Guérin-Méneville, 1830)

Monolepta tibowensis Mohamedsaid, 2000

Monolepta timorensis Jacoby, 1894

Monolepta unicolor Jacoby, 1886

Monolepta wallacei Baly, 1888

Monolepta wangkliana Mohamedsaid, 2005

Transferred to Ochralea (Hazmi & Wagner 2010a) Monolepta wilsoni Kimoto, 1989