Onycholyda viriditibialis (Takeuchi, 1930)

(Figs 44, 45) (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.11405106)

Pamphilius viriditibialis Takeuchi, 1930: 13; Kim, 1963: 278; Kim, 1970: 126.

Pamphilius tsherskii Gussakovskij, 1935: 178; Shinohara, 1986a: 271. (syn. of viriditibialis)

Onycholyda viriditibialis: Beneš, 1972b: 387; Shinohara, 1986a: 271; Shinohara & Byun, 1993: 82; Kim et al., 1994: 216; Zhelochovtsev & Zinovjev, 1995: 398; Shinohara & Lee, 1997: 215; Shinohara, 2002a: 189; Shinohara, 2002b: 421; Shinohara, 2004: 262; Shinohara & Lelej, 2007: 928, 929; Shinohara & Taeger, 2007: 34; Paek et al., 2010: 161; Taeger et al., 2010: 85; Sundukov & Lelej, 2012: 108; Shinohara, 2013: 94; Sundukov, 2017: 103; Lee et al., 2019: 8; Shinohara, 2019: 7; Shinohara, 2020: 10, 235; Shinohara & Tripotin, 2021a: 60; Shinohara & Tripotin, 2021b: 197.

Material examined. About 205 specimens, including the type series. Thirty-one specimens are from the Russian Far East and Korea (Shinohara 1986a; Shinohara & Byun 1993; Shinohara & Lee 1997; Shinohara & Taeger 2007; Shinohara & Tripotin 2021a, b; present work). New collection data: RUSSIA: Primorskij Kraj: 1♀ (DEIGISHym 32041), Partizansk SSW, 140m, 43.073°N 133.074°E, 9. VI. 2016, K. Kramp, M. Prous & A. Taeger, in alcohol, RU044 (SDEI); 1♀ (DEI-GISHym 32038), Anisimovka W, 250m, 43.167°N 132.759°E, 13. VI. 2016, K. Kramp, M. Prous & A. Taeger RU050 (SDEI) .

Distribution. Russia (Primorskij Kraj), North and South Korea, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu) (Shinohara 1986a).

Host plant. Rosaceae: Rubus crataegifolius Bunge, R. microphyllus L.f. (Hara & Shinohara 2017).

Remarks. Onycholyda viriditibialis was described from Japan (Takeuchi 1930). Shinohara (1986a) synonymized Pamphilius tsherskii Gussakovskij, 1935, described from Vladivostok, with this species, even though he noted a few very small colour pattern differences between them. In both COI and NaK trees (Figs 138, 153), the Russian and Japanese specimens formed separate clades, each with 100% UFBoot support. The Russian and Japanese clades together formed a clade with 100% UFBoot support in the COI tree (Fig. 138) but they did not form a clade in the NaK tree (Fig. 153). The maximum p -distance among the Russian specimens was 0.2% in COI (n=3) and 0% in NaK (n=2) and that among the Japanese specimens (n=4) was 0.9% in COI and 0% in NaK, whereas the minimum p -distance between the two populations was 1.2% in COI and 0.4% in NaK. Apparently, there is some diversification among the geographically isolated populations, but here we treat all as a single species because we do not consider the observed differences sufficient to assume different species. The nearest neighbour was O. armata in COI analysis, diverging by a minimum of 2.6%, and O. sertata and O. tenuis in NaK analysis, diverging by a minimum of 0.5%.

The flight period of this species is long, from May to September, in South Korea (Shinohara & Tripotin 2021a, b) and also in Japan (Shinohara 1986a). The long flight period of adults is quite unusual for a pamphiliid, otherwise known only for the closely related O. esakii (Takeuchi, 1938) . It is probably a result of polymodal adult emergence (Shinohara & Kojima 2009).