Raphanus pugioniformis Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. 8: 46. 1849.

Type: “[Boissier] Hab. in totâ Galilaeâ septentrionali a monte Ithabure ad Banias in pinguibus herbidis frequens”.

Holotypus: ISRAEL: “Galilea. Palaestina”, IV–V.1846, Boissier s.n. (G-BOIS [G00302007]; iso-: G [G00223997, G00223998, G00446321], GOET [GOET008304], K [K000653896, K000653897], KW [KW000127939], P [P00741703, P00741704, P00741705], ZT [ZT00013962]) (Fig. 35, p. 127) .

Notes. – The holotype is a collection folder of four sheets. Status of this taxon had fluctuated a great deal from being accepted as a distinct species (POST, 1896: 17, 1932: 127), as variety of R. rostratus DC. (SCHULZ, 1919: 202; ZOHARY, 1966: 326; MOUTERDE, 1970: 117), or a synonym of R. raphanistrum subsp. rostratus (DC.) Thell. (GREUTER et al., 1986: 150) .

The molecular phylogenetic study by ZIFFER-BERGER et al. (2014) provides a strong support for the recognition of this taxon as a distinct species with a characteristically long, seedless beak to 9 cm long.