27 Pachycerianthus borealis (Verrill, 1873)

Cerianthus borealis: Danielssen 1860: 251 (senior homonym); Verrill 1873b: 5,14; Verrill 1873a: 349, 350, 368, 391; Verrill 1873c: 440-441; Verrill 1874: 413; Harger and Smith 1876: 54; Verrill 1879: 15; Andres 1883: 352; Verrill 1885: 534; Danielssen 1888 1-12; McMurrich 1893: 204; van Beneden 1897: 140 -142; Parker 1900: 757; Kingsley 1904: 345-359; Torrey and Kleeburger 1909: 119, 125; McMurrich 1910 a: 167; Pax 1910: 167; Carlgren 1912a: 44-47; Mello-Leitão 1919: 36; 37; Verrill 1922: 134-136; van Beneden 1924: 91, 120-127, 128-131; MacGinitie 1955: 61, 75, 84, 85, 97, 122; Widersten 1976: 857, 858; Shepard et al. 1986: 625-646; Sebens 1998: 13, 16, 21, 57; Molodtsova 2001d: 9; Molodtsova 2004b: 261

Cerianthus verrillii McMurrich, 1910: 10-11

Pachycerianthus borealis: Molodtsova 2000: 15, 17; Molodtsova 2001b: 9; Stampar et al. 2014b: 344-345, 350, 352-353

Type locality.

Georges Bank, Massachusetts, United States/Nova Scotia, Canada (not specified).

Distribution.

Northwestern Atlantic (Arctic Sea to North Carolina, USA), at depths of 10-500 m.

Remarks. This species was described by Verrill (1873b) based on external morphology but he did not give many details. Danielssen (1888) gave a very detailed description, including various characters concerning the internal anatomy. A century later, Shepard et al. (1986) presented a study on ecological aspects of tube-dwelling anemones from the Northwest Atlantic and included some information about Pachycerianthus (Cerianthus) borealis . Molodtsova (2001b), in her discussion of the genus Cerianthus, showed that Cerianthus borealis should be part of the genus Pachycerianthus . This species occurs at lower temperatures and apparently resists considerable variations in salinity (S. Stampar pers. obs.).

Type material.

Peabody Museum of Natural History (Yale - YPM 9830, 9831, 9832 (Syntype).