Nezara viridula (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Fig. 1 A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5, 7A, 8A, 9A, 10 C–D, 12C–E, 16A, 17A)

Cimex viridulus Linnaeus, 1758: 444

Cimex torquatus Fabricius, 1775: 710 (syn. to smaragdula by Illiger, 1807: 30) Cimex smaragdulus Fabricius, 1775: 711 (syn. by Stål, 1865: 193) Cimex transversus Thunberg, 1783: 40 (syn. by Stål, 1855: 345) Cimex variabilis Villers, 1789: 505 (syn. by Reuter, 1888: 126)

Cimex spirans Fabricius, 1798: 533 (syn. by Stål, 1868: 31)

Cimex viridissimus Wolff, 1801: 55 homonym of Cimex viridissimus Poda, 1761 (syn. to smaragdula by Fieber 1861: 330)

Pentatoma? flavicollis Palisot de Beauvois, 1805: 185 (syn. to smaragdula by Amyot & Serville, 1843: 144)

Pentatoma oblonga Westwood, 1837: 37 (syn. by Distant, 1901: 813)

Pentatoma unicolor Westwood, 1837: 38 (syn. by Stål, 1865: 193)

Pentatoma berylina Westwood, 1837: 38 (syn. by Distant, 1901: 813)

Pentatoma subsericea Westwood, 1837: 38 (syn. by Stål, 1865:193)

Pentatoma leii Westwood, 1837: 38 (syn. by Stål, 1865:193)

Pentatoma tripunctigera Westwood, 1837: 38 (syn. by Stål, 1865: 194)

Pentatoma chinensis Westwood, 1837: 38 (syn. by Stål, 1865: 194)

Pentatoma proxima Westwood, 1837: 38 (with tripunctigera by Westwood, 1837: 38, syn. by Stål, 1865: 194). Nomen nudum (Rider, 2006: 330)

Pentatoma chloris Westwood, 1837: 38 (syn. by Stål, 1865: 194)

Pentatoma chlorocephala Westwood 1837: 38 (syn.by Lethierry & Severin, 1893:167)

Pentatoma propinqua Westwood, 1837: 39 (comp. with unicolor by Westwood, 1837: 39, syn. by Stål, 1865: 194). Nomen nudum (Rider 2006: 330)

Cimex hemichloris Germar, 1838: 166 (syn. by Stål, 1865:194)

Nezara approximata Reiche & Fairmaire, 1848: 443 (syn. by Stål 1865: 194)

Pentatoma plicaticollis Lucas, 1849: 87 (syn. to smaragdula by Mulsant & Rey, 1866: 296)

Rhaphigaster prasinus Dallas, 1851: 274 (not Linnaeus, 1758) (misidentification, see Stål 1865: 193)

Rhaphigaster orbus Stål, 1854: 221 (syn. by Stål, 1865: 194)

Pentatoma vicaria Walker, 1867: 303 (syn. by Distant, 1900: 392)

Nezara viridula; Amyot & Serville, 1843; Stål, 1865: 193 –195; 1872: 41; 1876: 91; Lethierry & Severin, 1893: 167; Kirkaldy, 1909: 117, 381; Schouteden, 1910: 88; Freeman, 1940: 357 –360; DeWitt & Godfrey, 1972: 1 –23; Azim & Shafee 1978: 507 –508; Zeng, 1982: 195 –196; Cassis & Gross, 2002: 520 –524; Rider, 2006: 329 –330

Nezara viridula var. aurantiaca Costa, 1884: 37, 58 (Cassis & Gross, 2002: 521)

Nezara viridula var. hepatica Horváth, 1903: 406 (Cassis & Gross, 2002: 521)

Nezara antennata var. icterica Horváth, 1889: 31

Nezara icterica Horváth, 1889: 31; Ghauri, 1972: 287 syn. nov.

Diagnosis. Thorax: ostiolar ruga auriculate, conspicuous. Abdomen: urosternites with black maculae, often shorter than in N. yunnana . Male: ventral rim of pygophore with brims restricted to posterolateral angles, abruptly ending (Fig. 8A). N. viridula shares this character with N. antennata and N. similis . Paramere bilobate, lobes of almost equal size; median bristles attached at apex of a short digitiform process directed to lateral surface (Fig. 10 C–D; 12C–E). N. viridula shares the paramere process with N. antennata and N. yunnana, but the bristles at apex of the process is an autapomophy. Female: posterior margins of gonocoxites 8 sinuous near sutural angles; basal half of laterotergites 9 concave (Fig. 10 A; gonoxites 9 with 1+1 concave areas, this characteristic shared with N. antennata and N. yunnana; digitiform processes of capsula seminalis subequal in length (Fig. 17 A) present also in N. yunnana .

