Family Vulcanellidae Cárdenas, Xavier, Reveillaud, Schander & Rapp, 2011

Diagnosis (modified from Cárdenas et al. 2011)

Astrophorina with calthrops, short-shafted triaenes or long-shafted triaenes, in addition to large oxeas and contort or sinuous strongyloxeas.Aster microscleres include several categories of streptasters (spirasters, metasters, amphiasters, and plesiasters). Monaxonic spicules consist of one to three categories of spiny microxeas or microstrongyles.