5.1. Tulipa sogdiana Bunge in Beitr. Fl. Russl.: 338 (1852).

Type:— UZBEKISTAN. Inter Bukhara et Kermine, A. Lehmann s.n. (holotype LE; isotypes K 000844627, P00730919, P00730920) .

Description:—Bulb ovoid, 0.75–1.50 cm thick; tunic blackish-brown or brown, coriaceous, mostly very firm, lanate on the inside; stem 10–20 cm long, glabrous (including peduncle); leaves 2(–3), more or less scattered, spreading, often finally more or less twisted, sometimes slightly curled, glabrous, smooth, linear-lanceolate; basal leaf broader than the others, 4–10 mm broad, not exceeding the flower; flower solitary, rarely 2, campanulate or goblet-shaped, usually not opening to a wide star; perigone segments white, with almost imperceptible pink-violet shade, yellow at base, 15–25(–30) mm long; outer segments oblong-lanceolate, acute, dingy violet outside, about half as broad as the inner; inner segments ovate, obtuse, mucronate, abruptly narrowed into the base, sometimes slightly ciliate at base; stamens two-fifths to one-half the length of perigone; filaments yellow, glabrous, dilated at the base; anthers oblong, 4–5 mm long, yellow, with the sharp tips; ovary shorter than stamens, pale green with a small pale yellow stigma; capsule oblong, ca. 1.0 cm broad, ca. 1.5 cm long, short-beaked (Fig. 12A).

General distribution:—Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan).

Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-4 Nuratau district (I-4-a Nuratau region; I-4-b Aktau region), II-3 Kyzylkum district (II-3-a Kyzylkum region; II-3-b Kyzylkum Relict Mountains), II-4 Bukhara district (II-4-b Lower Zeravschan region; II-4-c Karshi-Karnabchul region), II-6 South Aral district (II-6-b Amudarya Delta region), II-8 Ustyurt district (II-8-a North Ustyurt region).

Phenology:—Flowering: March–April; fruiting: May.

Ecology:—Sandy, clayey and stony deserts, relic mountains, sabulous grey soils in piedmonts, up to 500 m a.s.l.

Note:—This species is distinguished from T. biflora Pallas (1776: 727) by having the naked filaments and small hairs at the basal part of the inner tepals (Everett et al. 2013). This species also show some differences in filament structure.

Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: Nuratau district, Aktau region, Kokchatau Relic Mountains,surroundings of the village Kokcha, 22 March 1958, Adylov 632 (TASH!) ; gravelly slopes of Kokchatau, 25 March 1958, Adylov 647а (TASH!) ; southern slopes of Kokchatau, 24 April 1965, Adylov, Shoraimov 2491 (TASH!) ; Kyzylkum district, Kyzylkum region, Ayakagitma, sandy soils, 7 April 1936, Tolbina 6 (TASH!) ; surroundings of Ayakagitma well, limestone sands, 14 April 1937, Botschantzev 3 (TASH!) ; Kanimekh, 500–600 m SE of Ayakagitma station, fixed sands, 7 April 1938, Pugasova 107, 110, 117 (TASH!) ; 35 km north-east from Kyzylcha, Aydar solonchaks, 10 April 1952, Zaprometova s.n. (TASH!) ; Boguzbay, 1958, Gringoff, 26 (TASH!) ; surroundings of Ayakagitma, plains, takyrs, 31 May 1958, Adylov 686 (TASH!) ; Kanimekhchul, surroundings of Mashak-tepa, 12 April 1958, Adylov 710 (TASH!) ; Central Kyzylkum, surroundings of the well Akbaytal, 5 April 1959, Gringoff 98 (TASH!) ; surroundings of Ayakagitma well, 26 May 1964, Gringoff, Granitov, Pjataeva s.n. (TASH!) ; Ayakagitma, surroundings of Kyzylkum Desert station of the Institute of Botany, 5 March 2005, Tojibaev 54 (TASH!) ; southern Kyzylkum 3-4 km from the turn Farish– Baymurat, 7 April 2013, Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!) ; Kyzylkum Relic Mountains, Sultanuizdag, gravelly-sandy slopes, 5 April 1913, Popov 72 (TASH!) ; Karakalpak Kyzylkums, Amantay-tay, 23 April 1934, Muravlyansky 333 (TASH!) ; Karakalpak Kyzylkums, surroundings of Tamdy, to north-east, foothills, 8 April 1934, Muravlyansky 111, 114 (TASH!) ; south-east Kyzylkum, Aktau remanens, surroundings of Besh-Chapan, 22 April 1937, Botschantzev 54 (TASH!) ; surroundings of the village Tamdy, 12 April 1943, Granitov s.n. (TASH!) ; Sultanuwais, 3 km to north from village Karatau, Sheid, 12 April 1953, Adylov s.n. (TASH!) ; Tamdy district, surroundings of the spring Mechetty, piedmonts of mountains Aytimtau, 21 May 1954, Adylov 52 (TASH!) ; Kuldjuktau, 7 April 1964, Pjataeva, Kholmukhammedova 73 (TASH!) ; Kuldjuktau, 33 km to north-west from Kyzylkum Desert station of the Institute of Botany, 23 April 1964, Sarkisova s.n. (TASH!) ; Bukantau, 5 km from Kokpatas village, 19 April 1968, Kolomazova s.n. (TASH!) ; Tamdy district, Mingbulak, 5 km to north-east from Mingbulak, 2 April 1976, Khakimov, Buranov s.n. (TASH!) ; Tamdy district, surroundings of Dustlik, farm №3, 1.5 km to north-east from Jarilkat, 17 April 1976, Khakimov, Buranov s.n. (TASH!) ; surroundings of the well Turt-kuduk, 7 April 2007, Tojibaev; southern Kuldjuktau, surroundings of Desert station of the Institute of Botany, 500 m, 20.03.2013, Tojibaev, Shomurodov, Beshko, Batashov s.n. (TASH!) ; southwest of Sultanuizdag, 14 April 2016, Tajetdinova s.n. (TASH!) ; Bukhara district, lower Zeravschan region, in deserto sterili inter Buchara et Kermine, 26 March 1842, Lehmann s.n. (LE, P); Kyzyltepa railway station, 14 April 1930, Gomolitsky s.n. (TASH!) ; surroundings of Shafirkan, 7 April 1975, Faysiev 8 (TASH!) ; Karshi-Karnabchul region, Nishan Steppe, clayey saline plain, surroundings of the village Charagil, 1 April 1938, Gomolitsky 49 (TASH!) ; Nishan Steppe, surroundings of Charagil, April 1938 Gomolitsky s.n. (TASH!) ; Nishan steppe, 1964, Petrova s.n. (TASH!) ; Sundukli Sands, sandy plain in surroundings of lake Dengizkul, 240–250 m, 6 April 2015, Beshko s.n. (TASH!) ; South Aral district, Amudarya Delta region, northern edge of Nazarkhan, 11 May 1966, collector unknown s.n. (TASH!) ; 50–60 km to north from the station Takhtakupyr, sands, April 1971, Saparniyazov s.n. (TASH!) ; region Berdakh, Nazarkhan, fortress Chilpik, 19 April 2015, Usmanov 6 (TASH!) ; Ustyurt district, North Ustyurt region, eastern cliff of Ustyurt, 12 km north of the village Komsomolsk-on-Ustyurt, 200 m east of the spring Djaman Akbulak, 14 May 1970, Sarybaev 3 (TASH!) ; eastern cliff of Karakalpak Ustyurt, near descent Raushan, 12 April 2016, Tajetdinova s.n. (TASH!) ; northern part of Karakalpak Ustyurt, Almambet, 2013, Shomurodov s.n. (TASH!) .