Material examined: Pentatoma vicaria Walker, 1867 Holotype (♀ BMNH) with labels: a) type b) E. Rio /5860 Pentatoma vicaria . CHINA: Chingehegshan, Schechuan, VIII.1932, G.Liu col. (13, AMNH). INDIA: Lutlejd, RW., N. India, M.M. Carleton col. (1♀ 13, AMNH); Kaik. Unyal, Unyal goon, 5500ft, V– VII.1941, Seklana Theri Garhwal (1♀ AMNH). VENEZUELA: Carabobo, 460m, 25.VI.1966, A. Fernandez col. (1♀, MIZA); Aragua, Rancho Grande, 10.IV.1967, Salcedo, J. col. (13, MIZA); Aragua, Villa de Cura, 4.VII.1945, Fernandes, F. col. (131♀, MIZA) “en algodón”; Aragua, Tasajera, 20.I.1951, Requerta, J.R. col. (43, MIZA); Lara, Terepaima, 1–4.XI.1956, Fernandes, F. y C.J.Rosales col. (1♀, MIZA); Aragua, 29.V.1966. Fernandes, F. col. (13, MIZA); Carabobo, Mariara, 25.VI. 1966, 460m. Fernandes, F. col. (2♀, MIZA) “ trampa de luz ”; Aragua, Choroni, 25/V/48, Fernandes, F. y F. Aponte col. (1♀, MIZA); Lara, Sanare, 5.III.1957, Fernandes, F. y C.J.Rosales col. (13, MIZA); Aragua, 17.VI.1956, Garcia, E. col. (1♀, MHNV); Distrito Federal, El Valle, 24.2.1945, Fernandes, F. (1♀, MHNV); La Florida Serrania de Barbula, 19.XII.61, Joly col. (1♀, MHNV); BRAZIL: Bahia, Itabuna (CPDC), 1980, Milanez, J.M. col. (1♀, UFRG); Minas Gerais, Fazenda S. José Cong. Aparecida, XI.1960, Carvalho, J.C.M. (13, UFRG); Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, IV.1918, Mendes, D. col., (13, UFRG); São Paulo, Campinas ( Barão Geraldo), 5.V.1980, Sazima, I. col. (1♀, UFRG); São Paulo, Campinas (UNICAMP), 16.VII.1980, Grazia, J. col. (13, UFRG); Paraná, Londrina, Embrapa Soja, 6.VII.1999, Pubelli G.C. leg (333♀, UFRG); Santa Catarina, Garopaba, 15– 30.I.1998, J. Grazia (1♀ 33, UFRG); Sem dados: 13 (UFRG); Santa Catarina, Nova Teutônia, 1948, Plaumann, F. col. 22 0 11’5/52 0 23’ L (13, AMNH); Santa Catarina, Porto União, 20.V.2003, Pimpão, D.M. col (1♀, UFRG); Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Maria, 2.VII.1980, Pauichi, J. col., J. Grazia det. 1986, (13, UFRG); Rio Grande do Sul, Estrela, 1.IV.07, Greve, C. col. (1♀, UFRG); Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Maria, 26. IV.1982, Costa & Link col., em soja (13, UFRG); Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Maria, XII.1981, Link, D. col., em feijão, Jocélia Grazia det. 1986, (132♀, UFRG); Rio Grande do Sul, Cruz Alta, 19.X.1981, Link & Costa col., em colza, (13, UFRG); Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Maria, 7.XII.1981, Link & Costa col., em colza, Jocélia Grazia det. 1986 (13, UFRG); Rio Grande do Sul, Guaíba, 1.X.1985, Del Vecchio, M.C. col., em joá (132♀, UFRG); Rio Grande Sul, Estação Ecológica do Taim, 23.III.1981, 4.IV.1981, Grazia, J. col., (1♀, UFRG); Rio Grande do Sul, Viamão, 1966, (133♀, MGAP); Rio Grande do Sul, Pelotas, XII.1956, (13, MGAP); Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 27.XI.1956, (13, MGAP); Rio Grande do Sul, Cachoerinha, 18.IV.1981, Mocellin, R.P. col. (1♀, UFRG); Rio Grande do Sul, Canoas, 22.XII.1985, Fernandes, J.A.M. col. (13, UFRG).