Physalaemus fernandezae (Müller, 1926)

We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single note with a strong PAM without silence interval between the cycles. There is a single frequency band with clear upward FM.

Call A (Fig. 22 A–B). We examined two recordings, a total of three minutes, with ca. 400 calls from 10 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.339 to 0.969 s. Usually, the limit between the call rise and sustain is not clear. Apparently, the rise is restricted to the very beginning of the call. Most of the segment with amplitude increase was classified as the sustain of the call. Therefore, the call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (linear or logarithmic). The sustain is long and with an exponential increasing pattern (Fig. 22A). The amplitude peak is at the very end of the call duration (Fig. 22A). The envelope of the call is triangular (pointed left; Fig. 22A). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 29 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a slight PAM (with no silence intervals present between amplitude peaks; Fig. 22A) with rate of ca. 31 Hz, yielding ca. 21 cycles throughout the call. The cycle rise is similar to the fall, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. A single frequency band is present around 3000 Hz (Fig. 22B). The wave periods are regular and the band is narrow and clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 2880 to 3230 Hz (Fig. 22B). Most of the energy is concentrated between 2700 and 3200 Hz. The call has upward FM (Fig. 22B). Additionally, there is a slight PFM, which is directly proportional to the synchronic PAM (Fig. 22 A–B).