Anthocoris nemoralis (Fabricius, 1794)

Cimex silvarum Rossi, 1790: 251 (synonymy suspected); Anthocoris nemoralis Fabricius, 1794: 76 (as new species); Cimex triguttatus Schrank, 1796: 165; Lygaeus austriacus Fabricius, 1803: 239; Anthocoris nemoralis var. superbus Westhoff, 1881: 78; Anthocoris dohrni Le Quesne, 1958: 125; Anthocoris pemphigi Wagner, 1960: 91 .

Distribution in Iran. Ardabil, Guilan (Linnavuori & Hosseini 2000), East Azarbaijan (Hassanzadeh et al. 2009a, b; Ghahari et al. 2011; Khaghaninia et al. 2011, 2013; Farshbaf Pour-Abad et al. 2017), Fars (Modarres Awal 1997; Ostovan & Niakan 2000), Golestan (Heiss 2002; Ghahari & Ostovan 2006), Isfahan (Modarres Awal 1997; Emami 2004), Markazi, Tehran (Modarres Awal 1997), Mazandaran (Ghahari et al. 2008a, 2011, 2015), Razavi Khorasan (Hassanzadeh Awal & Modarres Awal 2010b), Zanjan (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006).

General distribution. Euro Asian, North Africa (incl. Canary Islands), Azores; introduced into Canada and USA.

Plant associates. Fruit trees (apple, pear) and grasses (Hassanzadeh Awal & Modarres Awal 2010a, b), cotton field, Jasminum fruticans (Oleaceae) (Ghahari et al. 2011), rape (Khaghaninia et al. 2011); on a great number of trees and schrubs less frequent on herbs ( Urtica sp. ( Urticaceae), Chenopodium sp. ( Amaranthaceae)) (Péricart 1972).

Prey records. Psylla pyricola (Förster, 1848) ( Hemiptera: Psyllidae) (Modarres Awal 1997; Emami 2004, 2006), whiteflies ( Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006), Psyllidae and Aphididae (Hemiptera), Thysanoptera, eggs and larvae of Tineidae and Tortricidae (Lepidoptera), Tetranychus sp. and Oligonychus sp. (Acari: Tetranychidae) (Péricart 1972), Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster, 1848) ( Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in North America (Saulich & Musolin 2009).

Biology. In Great Britain overwintering adults are active from mid March and oviposition from the end of April to May; adults of the new generation born from the end of May to mid June (Saulich & Musolin 2009). According to the season, the host plants change (Saulich & Musolin 2009).